scholarly journals PRODUKSI BAHASA TULIS PENUTUR ASING: STUDI KASUS MELATI

Widyaparwa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-139
Author(s):  
Ilham Hidayah ◽  
Pratomo Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Written Language ◽  
College Level ◽  
Word Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Research Show

The success of obtaining a second language and subsequent languages is influenced by many factors, both those involving from within individuals and those from the environment. Thus, research should not only focus on assessing the success of an individual in obtaining language but must also relate how the individual's language learning background is related to the achievement of language acquisition. This article will focus on the discussion of written language production with the subject of jasmine, which is a native speaker of Mandarin. By reviewing the background of the subject's bilingualism, it is expected to be able to provide an overview and answer the question "how is the achievement of someone who learns a foreign language if he learns a second language after passing a critical period, then takes education to obtain language (nurture), and a coordinate billingualism, if measured after study the language for five years and four months? "the results of the research show that Melati has the following language skills (1) in terms of readability, able to write with the appropriate complexity for college level students (2) able to build relationships between words, sentences, and paragraphs but at the word level there are still some problems (3) which tend to produce difficult sentences to understand when writing more complex sentences.Keberhasilan pemerolehan bahasa kedua dan bahasa berikutnya dipengaruhi banyak faktor, baik yang menyangkut dari dalam diri individu maupun yang berasal lingkungan. Penelitian mengenai bahasa kedua seharusnya tidak hanya berfokus pada menilai keberhasilan dari seorang individu dalam memeperoleh bahasa tetapi juga harus menghubungkan bagaimana latar belakang belajar bahasa individu dalam kaitannya dengan pencapaian pemerolehan berbahasanya. Artikel ini akan fokus pada pembahasan produksi bahasa tulis dengan subjek melati, yaitu seorang penutur asli bahasa Mandarin. Dengan meninjau latar belakang bilingualisme subjek diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran dan menjawab pertanyaan “seberapa pencapaian seseorang yang belajar bahasa asing bila ia belajar bahasa kedua setelah melewati critical period, kemudian menempuh pendidikan untuk memperoleh bahasa (nurture), dan seorang yang coordinate billingualism, bila diukur setelah mempelajari bahasa selama lima tahun empat bulan?” hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Melati memiliki kemampuan bahasa sebagai berikut (1) secara keterbacaan, mampu menulis dengan kerumitan yang sesuai untuk pelajar tingkat perguruan tinggi (2) mampu membangun hubungan antar kata, kalimat, dan paragraf namun pada tataran kata masih ditemukan beberapa masalah (3) cenderung menghasilkan kalimat sulit dipahami saat menulis kalimat yang lebih kompleks. 

scholarly journals Comparing the cognate effect in spoken and written second language word production

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merel Muylle ◽  
Eva Van Assche ◽  
Robert Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Underlying Processes

Cognates – words that share form and meaning between languages – are processed faster than control words. However, it is unclear whether this effect is merely lexical (i.e., central) in nature, or whether it cascades to phonological/orthographic (i.e., peripheral) processes. This study compared the cognate effect in spoken and typewritten production, which share central, but not peripheral processes. We inquired whether this effect is present in typewriting, and if so, whether its magnitude is similar to spoken production. Dutch-English bilinguals performed either a spoken or written picture naming task in English; picture names were either Dutch-English cognates or control words. Cognates were named faster than controls and there was no cognate-by-modality interaction. Additionally, there was a similar error pattern in both modalities. These results suggest that common underlying processes are responsible for the cognate effect in spoken and written language production, and thus a central locus of the cognate effect.

Enacting voices

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren K. LaScotte
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Production ◽  
L2 Instruction ◽  
Clear Shift ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract The present study supports the idea of heteroglossia and its contributions to language learning in second language acquisition (SLA) theory and bilingualism. Bakhtin’s (1934/1981) theory of heteroglossia differs from variety and register in that when acquiring a language, one internalizes the voices of others. Viewing interlanguage through a heteroglossic lens, it is possible that these voices in heteroglossia may have an effect on second language (L2) users’ language production. By blending sociolinguistic and sociocultural frameworks, this study analyzed the complexity, accuracy, and fluency of two French-English bilinguals’ narratives. Findings demonstrate a clear shift in all three measures of the CAF framework when participants enacted the voice of a perceived interlocutor or perceived self, versus when they recounted a narrative. These findings support the notion that an individual may have variable linguistic systems, and raise other important theoretical and practical implications for SLA research and L2 instruction.

