scholarly journals Comparing the cognate effect in spoken and written second language word production

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merel Muylle ◽  
Eva Van Assche ◽  
Robert Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Error Pattern ◽  
Underlying Processes

Cognates – words that share form and meaning between languages – are processed faster than control words. However, it is unclear whether this effect is merely lexical (i.e., central) in nature, or whether it cascades to phonological/orthographic (i.e., peripheral) processes. This study compared the cognate effect in spoken and typewritten production, which share central, but not peripheral processes. We inquired whether this effect is present in typewriting, and if so, whether its magnitude is similar to spoken production. Dutch-English bilinguals performed either a spoken or written picture naming task in English; picture names were either Dutch-English cognates or control words. Cognates were named faster than controls and there was no cognate-by-modality interaction. Additionally, there was a similar error pattern in both modalities. These results suggest that common underlying processes are responsible for the cognate effect in spoken and written language production, and thus a central locus of the cognate effect.

scholarly journals ERP Correlates of Word Production before and after Stroke in an Aphasic Patient

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Laganaro ◽  
Stéphanie Morand ◽  
Christoph M. Michel ◽  
Laurent Spinelli ◽  
Armin Schnider
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Aphasic Patient

Changes in brain activity characterizing impaired speech production after brain damage have usually been investigated by comparing aphasic speakers with healthy subjects because prestroke data are normally not available. However, when interpreting the results of studies of stroke patients versus healthy controls, there is an inherent difficulty in disentangling the contribution of neuropathology from other sources of between-subject variability. In the present work, we had an unusual opportunity to study an aphasic patient with severe anomia who had incidentally performed a picture naming task in an ERP study as a control subject one year before suffering a left hemisphere stroke. The fortuitous recording of this patient's brain activity before his stroke allows direct comparison of his pre- and poststroke brain activity in the same language production task. The subject did not differ from other healthy subjects before his stroke, but presented major electrophysiological differences after stroke, both in comparison to himself before stroke and to the control group. ERP changes consistently appeared after stroke in a specific time window starting about 250 msec after picture onset, characterized by a single divergent but stable topographic configuration of the scalp electric field associated with a cortical generator abnormally limited to left temporal posterior perilesional areas. The patient's pattern of anomia revealed a severe lexical–phonological impairment and his ERP responses diverged from those of healthy controls in the time window that has previously been associated with lexical–phonological processes during picture naming. Given that his prestroke ERPs were indistinguishable from those of healthy controls, it seems highly likely that the change in his poststroke ERPs is due to changes in language production processes as a consequence of stroke. The patient's neurolinguistic deficits, combined with the ERPs results, provide unique evidence for the role of left temporal cortex in lexical–phonological processing from about 250 to 450 msec during word production.

Using whole-word production measures to determine the influence of phonotactic probability and neighborhood density on bilingual speech production

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skott E. Freedman ◽  
Jessica A. Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Phonological Complexity

Numerous lexical and sublexical factors have been reported to influence speech production in monolinguals (Storkel, 2001; Vitevitch, 2002); however, whole-word production analyses have rarely been used to measure such influences. The present study investigated the effects of phonotactic probability and neighborhood density on bilingual speech production using whole-word production measures (Ingram, 2002). Five typically developing English–Spanish bilingual children were administered a picture-naming task in English and Spanish in which stimuli varied in sublexical and lexical parameters. Their English and Spanish productions were compared with those of five age-matched monolingual English- and Spanish-speaking children, respectively. No differences were found between bilinguals and monolinguals in the respective languages; however, bilinguals evidenced greater phonological complexity in Spanish than English on words with low phonotactic probability and low neighborhood density. Whole-word approximation remained similar between languages. Findings are interpreted in the context of crosslinguistic influences of sublexical and lexical factors on speech production.

The influence of short-term language-switching training on the plasticity of the cognitive control mechanism in bilingual word production

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2115-2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junjie Wu ◽  
Chunyan Kang ◽  
Fengyang Ma ◽  
Xiaoyi Gao ◽  
Taomei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Language Mapping ◽  
Target Languages

This study examined the effect of short-term language-switching training on the cognitive control mechanism in bilingual word production. In two experiments, two groups of relatively proficient but unbalanced Chinese–English bilinguals performed a cued picture-naming task, in which they switched between their two languages. On two consecutive days, the participants took part in four sessions. The same procedure was employed on 2 days in Experiment 1, whereas the cue-language mapping was reversed on Day 2 in Experiment 2. In both experiments, picture naming in the dominant language (L1, Chinese) was slower than that in the weaker second language (L2, English) in all sessions. In addition, the reversed language dominance effect was enhanced with training, suggesting that training proactively increases the amount of inhibition of the dominant L1 at the global level. Furthermore, switching costs in the L1 were reduced with training in Experiment 1, but not in Experiment 2. These results indicate that language-switching training improves the efficiency of reactively exerting inhibitory control over the dominant L1 at the local level. However, when a cue matches with different target languages, the effect of training is absent at the local level. These findings reveal the plasticity and complexity of the cognitive control mechanism as a function of bilingual experience, particularly in language switching.

