scholarly journals PECULIAR FEATURES OF THE KRYMCHAK DZHONK SCRIPT AND THE KRYMCHAK WRITTEN LANGUAGE TRADITION

Movoznavstvo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 315 (6) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
O. O. TYSHCHENKO-MONASTYRSKA ◽  

The subject of the present publication is to bring to the light some orthographic features of the Yosyf Gabai’s Krymchak manuscript, called jonk, from Crimean Ethnographic Museum (Simferopol). Fragments of the manuscript were first transcribed, translated into Russian and published by David Rebi, who was a teacher of Krymchak and native speaker. However, the jonk has never been edited before. A special value of this manuscript lies in its language (or even languages), as well as styles represented. The manuscript is multilingual, contains folklore texts (poetry and narrative) of the Crimean and Turkish origin, written in Hebrew script, diary notes both in Krymchak and Russian, prayers and religion texts in Hebrew partially translated into Turkic written in the early XX century in Feodosia. This research is dedicated to Turkic linguistic features and their orthography. Despite of using Hebrew script Krymchak writing system developed in close relation to pre-reform Crimean Tatar writing tradition, both variants in their turn connected to Ottoman and pre-Ottoman orthographic traditions. Several orthographic features point to that, for instance principles of writing some vowels, consonants ( in initial, central, final positions), grammatical and word-formation suffixes (connected or separate writing), morphonological change, ways of transcription and adopting loanwords. Language of Yosyf Gabai’s jonk reflects orthographic and colloquial features of Krymchak and shares them with other Crimean Turkic manuscripts of this period. Schematically marked suffixes, together with some archaic morphonological changes, graphically reflected in the text, such as disrupted vowel harmony, alternations in labial harmony, syncope, epenthesis, protheses, disrupted consonant change between morphemes characterize orthography of the Krymchak manuscript.

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 57-69
Author(s):  
Ольга Блашків

The article focuses on one of the central issues of comparative linguistic and stylistics which consists in singling out of convergent and divergent linguistic features of official-business letters written in different languages. It aims to describe those most conspicuous homologous and distinguishing characteristics of English and Ukrainian official-business style documents that should constitute the subject of special attention in situations of interlanguage communication. The revealed peculiarities are explained taking into account the intercultural specifics of the participants of business written communication. In particular, the national specifics of the construction of English and Ukrainian written language, socio-cultural properties of the written language.


Author(s):  
Leila Yur’evna Mirzoyeva

The article is dedicated to holophrastic neologisms i.e. blended words constructed on the basis of word combinations. The author focuses on emotiveness of holophrastic structures in political texts represented in the Internet. A dynamic contradiction between the violation of a norm, taking place in new words formation (those new words are considered as occasionalisms of holophrastic type) and new ways of emotiveness representation has been studied from the viewpoint of language ecology. In course of research, more than 100 texts and microtexts were analyzed; at the same time, the ironic potential, language games and the possibility of self-expression of the subject turned out to be characteristic of political texts. As the main research technique, we used continuous sample of holophrastic set expressions; in addition, in order to obtain objective data, such services as Yandex and Google have been used. Holophrastic set expressions have been treated as a result of word formation and representation of such linguistic personality as native speaker of Russian.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 288
Author(s):  
Edeil Reis do Espírito Santo ◽  
Osvaldo Barreto Oliveira Júnior

