Exploring the coach’s and athletes’ behaviour in martial arts

This descriptive study examined the processes of coaching and participation in Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) for both experienced (n=3) and novice (n=3) adult participant, members of a martial arts club in Finland. Over a period of six weeks, five practice sessions were videotaped with a mean duration of 84.35 minutes. Systematic observation data were used to describe the practice structure and participants’ engagement. Additionally, a modified version of the Coach Analysis and Intervention System was used to evaluate coaching behaviour. The heart rate data were also collected to evaluate the participants’ physical activity levels. Results indicated that practice time allocated to training and playing were 75% and 25%, respectively, which differs from team sport research. The coaching emphasis observed in this study highlighted competition and technique perfection. The participants’ practice activity level was high with most participants spending more than half of practice time at a moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level. These findings show that both the structure and content of coaching practice is context specific and that the coach need to identify and react to the needs of individual athletes.

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How Much Observation Is Enough? Refining the Administration of SOPARC

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.8.8.1117 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 1117-1123 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Deborah A. Cohen ◽

Claude Setodji ◽

Kelly R. Evenson ◽

Phillip Ward ◽

Sandra Lapham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Interobserver Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Activity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

User Characteristics ◽

Systematic Observation ◽

Robust Estimate ◽

Neighborhood Parks

Background:The Systematic Observation of Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) was designed to estimate the number and characteristics of people using neighborhood parks by assessing them 4 times/day, 7 days/week. We tested whether this schedule was adequate and determined the minimum number of observations necessary to provide a robust estimate of park user characteristics and their physical activity levels.Methods:We conducted observations every hour for 14 hours per day during 1 summer and 1 autumn week in 10 urban neighborhood parks: 2 each in Los Angeles, CA; Albuquerque, NM; Columbus, OH; Durham, NC; and Philadelphia, PA. We counted park users by gender, age group, apparent race/ethnicity, and activity level. We used a standardized Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients to test the reliability of using fewer observations.Results:We observed 76,632 individuals, an average of 547/park/day (range 155−786). Interobserver reliability ranged from 0.80 to 0.99. Obtaining a robust estimate of park user characteristics and their physical activity required a schedule of 4 days/week, 4 times/day.Conclusion:An abbreviated schedule of SOPARC was sufficient for estimating park use, park user characteristics, and physical activity. Applying these observation methods can augment physical activity surveillance.

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Physical Activity Trends of Finnish Adolescents With Long-Term Illnesses or Disabilities From 2002–2014

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2015-0539 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 816-821 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Kwok Ng ◽

Pauli Rintala ◽

Jorma Tynjälä ◽

Raili Välimaa ◽

Jari Villberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Activity Level ◽

Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Physically Active ◽

Sports Club ◽

Club Membership

Background:Adolescents’ physical activity level is a major source of concern. For adolescents with long-term illnesses or disabilities (LTID), being physically active can prevent secondary conditions. This is one of the first studies reporting trends in physical activity of adolescents with LTID in relation to gender, age, and sports club membership.Methods:Data were collected from the Health Behavior in School-aged Children study in Finland during 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014. In 13- and 15-year-olds (N = 2206), 17.1% reported having LTID. Daily physical activity recall was the dependent variable. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted eparately for sports club members (n = 936) and nonmembers (n = 1270).Results:The proportion of physically active adolescents with LTID in 2014 was higher than in 2002 for girls (15.6% vs 8.7%) and boys (26.6% vs 13.0%). Girl sports club members were 2 times more likely to be physically active in 2014 than in 2002. The largest trend between 2014 and 2002 was among boy nonmembers (odds ratio: 4.62, 95% confidence interval, 2.02–10.58).Conclusions:More adolescents with LTID took part in daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in 2014 than in 2002; however, physical activity levels still remain low. Sports club membership was similar to that of the general population.

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Niveles objetivos de actividad física durante las clases de Educación Física en estudiantes chilenos usando acelerometría (Objectively measured physical activity levels during Physical Education lessons in Chilean students using accelerometry)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v37i37.69238 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 123-128

Author(s):

Daniel Mayorga-Vega ◽

Maribel Parra Saldías ◽

Jesús Viciana

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Education ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Activity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Physical Activity Recommendations ◽