Validating a test of second language written lexical retrieval: a new measure of fluency in written language production

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Snellings ◽  
Amos van Gelderen ◽  
Kees de Glopper
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Lexical Retrieval

Monitoring speech production and comprehension: Where is the second-language delay?

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1601-1619
Author(s):  
Wouter PJ Broos ◽  
Wouter Duyck ◽  
Robert J Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Comprehension Monitoring ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Monitoring Task ◽  
Production Monitoring

Research on error monitoring suggests that bilingual Dutch–English speakers are slower to correct some speech errors in their second language (L2) as opposed to their first language (L1). But which component of self-monitoring is slowed down in L2, error detection or interruption and repair of the error? This study charted the time course of monitoring in monolingual English speakers and bilingual Dutch–English speakers in language production and language comprehension, with the aim of pinpointing the component(s) of monitoring that cause an L2 disadvantage. First, we asked whether phonological errors are interrupted more slowly in L2. An analysis of data from three speech error elicitation experiments indeed showed that Dutch–English bilinguals were slower to stop speaking after an error had been detected in their L2 (English) than in their L1 (Dutch), at least for interrupted errors. A similar L2 disadvantage was found when comparing the L2 of Dutch–English bilinguals to the L1 of English monolinguals. Second, monolingual English speakers and bilingual Dutch–English speakers performed a picture naming task, a production monitoring task, and a comprehension monitoring task. Bilingual English speakers were slower in naming pictures in their L2 than monolingual English speakers. However, the production monitoring task and comprehension monitoring task yielded comparable response latencies between monolinguals in their L1 and bilinguals in their L2, indicating that monitoring processes in L2 are not generally slower. We suggest that interruption and repair are planned concurrently and that the difficulty of repairing in L2 triggers a slow-down in L2 interruption.

scholarly journals Hemispheric Lateralization of Visuospatial Attention Is Independent of Language Production on Right-Handers: Evidence From Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoding Jia ◽  
Guangfang Liu ◽  
Haijing Niu
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Hemispheric Lateralization ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
The Right

It is well-established that visuospatial attention is mainly lateralized to the right hemisphere, whereas language production is mainly left-lateralized. However, there is a significant controversy regarding how these two kinds of lateralization interact with each other. The present research used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine whether visuospatial attention is indeed right-lateralized, whereas language production is left-lateralized, and more importantly, whether the extent of lateralization in the visuospatial task is correlated with that in the task involving language. Specifically, fifty-two healthy right-handed participants participated in this study. Multiple-channel fNIRS technique was utilized to record the cerebral hemodynamic changes when participants were engaged in naming objects depicted in pictures (the picture naming task) or judging whether a presented line was bisected correctly (the landmark task). The degree of hemispheric lateralization was quantified according to the activation difference between the left and right hemispheres. We found that the picture-naming task predominantly activated the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) of the left hemisphere. In contrast, the landmark task predominantly activated the inferior parietal sulcus (IPS) and superior parietal lobule (SPL) of the right hemisphere. The quantitative calculation of the laterality index also showed a left-lateralized distribution for the picture-naming task and a right-lateralized distribution for the landmark task. Intriguingly, the correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation between the laterality indices of these two tasks. Our findings support the independent hypothesis, suggesting that different cognitive tasks may engender lateralized processing in the brain, but these lateralized activities may be independent of each other. Meanwhile, we stress the importance of handedness in understanding the relationship between functional asymmetries. Methodologically, we demonstrated the effectiveness of using the multichannel fNIRS technique to investigate the hemispheric specialization of different cognitive tasks and their lateralization relations between different tasks. Our findings and methods may have important implications for future research to explore lateralization-related issues in individuals with neural pathologies.

scholarly journals PRODUKSI BAHASA TULIS PENUTUR ASING: STUDI KASUS MELATI

Widyaparwa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-139
Author(s):  
Ilham Hidayah ◽  
Pratomo Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Written Language ◽  
College Level ◽  
Word Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Research Show