O domínio do Sistema de Escrita Alfabética (SEA) requer do sujeito cognoscente um eivado esforço conceitual, no sentido de perceber o que a escrita representa e como ela representa. Nós, adultos, por vezes, nos esquecemos de que a construção da base alfabética é um processo que exige estratégias, levantamento de hipóteses e superação paulatina dessas hipóteses, numa ação de monitoramento cognitivo. O domínio progressivo das propriedades do SEA depende da compreensão conceitual da escrita como objeto do conhecimento e da capacidade do professor alfabetizador em, por meio dessa compreensão, engendrar propostas que contemplem ações interventivo-mediadoras voltadas à problematização dos conhecimentos e concepções prévias dos aprendentes, fazendo-os construir novos esquemas e ampliar suas estruturas cognitivas. Entender a escrita como código ou como sistema notacional tem implicações didático-pedagógicas e epistêmicas, haja vista a prática alfabetizadora ser condicionada pela forma como se pensa a escrita e o papel que o sujeito tem nesse processo de apropriação. Defendemos um ensino explícito das propriedades do sistema alfabético aliado aos usos socioculturais da escrita e da leitura, por entendermos que desse ensino intencional resulta a ajuda (mediação) que o docente presta ao sujeito aprendente no percurso em busca de se tornar um proficiente leitor e produtor de textos, afinal, o fim basilar da alfabetização é levar o sujeito a ler e escrever com autonomia, uma vez que leitura e escrita são ferramentas de inserção sociocultural. Contudo, sem domínio das convenções da notação alfabética não se participa de situações de escrita e de leitura como tecnologias inclusivas.Palavras-chave: Sistema de escrita alfabética. Psicogênese da língua escrita. Ação interventivo-mediadora.Alphabetical writing system: problematizing a conceptual systemABSTRACTThe domain of the Alphabetic Writing System (AWS) requires the cognoscent subject to express a conceptual effort in order to perceive what writing represents and how it represents it. Us, adults, sometimes forget that the construction of the alphabetical base is a process that requires strategies, hypothesis collection and gradual overcoming of these hypotheses, in a cognitive monitoring action. The progressive mastery of SEA properties depends on the conceptual understanding of writing as an object of knowledge and the ability of the literacy teacher to, through this understanding, generate proposals that contemplate intervening-mediating actions aimed at the problematization of knowledge and conceptions of learners, making them construct new schemes and expand their cognitive structures. Understanding writing as a code or as a notational system has didactic-pedagogical and epistemic implications, since the literacy practice is conditioned by the way in which writing is thought and the role that the subject has in this process of appropriation. We advocate an explicit teaching of the properties of the alphabetic system combined with the sociocultural uses of writing and reading, since we understand that from this intentional teaching results the help (mediation) that the teacher gives to the learner in the course in order to become a proficient reader and producer of texts, after all, the basic aim of literacy is to lead the subject to read and write with autonomy, since reading and writing are tools of socio-cultural insertion. However, without mastery of the conventions of alphabetic notation, writing and reading situations are not included as inclusive technologies.Keywords: Alphabetical writing system. Psychogenesis of written language. Interventional-mediating action.Sistema de escrita alfabética: problematizando un sistema conceptualRESUMENEl dominio del Sistema de Escritura Alfabética (SEA) requiere del sujeto cognoscente un eivado esfuerzo conceptual, en el sentido de percibir lo que la escritura representa y cómo ella representa. Los adultos a veces nos olvidamos de que la construcción de la base alfabética es un proceso que requiere estrategias, levantamiento de hipótesis y superación paulatina de esas hipótesis, en una acción de monitoreo cognitivo. El dominio progresivo de las propiedades del SEA depende de la comprensión conceptual de la escritura como objeto del conocimiento y de la capacidad del profesor alfabetizador en, por medio de esa comprensión, engendrar propuestas que contemplen acciones intervencionista mediadoras volcadas a la problematización de los conocimientos y concepciones previas de los alumnos, haciéndoles construir nuevos esquemas y ampliar sus estructuras cognitivas. Entender la escritura como código o como sistema notacional tiene implicaciones didáctico pedagógicas y epistémicas, hay que la práctica alfabetizadora estar condicionada por la forma en que se piensa la escritura y el papel que el sujeto tiene en ese proceso de apropiación. Defendemos una enseñanza explícita de las propiedades del sistema alfabético aliado a los usos socioculturales de la escritura y de la lectura, por entender que de esa enseñanza intencional resulta la ayuda (mediación) que el docente presta al sujeto aprendente en el recorrido en busca de convertirse en un proficiente lector y el productor de textos, alfinal, el fi n basilar de la alfabetización es llevar al sujeto a leer y escribir con autonomía, una vez que lectura y escritura son herramientas de inserción sociocultural. Sin embargo, sin dominio de las convenciones de la notación alfabética no se participa de situaciones de escritura y de lectura como tecnologías inclusivas.Palabras clave: Sistema de escritura alfabética. Psicogénesis de la lengua escrita. Acción intervencionista-mediadora.