Las Mujeres ◽

Objectively Measured ◽

Activity Recommendations

El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar los niveles objetivos de actividad física durante las clases de Educación Física en adolescentes chilenos, identificando posibles diferencias según el género. En el presente estudio participaron 156 estudiantes de enseñanza básica de Chile (69 niñas y 87 varones, edad media = 13.5 ± .7 años). Se eliminaron 34 participantes por no cumplir los criterios mínimos de registro, seleccionando finalmente a 122 adolescentes. Se evaluaron los niveles objetivos de actividad física de una clase de Educación Física mediante el acelerómetro GT3X. Los resultados mostraron que ningún participante alcanzó las recomendaciones de tiempo de práctica de actividad física moderada-vigorosa del 50% durante las clases de Educación Física. La mayoría de los estudiantes (50.7% de chicos y 72.5% de chicas) acumularon menos del 10% del tiempo de clase de Educación Física en actividad física moderada-vigorosa. Los chicos presentaron mayores valores de actividad física moderada-vigorosa que las mujeres (p < .05), pero no se encontraron diferencias en el tiempo sedentario ni en la actividad física ligera (p > .05). Los adolescentes chilenos no cumplen las recomendaciones de actividad física moderada-vigorosa en clases de Educación Física. Se discuten diferentes estrategias de incremento del tiempo empleado en dicha actividad física moderada-vigorosa como medidas a considerar. Abstract. The aim of the present study was to examine objective levels of physical activity during Physical Education (PE) classes in Chilean adolescents, identifying possible differences according to gender. A sample composed of 156 Chilean adolescents (69 female and 87 male, average age = 13.5 ± .7 years) participated in this study. A total of 34 adolescents did not meet the inclusion criteria and were excluded, with 122 participants finally considered for the data analyses. Objective levels of physical activity were assessed by means of GT3X accelerometers during a PE lesson. The results showed that none of the participants reached the recommended 50% of total PE time at moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level. Most of the students (50.7% males and 72.5% females) accumulated less than 10% of the PE time at moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level. Boys showed higher values of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity than girls (p < .05); however, there were no gender differences in sedentary behavior or light physical activity time (p > .05). Chilean adolescents do not meet the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity recommendations during PE lessons. Different strategies are discussed in order to increase the time spent at moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in PE.

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Criterion validity of two physical activity and one sedentary time questionnaire against accelerometry in a large cohort of adults and older adults

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000661 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. e000661 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Edvard H Sagelv ◽

Laila A Hopstock ◽

Jonas Johansson ◽

Bjørge H Hansen ◽

Soren Brage ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Sedentary Time ◽

Short Form ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Activity Level ◽

Sitting Time ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Metabolic Equivalents ◽

Level Scale

ObjectivesWe compared the ability of physical activity and sitting time questionnaires (PAQ) for ranking individuals versus continuous volume calculations (physical activity level (PAL), metabolic equivalents of task (MET), sitting hours) against accelerometry measured physical activity as our criterion.MethodsParticipants in a cohort from the Tromsø Study completed three questionnaires; (1) The Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) (n=4040); (2) The Physical Activity Frequency, Intensity and Duration (PAFID) questionnaire (n=5902)) calculated as MET-hours·week-1 and (3) The International Physical Activity questionnaire (IPAQ) short-form sitting question (n=4896). We validated the questionnaires against the following accelerometry (Actigraph wGT3X-BT) estimates: vector magnitude counts per minute, steps∙day-1, time (minutes·day-1) in sedentary behaviour, light physical activity, moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) non-bouted and ≥10 min bouted MVPA.ResultsRanking of physical activity according to the SGPALS and quartiles (Q) of MET-hours∙week-1 from the PAFID were both positively associated with accelerometry estimates of physical activity (p<0.001) but correlations with accelerometry estimates were weak (SGPALS (PAL): r=0.11 to 0.26, p<0.001) and weak-to-moderate (PAFID: r=0.39 to 0.44, p<0.01). There was 1 hour of accelerometry measured sedentary time from Q1 to Q4 in the IPAQ sitting question (p<0.001) and also weak correlations (r=0.22, p<0.01).ConclusionRanking of physical activity levels measured with PAQs appears to have higher validity than energy expenditure calculations. Self-reported sedentary time poorly reflects accelerometry measured sedentary time. These two PAQs can be used for ranking individuals into different physical activity categories supporting previous studies using these instruments when assessing associations with health outcomes.