The success of obtaining a second language and subsequent languages is influenced by many factors, both those involving from within individuals and those from the environment. Thus, research should not only focus on assessing the success of an individual in obtaining language but must also relate how the individual's language learning background is related to the achievement of language acquisition. This article will focus on the discussion of written language production with the subject of jasmine, which is a native speaker of Mandarin. By reviewing the background of the subject's bilingualism, it is expected to be able to provide an overview and answer the question "how is the achievement of someone who learns a foreign language if he learns a second language after passing a critical period, then takes education to obtain language (nurture), and a coordinate billingualism, if measured after study the language for five years and four months? "the results of the research show that Melati has the following language skills (1) in terms of readability, able to write with the appropriate complexity for college level students (2) able to build relationships between words, sentences, and paragraphs but at the word level there are still some problems (3) which tend to produce difficult sentences to understand when writing more complex sentences.Keberhasilan pemerolehan bahasa kedua dan bahasa berikutnya dipengaruhi banyak faktor, baik yang menyangkut dari dalam diri individu maupun yang berasal lingkungan. Penelitian mengenai bahasa kedua seharusnya tidak hanya berfokus pada menilai keberhasilan dari seorang individu dalam memeperoleh bahasa tetapi juga harus menghubungkan bagaimana latar belakang belajar bahasa individu dalam kaitannya dengan pencapaian pemerolehan berbahasanya. Artikel ini akan fokus pada pembahasan produksi bahasa tulis dengan subjek melati, yaitu seorang penutur asli bahasa Mandarin. Dengan meninjau latar belakang bilingualisme subjek diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran dan menjawab pertanyaan “seberapa pencapaian seseorang yang belajar bahasa asing bila ia belajar bahasa kedua setelah melewati critical period, kemudian menempuh pendidikan untuk memperoleh bahasa (nurture), dan seorang yang coordinate billingualism, bila diukur setelah mempelajari bahasa selama lima tahun empat bulan?” hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Melati memiliki kemampuan bahasa sebagai berikut (1) secara keterbacaan, mampu menulis dengan kerumitan yang sesuai untuk pelajar tingkat perguruan tinggi (2) mampu membangun hubungan antar kata, kalimat, dan paragraf namun pada tataran kata masih ditemukan beberapa masalah (3) cenderung menghasilkan kalimat sulit dipahami saat menulis kalimat yang lebih kompleks. 

scholarly journals Sustained Attention Ability Affects Simple Picture Naming

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne R. Jongman
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Event Rate ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Event Rates ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Naming Latencies ◽  
Simple Picture

Sustained attention has previously been shown as a requirement for language production. However, this is mostly evident for difficult conditions, such as a dual-task situation. The current study provides corroborating evidence that this relationship holds even for simple picture naming. Sustained attention ability, indexed both by participants’ reaction times and individuals’ hit rate (the proportion of correctly detected targets) on a digit discrimination task, correlated with picture naming latencies. Individuals with poor sustained attention were consistently slower and their RT distributions were more positively skewed when naming pictures compared to individuals with better sustained attention. Additionally, the need to sustain attention was manipulated by changing the speed of stimulus presentation. Research has suggested that fast event rates tax sustained attention resources to a larger degree than slow event rates. However, in this study the fast event rate did not result in increased difficulty, neither for the picture naming task nor for the sustained attention task. Instead, the results point to a speed-accuracy trade-off in the sustained attention task (lower accuracy but faster responses in the fast than in the slow event rate), and to a benefit for faster rates in the picture naming task (shorter naming latencies with no difference in accuracy). Performance on both tasks was largely comparable, supporting previous findings that sustained attention is called upon during language production.

scholarly journals Time Course of Evoked-potential Changes in Different Forms of Anomia in Aphasia

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1499-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Laganaro ◽  
Stéphanie Morand ◽  
Armin Schnider
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Lexical Semantic

Impaired word production after brain damage can be due to impairment at lexical–semantic or at lexical–phonological levels of word encoding. These processes are thought to involve different brain regions and to have different time courses. The present study investigated the time course of electrophysiological correlates of anomia in 16 aphasic speakers, divided in two subgroups according to their anomic pattern (8 with lexical–semantic impairment and 8 with lexical–phonological impairment), in comparison to 16 healthy control subjects performing the same picture naming task. Differences in amplitudes and in topographic maps between groups were differently distributed when the whole heterogeneous group of aphasic patients was compared to the control group and when the two more homogeneous subgroups of anomic patients were analyzed. The entire aphasic group expressed different waveforms and topographic patterns than the control group starting about 100 msec after picture presentation. When two subgroups of aphasic patients are considered according to the underlying cognitive impairment, early event-related potential (ERP) abnormalities (100–250 msec) appeared only in the lexical–semantic subgroup, whereas later ERP abnormalities (300–450 msec) occurred only in the lexical–phonological subgroup. These results indicate that the time windows of ERP abnormalities vary depending on the underlying anomic impairment. Moreover, the findings give support to current hypotheses on the time course of processes involved in word production during picture naming.

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