Widyaparwa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-139
Author(s):  
Ilham Hidayah ◽  
Pratomo Widodo

The success of obtaining a second language and subsequent languages is influenced by many factors, both those involving from within individuals and those from the environment. Thus, research should not only focus on assessing the success of an individual in obtaining language but must also relate how the individual's language learning background is related to the achievement of language acquisition. This article will focus on the discussion of written language production with the subject of jasmine, which is a native speaker of Mandarin. By reviewing the background of the subject's bilingualism, it is expected to be able to provide an overview and answer the question "how is the achievement of someone who learns a foreign language if he learns a second language after passing a critical period, then takes education to obtain language (nurture), and a coordinate billingualism, if measured after study the language for five years and four months? "the results of the research show that Melati has the following language skills (1) in terms of readability, able to write with the appropriate complexity for college level students (2) able to build relationships between words, sentences, and paragraphs but at the word level there are still some problems (3) which tend to produce difficult sentences to understand when writing more complex sentences.Keberhasilan pemerolehan bahasa kedua dan bahasa berikutnya dipengaruhi banyak faktor, baik yang menyangkut dari dalam diri individu maupun yang berasal lingkungan. Penelitian mengenai bahasa kedua seharusnya tidak hanya berfokus pada menilai keberhasilan dari seorang individu dalam memeperoleh bahasa tetapi juga harus menghubungkan bagaimana latar belakang belajar bahasa individu dalam kaitannya dengan pencapaian pemerolehan berbahasanya. Artikel ini akan fokus pada pembahasan produksi bahasa tulis dengan subjek melati, yaitu seorang penutur asli bahasa Mandarin. Dengan meninjau latar belakang bilingualisme subjek diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran dan menjawab pertanyaan “seberapa pencapaian seseorang yang belajar bahasa asing bila ia belajar bahasa kedua setelah melewati critical period, kemudian menempuh pendidikan untuk memperoleh bahasa (nurture), dan seorang yang coordinate billingualism, bila diukur setelah mempelajari bahasa selama lima tahun empat bulan?” hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Melati memiliki kemampuan bahasa sebagai berikut (1) secara keterbacaan, mampu menulis dengan kerumitan yang sesuai untuk pelajar tingkat perguruan tinggi (2) mampu membangun hubungan antar kata, kalimat, dan paragraf namun pada tataran kata masih ditemukan beberapa masalah (3) cenderung menghasilkan kalimat sulit dipahami saat menulis kalimat yang lebih kompleks. 


Litera ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Susanna Marlenovna Abliametova ◽  
Zera Mambetovna Sattarova

The subject of this research is the problem of word formation in the Crimean Tatar language. The object of this research is the synonyms in the Crimean Tatar language. Synonyms contribute to clarity of expression of one or another meaning, enrich the literary language and enhance its expressiveness. The goal of this work consists in examination of word formation capabilities in the Crimean Tatar language as a source of synonymy. An important question for understanding the nature of synonymy in lexical-semantic composition of the modern Crimean Tatar language is the questions on the factors of the emergence of synonyms. In the Crimean Tatar linguistics, this question requires a detailed examination. The novelty of this research lies in the analysis of word formation as a source of synonymy. A conclusion is formulated that the lexicon of Crimean Tatar language is being enrich mostly due to the word formation. The rich word formation capabilities of the language allow creating a wide variety of derivatives based on the existing patterns. The skill of using the word formation capabilities of the language significantly enriches the speech, allows to create lexical and semantic neologisms, expands synonymy of the language. Word formation is one of the source of synonymy.