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Validation and Reliability of the New Lifestyles NL-1000 Accelerometer in New Zealand Preschoolers

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.9.2.295 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 295-299 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Leanne Liggett ◽

Andrew Gray ◽

Winsome Parnell ◽

Rob McGee ◽

Yvette McKenzie

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Activity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Video Footage ◽

Activity Rating

Background:Objective measures, such as accelerometers, are increasingly being used to measure physical activity (PA) levels in children, and the use of validated and reliable instruments is desirable when measuring the effectiveness of programs. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the New Lifestyles NL-1000 accelerometer among preschoolers using a modified version of the Children’s Activity Rating Scale (CARS).Methods:Fourteen preschoolers wore the NL-1000 at their waist while the device measured activity levels [in seconds of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA)]. They were also videoed for approximately 12 minutes while participating in normal activities at an early childhood center. At approximately 2-minute intervals, activity level readings derived from the NL-1000 were recorded. The video footage was analyzed using a modified CARS technique and the CARS scores compared with data obtained from the accelerometer.Results:Within subject reliability was measured using intraclass correlation coefficients (0.58 for CARS and 0.59 for NL-1000). Furthermore, 95% of the variation in CARS could be explained by variation in the accelerometer counts, with 2.4% of the variation being participant-specific.Conclusion:The NL-1000 is a sufficiently reliable and valid tool for assessing MVPA in preschoolers.

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An Observational Assessment of Physical Activity Levels and Social Behavior During Residential Summer Camp Unstructured Time

American Journal of Health Promotion ◽

10.1177/0890117119897191 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 387-392

Author(s):

Zachary Wahl-Alexander ◽

Craig A. Morehead

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Social Interactions ◽

Summer Camp ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Sport Activity ◽

Activity Level ◽

Third Grade ◽

Activity Type ◽

Systematic Observation ◽

Bonferroni Adjustment

Purpose: To evaluate children’s physical activity (PA) levels, social play behavior, activity time, and social interactions during unstructured time. Approach: Systematic observation tool to record child’s PA level, social group size, activity type, and social interaction during play. Setting: Northeast US residential summer camp, pseudonym Forest Hills Camp. Participants: Fifty-nine third-grade campers (27 males and 32 females). Method: Observational data were obtained using the System for Observing Children’s Activity and Relationships during Play (SOCARP). Data were analyzed using independent samples t tests (with Bonferroni adjustment) to assess statistical differences between boys and girls SOCARP categories. Results: Both boys and girls spend over 50% of their time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Statistically significant differences between genders were observed: activity level—(a) girls sat more than boys, and (2) boys engaged in more vigorous activity; activity type—(1) boys engaged in more sport activity, girls engaged in more locomotion activity, and girls were more sedentary; and social interactions—(1) boys had more physical conflict, and (2) boys had more verbal conflict. Conclusion: Contrary to previous research suggesting that summer campers have increased sedentary behavior during unstructured time, our results indicate that third-grade campers engaged in MVPA over 50% of their unstructured time. This suggests that unstructured time in outdoor camp settings may provide valuable opportunities for adolescent children to choose PA.

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Psychometric Properties of Two Systematic Observation Techniques for Assessing Physical Activity Levels in Children with Mental Retardation

Pediatric Exercise Science ◽

10.1123/pes.18.4.446 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 446-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christina A. Taylor ◽

Joonkoo Yun

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Mental Retardation ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Community Outreach ◽

Activity Level ◽

Outreach Program ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Systematic Observation ◽

Validity Coefficient

This study examined the psychometric properties of the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) and the Children’s Activity Rating Scale (CARS) for use with children with mental retardation (MR). Eleven children with MR were videotaped while participating in a university-based community outreach program. Actiwatch accelerometers were used as the criterion measure. Results indicated that SOFIT and CARS both demonstrated adequate levels of generalizability (ϕ= 0.98 and 0.75), but a low concurrent validity coefficient for SOFIT (r = .10) and a moderate level of validity coefficient for CARS (r = .61) were observed. CARS demonstrates stronger validity evidence than SOFIT, but it is important to have sufficient rater training before using CARS for measuring physical activity level of children with MR.

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Students’ Physical Activity Levels and Teachers’ Active Supervision during Fitness Instruction

Journal of Teaching in Physical Education ◽

10.1123/jtpe.18.1.57 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 57-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Hans van der Mars ◽

Paul Darst ◽

Bill Vogler ◽

Barbara Cusimano

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Corrective Feedback ◽

Activity Level ◽

Physical Educators ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Time Activity ◽

Instruction Time ◽

Physical Activity Levels ◽

Peripheral Areas

Active supervision patterns of 18 elementary physical educators were studied in relation to physical activity levels of 3 students per teacher (n = 54) during allotted fitness time. Activity level was measured using the system for observing fitness instruction time (SOFIT) activity categories. Results showed that during fitness instruction teachers spent over 90% of the time in peripheral areas of the gym, actively moved about (7.9 sector changes per minute), and provided augmented feedback to students (3.7 total rpm). Students’ most predominant activity levels were very active, standing, and walking, respectively. Students’ moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels averaged 51.9%. Higher percentages of peripheral positioning and demonstrating by teachers correlated with lower amounts of standing still and higher amounts of very active and MVPA behavior. Higher rates of corrective feedback correlated with higher levels of students’ walking and MVPA behavior.

