DETERMINANTS OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION DECISION FOR OFF-FARM WORK OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN KONTUM PROVINCE, VIETNAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 126 (3E) ◽  
Author(s):  
Đào Thị Ly Sa
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Multi Stage

Abstract:  Kon Tum, a mountainous northernmost border province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, is one of the poorest provinces in Vietnam. Many studies recently identified that the diversification of incomes is a critical livelihood strategy for rural households in developing countries. Thus, this study analyzes the factors influencing income diversification decision for off-farm work of rural households. The binary logit model will be employed to investigate the determinants of income diversification decision of rural households for off-farm work. Through 200 households selected using multi-stage sampling technique, this study showed that participation in off-farm employment was influenced by gender, age, education of household head, family size, number of children attending school, farm size, access to credit, and access to tarred roads. The findings suggested that it is important to support both agricultural and non-agricultural sectors to succeed in terms of poverty reduction and food security.Keywords: income diversification, off-farm work, rural household, poverty,  Kon Tum

scholarly journals THE ISSUE OF INCOME DIVERSIFICATION AMONG RURAL FARMING HOUSEHOLDS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeniyi Felix Akinrinde ◽  
Kemi Funmilayo Omotesho ◽  
Israel Ogulande
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Farming Families ◽  
The Government

The rising incidences of poverty among rural farming families are the reason behind renewed interest in income diversification. This study determined the level of income diversification; identified alternative income sources; examined the reasons for diversification; and identified the constraints to diversification. A three-stage random sampling technique was used in selecting 160 households on which a structured interview schedule was administered. Descriptive statistics, a Likert-type scale, and the Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation were used for data analyses. Findings reveal that 1.3% of the households had no additional sources of income while 40.6% had at least four. Trading (55%) and livestock keeping (40.7%) were the most popular alternative income sources. The declining farm income (mean = 2.96) was the primary reason for diversification, while poor rural infrastructure (mean = 3.04) was the most severe constraint to income diversification. Farm size, access to extension services, household size, age and educational level of the household head were significantly related to the level of income diversification at p < 0.05. The study concluded that the level of income diversification was high and influenced by socioeconomic characteristics of the households. It recommends that the government should provide adequate infrastructural facilities in rural areas. Farmer associations should also ensure better prices for agricultural produce through joint marketing.

Economic Analysis of Non-Farm and Off-Farm Income Sector: A Way Ahead in Making Farmers Income Profitable

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Farmers ◽  
Income Diversification ◽  
Agricultural Income ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Multi Stage

Income diversification is an important strategy to augments income among small and marginal farmers. This study evaluated the income diversification among farm households in the Ariyalur district. A multi-stage sampling technique was used, and 115 rural households were selected by applying Arkin and Colton formula. The data collected were analyzed using the Herfindahl index and Gini-coefficient. The results showed that the average number of income sources accessed by all marginal farmers is about 1.81, and small farmers are about 1.90, and small farmers had an income diversification range of 0.64 to 0.65, which is a medium diversification category. When the non-farm and off income were considered together with agricultural income, the overall income inequality dropped. The results suggested that the local government should take serious steps to create employment avenues for smallholders outside agriculture that provide credit, training, and necessary inputs to rural households and recommended for public investment in rural infrastructures, such as roads and bridges, telecommunications, education, energy, and water.

scholarly journals COMPOSITION AND DETERMINANTS OF RURAL NON-FARM INCOME DIVERSIFICATION IN NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluseyi Olutoyin Olugbire ◽  
Oluwatosin Esther Obafunsho ◽  
Titilope Omolara Olarewaju ◽  
Ruth Ibukun Kolade ◽  
Festus Abiodun Odediran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Reduction Strategies

Farming has been considered as main source of income for rural households in Nigeria, despite their involvement in other income generating activities. Focusing on income derivable from farming alone may be partially responsible for the ineffective poverty reduction strategies in Nigeria. Using the National Living Standard Survey data collected by the National Bureau of Statistics, this paper investigated the composition and determinants of non-farm incomes of rural households in Nigeria. The results show that the share of farm, non-farm wage (NFW)- and self-employment (NFS) incomes in total household incomes were 24.3%, 43.0% and 23.7% respectively. Households whose heads are male (0.647), had formal education (0.522), increased the likelihood of households’ participation in NFW activities, while access to credit (-0.307) and having larger farm size (-0.221) decreased it. Access to credit (0.379); community participation (0.103); larger family size (0.193) and possession of capital assets (0.069) increased the likelihood of participation in NFS-employment activities, while having larger farm size (-0.211) decreased it. The study concludes that policy targeting poverty reduction should focus on providing enabling environment for poor households’ access to non-farm activities in the study area.