2021 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-361
Author(s):  
Philippe Del Giudice

Abstract A new project has just been launched to write a synchronic, descriptive grammar of Niçois, the Occitan dialect of Nice. In this article, I define the corpus of the research. To do so, I first review written production from the Middle Ages to the present. I then analyze the linguistic features of Niçois over time, in order to determine the precise starting point of the current language state. But because of reinforced normativism and the decreasing social use of Niçois among the educated population, written language after WWII became artificial and does not really correspond to recordings made in the field. The corpus will thus be composed of writings from the 1820’s to WWII and recordings from the last few decades.


When the oscillating electric spark is examined in a rapidly rotating mirror, the successive oscillations render themselves evident in the image as a series of lumnious curved streamers which emanate from the poles and extend towards the centre of the spark gap. These streamers were first observed by Feddersen in 1862, but the work of Schuster and Hemsalech in 1900 may be said to have opened up a new era in the subject. These workers threw the image of the spark on the slit of a spectroscope, and photographed the resulting spectrum on a film which was maintained in rapid rotation in a direction at right angles to that of the incident light. In their photographs they found that the air lines extended straight across from pole to pole, but that the metal lines were represented by curved bands drawn out in the centre of the spark gap. There is a close relation between these bands and the streamers seen in the unanalysed inductive spark. Schuster and Hemsalech carried out their experiments with the smallest possible inductance in series with the spark, and thus made the period of the oscillations so small that the drawing out on the film was insufficient to separate the individual oscillations from each other. Thus their curved lines represent a composite structure, consisting of all the streamers due to the successive oscillations superposed on each other. It follows from their results that the light of the streamers in the spark is entirely produced by the glowing of the metallic vapour of the electrodes, and that, while the luminosity of the air is practically instantaneous in its occurrence, that due to the metal vapour occurs in the centre of the spark gap an appreciable time later than near the poles. The actual process which goes on in the spark and gives rise to this delay in the arrival of the metallic vapour at the centre of the gap is not yet thoroughly understood. Schuster and Hemsalech make the natural supposition that it is due to the fact that the metal of the electrode is vaporised and rendered incandescent by the heat of the spark, and that the vapour takes an appreciable time to diffuse from the electrodes to the centre of the gap. The exception which has been taken to this view has arisen in part from the difficulty of observing the Doppler effect on the metallic lines which should be a concomitant of the diffusion of the vapour from the poles, and in part from the extraordinary results which the authors themselves obtained in some metals for the velocity of the diffusion corresponding to the different lines. In the case of bismuth and, in a less degree, of cadmium the different metallic lines could be divided into groups of different curvatures which indicated different velocities of diffusion towards the centre of the gap. As regards the former matter, there does not seem to be involved any real difficulty to the explanation, as Dr. Schuster has himself recently shown. The curious effect of the different curvatures of the lines of the same element has, however, always remained more or less of a difficulty in the way of a complete acceptance of their view. Schuster and Hemsalech themselves refer to the possibility in the case of bismuth that the metal may be a compound, and that the two kinds of molecules give rise to the differently curved lines. Other explanations have been made by different writers, but it cannot be said that any explanation adequately supported by experiment has been forthcoming. In view of this incompleteness in our knowledge of the constitution of the streamers it seemed to me that further observations with a rotating mirror would possibly be of value, and the investigations recorded below succeed, I think, in throwing a clearer light on the nature of the streamers, and on certain other phenomena which are characteristic of the spark.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2019 (1) ◽  
pp. 309-325
Author(s):  
Nadja Thoma

