Virosomes as drug delivery system: An updated review

Amid the era of development in all sphere of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, it would not be an exaggeration to say that we have a myriad of molecules available to us in labs with promising results against many diseases. The limitation lies in the fact that some molecules are toxic when they act on organs other than their targets. Yet others cannot reach their targets in the desired concentration, be it due to easy degradation in the gut or high first-pass metabolism or very short half-life, etc. Thus, to overcome this, we have an alternate drug delivery system, namely Virosomes. The purpose of this review is to understand the drug delivery aspect of the virosomes, its type, structure, method of preparation, mechanism of action, administration routes and the application in the medical field. Virosomes are the regenerated viral envelope having a central empty space that can act as the vehicles for drug delivery. The central empty space can be filled with the desired bioactive molecule. Virosomes are most commonly prepared by using the reconstituted viral envelope of the Influenza virus, but other virus such as Sendai or HVJ, Hepatitis B Virus, HIV, New castle Disease Virus etc., can also be used for the preparation of virosomes. Virosomes has a great potential as the drug delivery system for almost all types of the drugs, and this encourages the researchers and therapeutic industries to enhance their pharmacological profiles, clinical result and stability.

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An Insight into delivery of drug through The Skin: Transdermal Drug Delivery system

Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Sciences ◽

10.52711/2321-5844.2021.00002 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 4-12

Author(s):

Lakshmi Usha Ayalasomayajula ◽

M. Kusuma Kumari ◽

Radha Rani Earle

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Transdermal Drug Delivery System ◽

First Pass Metabolism ◽

First Pass ◽

Pass Metabolism

In the recent days about 75% of the drugs taken orally are does not show the desired therapeutic effect. Oral conventional dosage forms have several disadvantages such as poor bioavailability due to hepatic first pass metabolism and tendency to produce rapid blood level spikes (Both high and low). Thus, rapid drug levels in the plasma leads to a need of high and/or frequent dosing, which can be both uneconomical and inconvenient. To overcome such disadvantages transdermal drug delivery system was developed. TDDS is such a delivery system which has been explored extensively over the last two decades, with therapeutic success. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) are the drug delivery systems which involves transportation of drug to epidermal and dermal tissues of the skin for local therapeutic action while major fraction of the drug is transported into the systemic blood circulation. Topical administration of therapeutic agents offers vast advantages over conventional oral and invasive methods of drug delivery. Some of the advantages of transdermal drug delivery include limitation of hepatic first pass metabolism, enhancement of therapeutic efficiency and maintenance of steady state plasma level concentration of the drug. This study includes a brief overview of TDDS, its advantages over conventional dosage forms, drug delivery routes across human skin, permeation enhancers, and classification, formulation, methods of preparation and evaluation of transdermal patches.

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Formulation and Characterization of Eplerenone Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00541 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 3097-3103

Author(s):

Harini Amballa ◽

Navaneetha Kaluva ◽

Sree Giri Prasad Beri ◽

Krishna Mohan Chinnala ◽

Mayuri Konda

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Release ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Release System ◽

First Pass Metabolism ◽

First Pass ◽

Buccal Tablets ◽

Pass Metabolism

Mucoadhesive drug release system is a preferably unidirectional release system where mucosal epithelial exterior is enclosed by the mucus deposit that interacts with the bio-adhesive drug delivery system and swelling time of the buccal dosage form which is amplified by mucin molecules at the location of administration. Eplerenone is an Anti-hypertensive drug that undergoes hepatic first pass metabolism and shows 69% of bioavailability. In order to bypass the hepatic first pass metabolism the drug is designed to be delivered through buccal cavity to avoid the first pass metabolism. Eplerenone buccal tablets were formulated by using direct compression method with different polymers like HPMC K 100M, Carbopol 934P, Carbopol 974P, Xantham Gum, Eudragit L100 and NaCMC in various concentrations and compositions. Incompatibility complications were not observed from the FTIR spectrums. The formulated and prepared buccal solid dosage forms were evaluated for pre-compressions and post- compression parameters such as hardness, weight variation, thickness, friability, surface pH, swelling index, in-vitro dissolution studies, drug content uniformity, mucoadhesion strength and mucoadhesion time. Evaluation results of formulation F12 are proven to be the optimal formulation showing highest mucoadhesion time, mucoadhesion strength and in-vitro drug release for prolonged period of time about 8 hours. Eplerenone is best delivered through buccal drug delivery system to enhance its oral bioavailability and bypass the hepatic first pass metabolism.

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Development and evaluation of buccal patches of theophylline

GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.3.0287 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 235-240

Author(s):

Kapil Kumar ◽

Gurleen Kaur ◽

Seema ◽

Deepak Teotia ◽

Ikram

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Buccal Mucosa ◽

Systemic Circulation ◽

Pharmacological Response ◽

First Pass Metabolism ◽

First Pass ◽

Pass Metabolism

Buccal patches are the types of formulations in which the drug is administered through buccal mucosa. these patches are or placed in between the gums and the for the pharmacological response. The main advantage of these patches is there is no first pass metabolism takes place and easily absorb in systemic circulation through themucosa .the main objective of this drug delivery system is to elevate or increase the bioavailability of the drug. the review informs about the steps involve in the preparation of buccal patch and to promote the awareness towards this type of drug delivery system. This article intends to analyze the overall profile of Buccal Patches and scope of future advances.