scholarly journals Assessment of Use of Improved Production Technologies among Goat Farmers in Abia State Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Onu
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
Production Technologies

The study provided an empirical evidence on the use of improved goat production technologies among rural farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondent, ascertain the extent of use of improved goat production technologies, determine factors influencing use of improved goat production technologies and identify the constraint to access and use of improved goat production technologies in the study area. A multi-stage random sampling technique was adopted in selecting the sample size 120 respondents. Data for the study were collected through the use of questionnaire. The data collected for the study were analysed with both descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the socioeconomic characteristics revealed the mean age of the respondents was 43 years, majority 69.16% of the respondents were married, about 45% had secondary education, a mean household size of 6 persons, majority 66.67% were farmers, mean years of arming experience at 5.7 years, mean income of #102,000, mean farm size of 11 goats and majority (78.33%) of respondents were non- members of cooperative societies. The result on extent of use of improved goat production technologies, revealed that the respondents highly used most of improved goat production technologies as affirmed with the grand mean of = 3.20. On constraint to use of improved goat production technologies, all the respondents 100% agreed that lack of access to credit was a constraint to use, 100% agrees on lack of credibility from source of technological information, 99.2% agreed that they were afraid of taking risk, 93.3% agreed on difficulty in technology application among others. The OLS regression estimates of the influence of socioeconomic characteristics the respondents on the use of improved goat production technologies in the study area, revealed that age at 10%, education at 1%, household size at 1%, farming experience at 1%, farm size at 1%, income at 1% and access to credit at 5% were the determinants of use of improved goat production technologies in the study area and the null hypotheses rejected. In conclusion, greater use of available improved technologies will promote productivity, and therefore there is need for proper sensitization and awareness by relevant agencies. The study recommended that credit should be made available to farmers by relevant governmental and non- governmental agencies to increase the level of use of available improved technologies.

Economic analysis of improved variety of groundnut production in north-western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-111
Author(s):  
A.O. Ojedokun
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
North Western ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

This research was conducted to analyse the economics of improved  groundnut seeds’ production in North-Western, Nigeria. A multi-stage  sampling technique was employed for this study. Data were collected from 125 producers of improved variety of groundnut seeds in Bunkure Local Government Area (LGA) of Kano State using well-structured questionnaire. The data collected were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics result revealed that respondents were active, mostly males and that they were mostly literate. The result revealed that the marketing of improved variety of groundnut seeds was efficient and that the enterprise was considered viable. Age, household size, farm size and access to credit were the factors that influenced the net marketing margin to producers of improved groundnut seeds. The study recommends that adequate credit facilities should be made available and improved variety of groundnut seeds should be subsidized so that producers can be motivated to use and adopt them.

scholarly journals Gender analysis of educational inequality among rural children of school-age in Kwara State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-274
Author(s):  
R.O. Babatunde ◽  
A.E. Omoniwa ◽  
M.N. Ukemenam
Keyword(s):  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Ordinary Least Square Regression ◽  
Household Heads

Abstract. Educational inequality has been accepted widely as an indicator of wellbeing. However, in most developing countries, very little attention has been paid to it. This article examined the gender differences in educational inequality among rural children of school-age in Kwara state, Nigeria. Using a three-stage random sampling technique, 200 rural households were sampled for data collection. Analytical tools used are descriptive statistics, the Gini-coefficient and the Ordinary Least Square regression analysis. The result of the analysis showed educational inequality for boys and girls was 0.4 and 0.5, respectively. Educational inequality among children of school-age was significantly determined by the age of household heads, education status of the household heads, marital status, main occupation of the household head, household size, dependency ratio, farm size, cost of schooling, average time spent by children in farm work and asset-base of the households. It was therefore recommended that strategies that will promote mothers’ education be put in place as well as the provision of accessible credit schemes. This can help in the hiring of labour for farm and non-farm businesses thereby increasing production, while providing the household with more funds to enroll their children in schools.