Zusammenfassung Im Kontext der zunehmenden Versicherheitlichung von Migration, deren Bedeutung auch für sprachliche Bildung im Kontext nationaler und globaler Sicherheitsagenden diskutiert wird, werden bestimmte Gruppen von Migrant*innen als Sicherheitsbedrohung konstruiert. Die Instrumentalisierung von Sprache für Identitätspolitik, die im Konzept von Sprache als ,Schlüssel zur Integration‘ besonders deutlich wird und unter Rückgriff auf Sprachideologien erklärt werden kann, bleibt nicht ohne Folgen für Angehörige minorisierter Gruppen. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht der Frage nach, was ,innere Sicherheit‘ für Student*innen bedeutet, denen zugeschrieben wird, keine ,native speaker‘ zu sein. Den Bezugspunkt der ,inneren Sicherheit‘ bildet dabei nicht der Nationalstaat, sondern das Subjekt. Aus einer biographieanalytischen Perspektive wird rekonstruiert, mit welchen (Un-)Sicherheitsdimensionen die Subjekte an der Universität und in Hinblick auf ihre beruflichen Pläne konfrontiert sind, wie Sicherheit und Sprache biographisch eingebettet sind und welche Strategien und Wege die Student*innen (nicht) nutzen (können), um ihre Sicherheitsspielräume zu erweitern.Abstract: In light of the increasing securitization of migration, language education is discussed as part of national and global security agendas, and certain groups of migrants have been constructed as a security threat. The instrumentalization of language for identity politics is particularly evident in the concept of language as a ‘key to integration’ and can be explained with language ideologies. These ideologies are not without consequences for members of minoritized groups. The article at hand explores the meaning of ‘internal security’ for university students who are not considered ‘native speakers’. The reference point of ‘internal security’ is not the nation state, but the subject. From a biographical-analytical perspective, the article reconstructs dimensions of security and insecurity which the subjects confront at university with regard to their professional aims. It will explore how the connection between security and language is embedded in their biographies, as well as the strategies and pathways students can and cannot use to expand their security scope.


SAGE Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401774671
Author(s):  
Abdel Rahman Mitib Altakhaineh

This study investigates the phonological, semantic, and pragmatic features of acronyms in Arabic. Acronyms in Arabic have appeared quite recently as a result of globalization and exposure to or contact with, mainly, English via radio stations and TV channels, which are broadcasting in English and in some countries, for example, Morocco in both English and French. Through in-depth analysis, it has been observed that acronyms in Arabic are subject to different restrictions: (a) The phonological combinations are formed on the basis of Arabic templates; hence, should be compatible with Arabic phonotactics, for example, consonant clusters should be broken up by vowels; (b) the connotation of the acronyms should not be negative; and (c) in conformity with relevance theory, when the acronyms are homophonous to existing words, the former maximize contextual effects with minimum processing effort. The fact that they appear in certain contexts also reduces the processing effort. It has also become evident that the period between the establishment of the movement or party and the first use of the acronym decreases over time, provided that the acronyms are frequently mentioned in the media. The examination of acronyms in different languages shows that acronymization is quite pervasive cross-linguistically; this may suggest that not any word-formation process can easily spread; it needs to be prevalent and potentially universal.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 515
Author(s):  
Emi Emilia ◽  
Nurfitri Habibi ◽  
Lungguh Ariang Bangga

The paper reports on the results of a study aiming to investigate the cohesion of exposition texts written by eleventh graders of a school in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The study used a qualitative case study research design, especially text analysis, involving 32 students. In the interest of space, the paper will present the data obtained from six texts written by 6 students, representing low, mid, and high achievers. The texts were analyzed using systemic functional linguistics (SFL), especially in terms of schematic structure and linguistic features, especially those contributing to the cohesion of the texts, such as Theme progression and cohesive devices. The results show that all texts show students’ grasp and understanding of the schematic structure of an exposition, including thesis, argument, and restatement of the thesis. All texts also successfully use the zig-zag and the Theme reiteration patterns, which indicate the students’ emerging capacity to create a text with cohesion at the clause level. However, only texts written by high achievers employ the multiple Theme pattern, indicating the students’ emerging capacity to create a text with better sense of connectedness, unity, and flow of information at the global level. High achiever texts also employ discourse features which allow the reader to predict how the text will unfold and guide them to a line of understanding of a text as a whole. Moreover, in terms of cohesive devices, all texts use some simple cohesive devices—reference, lexical cohesion, and conjunction. It should be mentioned that all texts are rudimentary with some inappropriate word choices and grammatical problems. This suggests that the students still needed more guidance and time to do research on the topic in focus, to go through the process of writing as professional do, to allow them to create a better text with more elaboration and characteristics of written language with consistency and accuracy. It is recommended that further research on different perspectives and foci of analysis of different text types using systemic functional linguistics, with more representative samples, and studies on the teaching of writing be conducted.


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