An ERP Study of Second Language Learning after Childhood: Effects of Proficiency

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1212-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiro Ojima ◽  
Hiroki Nakata ◽  
Ryusuke Kakigi
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Syntactic Processing ◽  
Early Maturation ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
L2 Learning

Whether there is an absolute critical period for acquiring language is a matter of continuous debate. One approach to address this issue is to compare the processes of second language (L2) learning after childhood and those of first language (L1) learning during childhood. To study the cortical process of postchildhood L2 learning, we compared event-related brain potentials recorded from two groups of adult Japanese speakers who attained either high or intermediate proficiency in English after childhood (J-High and J-Low), and adult native English speakers (ENG). Semantic anomalies embedded in English sentences evoked a clear N400 component in all three groups, with only the time course of the brain activation varying among the groups. Syntactic violations elicited a left-lateralized negativity similar to the left anterior negativity in ENG and J-High, but not in J-Low. In ENG, a P600 component was additionally found. These results suggest that semantic processing is robust from early on in L2 learning, whereas the development of syntactic processing is more dependent on proficiency as evidenced by the lack of the left-lateralized negativity in J-Low. Because early maturation and stability of semantic processing as opposed to syntactic processing are also a feature of L1 processing, postchildhood L2 learning may be governed by the same brain properties as those which govern childhood L1 learning. We argue that these processes are qualitatively similar in many respects, with only restricted domains of language processing being subject to absolute critical period effects.

scholarly journals PECULIAR FEATURES OF THE KRYMCHAK DZHONK SCRIPT AND THE KRYMCHAK WRITTEN LANGUAGE TRADITION

Movoznavstvo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
O. O. TYSHCHENKO-MONASTYRSKA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Turkish Origin ◽  
Special Value ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Crimean Tatar

The subject of the present publication is to bring to the light some orthographic features of the Yosyf Gabai’s Krymchak manuscript, called jonk, from Crimean Ethnographic Museum (Simferopol). Fragments of the manuscript were first transcribed, translated into Russian and published by David Rebi, who was a teacher of Krymchak and native speaker. However, the jonk has never been edited before. A special value of this manuscript lies in its language (or even languages), as well as styles represented. The manuscript is multilingual, contains folklore texts (poetry and narrative) of the Crimean and Turkish origin, written in Hebrew script, diary notes both in Krymchak and Russian, prayers and religion texts in Hebrew partially translated into Turkic written in the early XX century in Feodosia. This research is dedicated to Turkic linguistic features and their orthography. Despite of using Hebrew script Krymchak writing system developed in close relation to pre-reform Crimean Tatar writing tradition, both variants in their turn connected to Ottoman and pre-Ottoman orthographic traditions. Several orthographic features point to that, for instance principles of writing some vowels, consonants ( in initial, central, final positions), grammatical and word-formation suffixes (connected or separate writing), morphonological change, ways of transcription and adopting loanwords. Language of Yosyf Gabai’s jonk reflects orthographic and colloquial features of Krymchak and shares them with other Crimean Turkic manuscripts of this period. Schematically marked suffixes, together with some archaic morphonological changes, graphically reflected in the text, such as disrupted vowel harmony, alternations in labial harmony, syncope, epenthesis, protheses, disrupted consonant change between morphemes characterize orthography of the Krymchak manuscript.

scholarly journals Moving Beyond the Native-Speaker Bias in the Analysis of Variable Gender Marking

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarnes Gudmestad ◽  
Amanda Edmonds ◽  
Thomas Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Grammatical Gender ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Additional Language Learning