scholarly journals Household characteristics and market participation competence of smallholder farmers supplying cassava to starch processors in Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeanyi A Ojiako ◽  
G Tarawali ◽  
RU Okechukwu ◽  
JN Chianu
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Test Technique ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Harvesting Method

The household head characteristics of smallholder cassava farmers supplying raw materials to the major commercial starch processors in Nigeria were examined alongside their market participation categories. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 96 farmers working in clusters in the eight cassava producing states. Data were analyzed using a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics, including the use of independent sample t-test technique to compare farmer's characteristics for the farmers' market participation categories. Results revealed that majority of the farmers were farming for subsistence with only 19.80% selling up to 50% of their farm produce as against 80.20% who sold less. Average mean values were found to be higher for the high market participants compared with the low participants for the age, farming experiences, education, farm size, gender, marital status, household size, training, season of harvesting and fertilizer use, but lower for use of credit, improved cassava variety, harvesting method, farming time devotion, and road access. Only farm size, gender and harvesting season at p<0.01 level and training at p<0.05 level were found to be statistically significant in distinguishing the high and low market participation categories. Policies and programmes aimed at promoting market participation among cassava farmers in Nigeria should be more impactful if directed at these significant factors.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (2): 42-56, December, 2016

Food insecurity transitions among rural households in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwakemi Adeola Obayelu ◽  
Emem Ime Akpan
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Dependency Ratio ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Food Expenditure

Food insecurity dynamics of rural households in Nigeria was assessed using a panel data. Results showed that 44.4% of households that were food secure in the first panel transited into food insecurity in the second panel, while 32.5% that were mildly food insecure transited into food security. Furthermore, 25.7% transited from moderate food insecurity to food security, while 38.2% transited from severe food insecurity to food security. About 35.1% of households were never food insecure; 11.4% exited food insecurity 28.0% entered food insecurity; while 25.48% remained always food insecure. Having primary education, secondary education, dependency ratio, household size, share of non-food expenditure and farm size explained food insecurity transition. However, the likelihood of a household being always food insecure was explained by gender, female-to-male-adult ratio, marital status, primary education, secondary education, dependency ratio, share of non-food expenditure, farm size, access to credit and access to remittance.

scholarly journals Profitability of Small Scale Vegetable Production in Southern District, Botswana

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Sekgopa T. Kealeboga ◽  
Lagat K. Job ◽  
Tselaesele M. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Production Program ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Multi Stage

Government determination to eradicate extreme poverty and food insecurity among Batswana through small scale vegetable production program appears not to transform their economic stance. Rural households that are part of Poverty Eradication Programme were investigated to determine if backyard gardens were profitable enough to improve incomes, reduce extreme poverty, and increase food security. The study aimed at analysing profitability and identifying factors that affect profitability of backyard gardening. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect data from 100 rural households who are part of the backyard garden scheme. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis and regression analysis. Results indicated that backyard gardening was a viable activity though profitability was affected by amount of fertilizer applied, market availability and area planted. Beneficiaries indicated that the production and marketing constraints they faced included pests and diseases, lack of water, lack of market and poor prices. Program leaders must recognize the production and marketing constraints themselves as well as plan for the possibility that continual financial support for investment in the initial years of operation.

scholarly journals Technical Inefficiency Determinants in Potato Production: The case of Potato Farmers in Central Highlands of Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hailu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Potato Production ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Tobit Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Land Fragmentation

The study identified the factors that cause variation in the level of efficiency in potato production. The study used household level cross sectional data collected in 2015/16 from 196 sample farmers selected by multistage sampling technique. For the data collection, a personally administered structured questionnaire was used. In the analyses, descriptive statistics, a stochastic frontier model (SFM) and a two-limit Tobit regression model were employed. Tobit model revealed that technical efficiency was positively and significantly affected by education, land tenure status, extension service, credit and soil fertility whereas variables such as sex of household head, age of household head, farm size and land fragmentation affected it negatively. Therefore the study suggested the need for policies to discourage land fragmentation and promote education, extension visits, access to credit and soil fertility for improvement in technical efficiency.

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