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Abstract P178: Pedometer Feedback Intervention Increases Time Spent in Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap178 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Cemal Ozemek ◽

Wonwoo Byun ◽

Katrina Riggin ◽

Scott Strath ◽

Leonard Kaminsky

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Activity Level ◽

Step Count ◽

Intensity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Daily Step ◽

Light Physical Activity ◽

Step Counts

Introduction: Pedometer feedback with step goals has previously been demonstrated to be effective in increasing daily steps in cardiac rehabilitation patients. These monitors allow the individual to track steps taken during a day, which may influence the frequency or duration of structured physical activity that is intended to achieve a step goal. However, it is not known whether an increase in step counts by pedometer feedback with step goals also increases time spent in recommended intensity levels for improved health, specifically moderate-to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), in cardiac rehabilitation patients. Hypothesis: Pedometer feedback with weekly step goals will increase time spent in MVPA, mediated by an increase in step counts in cardiac rehabilitation patients. Methods: A total of 31 (22 men and 9 women, age 62 ± 9 years) patients participated in a 12-week maintenance cardiac rehabilitation, pedometer based step goal intervention. Prior to the intervention, each subject’s one week baseline average daily step count was measured and 10% of this value was used to increase step goals during the intervention. Each week the step goal was met, the following week’s goal was appropriately increased. However, if the step goal for the week was not achieved, the step goal would not increase until the goal was fulfilled. Additionally, daily step counts and time spent in MVPA and light physical activity were assessed at baseline (without pedometer feedback) and for each intervention week (with pedometer feedback) using a Kenz Lifecorder PLUS monitor (Nagoya, Japan). Average time spent in light physical activity (activity level of 1-2) and MVPA (activity levels ≥3), were determined according to activity intensity level defined by the manufacturer’s analyses program. Results: The average step count for the baseline week was 5546 ± 2679 steps/day which significantly increased to 8348± 3613 steps/day by week 12 (p<0.01). The average time spent in MVPA also significantly increased (p<0.01) from 19 ± 16 min/day at baseline to 38 ± 23 min/day at week 12. In addition, there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in time spent in light physical activity from baseline (42 ± 18 min/day) to week 12 (51 ± 24 min/day). Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrate that a 12-week pedometer feedback-based intervention was effective in increasing time spent in MVPA in maintenance cardiac rehabilitation patients. Cardiac rehabilitation facilities can utilize pedometer feedback and goal setting to promote increases in time spent in recommended activity levels previously associated with improved health outcomes.

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Influence of adherence to social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity level in post-bariatric patients

10.1101/2020.08.13.20174458 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Diego Rezende ◽

Ana Jessica Pinto ◽

Karla Fabiana Goessler ◽

Carolina Nicoletti ◽

Sofia Mendes Sieczkowska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Sedentary Behavior ◽

Physical Activity Level ◽

Vigorous Physical Activity ◽

Activity Level ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Physical Activity Levels ◽

Bariatric Patients

Objectives: To assess physical activity levels in post-bariatric patients who adhered or not to social distancing measures due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Our secondary aim was to compare physical activity estimates between objectively measured and self-reported physical activity level. Methods: In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, we assessed physical activity level using accelerometers and a validated questionnaire in 33 post-bariatric patients who reported to be adherent (n=15) or not (n=18) to social distancing measures. Results: Patients adherent to social distancing measures spent more time in sedentary behavior (1.1 hours/day [95%CI: 0.1, 2.2]; p=0.045) and less time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (-12.2 min/day [95%CI: -23.8, -0.6]; p=0.040) compared to non-adherent ones. No difference was observed for light-intensity physical activity. Bland-Altman analysis comparing objective and subjective physical activity estimates showed a bias for time spent in sedentary behavior and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of 2.8 hours/day and 8.5 min/day, respectively. Conclusion: Post-bariatric patients who were adherent to social distancing measures due to the Covid-19 outbreak were more inactive and sedentary than non-adherent ones. Additionally, questionnaire data widely underestimated sedentary behavior. Strategies to increase or at least sustain physical activity levels in post-bariatric patients exposed to social distancing measures are necessary during the Covid-19 pandemic.

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