In the current study, we respond to calls for reform in second language acquisition that center on the field’s preoccupation with native-speaker and prescriptive targets as a benchmark for additional-language learning. In order to address these concerns, we examine the use and development of grammatical gender marking in additional-language Spanish in a prescriptive-independent manner. Specifically, we depart from previous analyses that have centered on accuracy and targetlikeness and we shift the object of analysis to the linguistic forms (i.e., feminine and masculine modifiers) that additional-language participants use. We adopt a variationist approach to explain how participants vary their use of modifier gender and how this use changes longitudinally. We argue that such an approach to studying additional languages allows us to offer new insights about the acquisition of grammatical gender marking in additional-language Spanish. We end by critically reflecting on some of the challenges that we encountered in trying to integrate this paradigm shift into the examination of a well-studied grammatical structure.

scholarly journals Usage-based Approaches to Second Language Acquisition: Cognitive and Social Aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 473
Author(s):  
Yaghoob Javadi ◽  
Fakhereh Kazemirad
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
First Language ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Learning Language

Usage-based approaches focus on learning language through engaging in the interpersonal communicative and cognitive processes. They consider language as the best accomplishment of our social and cognitive competences which bridges society and cognition. Based on usage-based approaches, language can be learned from language use, by means of social skills and generalizations over usage events in interaction. These approaches actually explore how language learning occurs through language experience. Therefore, usage-based approaches are input-dependent and experience-driven and assume frequency of usage as an inseparable part of language learning which plays an important role in the language production, language comprehension, and also grammaticality of the patterns. While usage-based approaches have been successful in showing how first language is learnt from the input, it is still less clear how these approaches can be made use of in second language learning. The present study provides an overview of the usage-based approaches to second language acquisition and their cognitive and social underpinnings. Firstly, the notion, underlying tenets, and major constructs of usage-based approaches are summarized. Then usage-based linguistics is described in detail. Finally, cognitive and social aspects of usage-based approaches are taken into account.

scholarly journals The Effect of Planning on Complexity, and Accuracy in Second Language Production: A Case Study in Learner’s Writing

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
Komara Suhendar
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Slight Improvement ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Task

This case study investigates the effect of planning on complexity, and accuracy in second language (L2) learners’ writing. The subject of the research is a twenty-four-year-old-Indonesian student named Della. She is selected due to her most current IELTS score, and her first-time residence in English speaking country. The participant is asked to write two writing tasks which was taken from IELTS topics. While the duration of time is set for the first task, the second task is not limited by time. After that, the results are compared and analyzed by means of T-unit as in Hunt (1965). The result of the research shows that planning may lead to slight improvement in learner’s writing. In terms of accuracy, there is 69.23% of error-free T-unit in task 1, and 72.22% in task 2. Similarly, in connection with complexity, the average length of T-unit and clauses in task 1 and task 2 is 12.92 and 15 respectively.

scholarly journals The effects of Age of Acquisition on an L2 learner’s Ultimate Attainment

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinlu Li
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Adult Learners ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Previous Analysis ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Controversial Topic ◽  
Ultimate Attainment

This paper focuses on generalizing different theories towards the age effect on the ultimate attainment of second language learners since it has long been a controversial topic in researchers’ mind. In this paper, it gives evidences on cases in favor of the Critical Period Hypothesis, which claimed the loss of language learning ability after puberty and presents counter-evidences on the successful acquisition of second language in adult learners. It has reached into a conclusion that consists the viewpoint drawn on previous analysis and confirmed the possibility in ultimate second language attainment for late learners.

The Brain’s Critical Period for Language Acquisition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela D. Friederici ◽  
Noam Chomsky
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Neural System ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
White Matter Maturation ◽  
Native Signers

Whether a critical period for language learning exists (or not) is at the heart of ongoing debates over why second language learning appears to be easy early in life but much more difficult as we age. Neurocognitive studies on second language learning suggest that a unitary neural system is involved when processing more than one language, and the earlier a second language is learned, the more similar the neural language networks for the two languages will be. There appears to be a close relation between the developmental trajectory of white matter maturation and behavioral language skills. By looking at individuals coming from very different language backgrounds, such as native signers and hearing individuals, we find data that point towards a universal neural language system that is largely independent of input modality, but can be modulated slightly by the lifelong use of a given language.

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