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Proliposomes as a drug delivery system to decrease the hepatic first-pass metabolism: Case study using a model drug

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.ejps.2014.08.008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 64 ◽

pp. 26-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Sarala Yanamandra ◽

Natarajan Venkatesan ◽

Veeran Gowda Kadajji ◽

Zhijun Wang ◽

Manish Issar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

First Pass Metabolism ◽

First Pass ◽

Model Drug ◽

Pass Metabolism

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A Brief Review on Bucco-adhesive Drug Delivery System

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v11i4-s.4934 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4-S) ◽

pp. 231-235

Author(s):

Sabnam Gupta ◽

Sudip Das ◽

Abhay Singh ◽

Suman Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Current Status ◽

Oral Drug ◽

Adhesive Systems ◽

First Pass Metabolism ◽

First Pass ◽

Bioadhesive Polymers ◽

Pass Metabolism

The buccal region within the mucosal cavity of the mouth provides an alternative route over an oral drug administration for systemic as well as local drug delivery. As the buccal mucosa has an abundant blood supply and is relatively permeable, it can be considered as most accessible and desired location for both local and systemic drug delivery. The buccal method for medication delivery greatly helps in avoiding issues in the gastrointestinal environment, such as increased first-pass metabolism and medication degradation. Bucco-adhesive systems offer varieties of advantages such as convenience in administration and termination of therapy in case of emergency, higher patient compliance, better bioavailability, rapid absorption, etc. This current review highlights the bucco-adhesive drug delivery system, its advantages and limitations, mechanisms and theories of mucoadhesion, different bucco-adhesive dosage forms, and bioadhesive polymers. It also highlights the current status on mucoadhesive drug delivery methods for the buccal cavity or bucco-adhesive systems. Keywords: Bioadhesion, mucoadhesion, bucco-adhesive drug delivery system, oral mucosa, first-pass metabolism, bioadhesive polymers.

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Virosomes: A Viral Envelope System Having a Promising Application in Vaccination and Drug Delivery System

Nanopharmaceutical Advanced Delivery Systems ◽

10.1002/9781119711698.ch7 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 145-160

Author(s):

Ankit Kalra ◽

Shilpa Sharma

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Viral Envelope ◽

Promising Application

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Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Glycolyl-Ester-Linked Taxol-Monosaccharide Conjugate and Its Drug Delivery System Using Hepatitis B Virus Envelope L Bio-Nanocapsules

Biochemistry Insights ◽

10.4137/bci.s9824 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. BCI.S9824

Author(s):

Kei Shimoda ◽

Manabu Hamada ◽

Masaharu Seno ◽

Tadakatsu Mandai ◽

Hiroki Hamada

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Drug Delivery ◽

Hepatitis B Virus ◽

Hepatitis B ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Enzymatic Synthesis ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Virus Envelope ◽

B Virus

Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of glycolyl-ester-linked taxol-glucose conjugate, ie, 7-glycolyltaxol 2′- O-α-D-glucoside, was achieved by using α-glucosidase as a biocatalyst. The water-solubility of 7-glycolyltaxol 2′- O-α-D-glucoside (21 μM) was 53 fold higher than that of taxol. The hepatitis B virus envelope L particles (bio-nanocapsules) are effective for delivering 7-glycolyltaxol 2′- O-α-D-glucoside to human hepatocellular carcinoma NuE cells.

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Sublingual spray: a new technology oriented formulation with multiple benefits

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v10i4.1567 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 2875-2885 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aravindhanthan V ◽

Anjali P B ◽

Arun Radhakrishnan

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

New Technology ◽

Rapid Onset ◽

Regulatory Agencies ◽

Onset Of Action ◽

First Pass ◽

Delivery Technology ◽

Pass Metabolism

Sublingual drug delivery system was a well-established platform for delivering the drug that need to exhibit quick action without any first-pass metabolic effect, but various pitfall in the regular sublingual drug delivery systems such as a tablet, capsule etc., that can be overcome by novel sublingual drug delivery technology such as particulate sublingual spray. Sublingual spray for drug administration has gained attention in the market since it proved its propensity to by-pass the first-pass metabolism and to initiate a rapid onset of action due to its atomized micro particulate nature, which is significantly higher than the other sublingual formulations. The approval of sublingual spray by the regulatory agencies may commence further research in this field by subsuming various essential drugs for indications such as cancer pain, cardiovascular issue etc. This article comprises a detailed study on the drawback of conventional sublingual drug delivery system and the approach by which these drawbacks can be overruled by spray technology in the sublingual area and the, in-depth mechanism of drug delivery through sublingual with the help of atomization followed by the entire formulation strategy along with evaluation and industrial perspective of the sublingual spray dosage form as a future tool of patient-friendly drug delivery.

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