Serological and bacteriological evaluation of brucellosis in milk of small ruminants

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
D.A. Almashhadany
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Brucella Species ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Significant Public Health

Brucellosis continues to be a serious infection to human and animal populations in developing countries with detrimental impacts on public health and food animal production. This work aimed to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats’ raw milk samples at Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq by identifying anti-Brucella antibodies and isolation of Brucella species. A total of 430 raw milk samples (210 sheep milk and 220 goats’ milk) were randomly collected from dairy females during the period from July to December 2019. The results showed an overall prevalence of Brucella antibodies in 12.3% and 10.7% of animals according to MRT and indirect ELISA, respectively. The overall isolation of Brucella species from raw milk samples was 10.0%. The isolated species of Brucella were B. abortus (37.2%) and B. melitensis (62.8%). An observable increase in occurrence during autumn (September to November) was detected, while autumn progress was associated with declining in brucellosis. In conclusion, brucellosis is still a significant public health hazard in Kirkuk Governorate. Based on test performance, the study recommends MRT as a rapid screening test for detecting brucellosis in milk in farms, centres, and dairy factories. Consumers are also recommended to sufficiently pasteurize the milk in order to kill this milk-borne pathogen before consumption.

scholarly journals Evaluating the rate of contamination of raw milk with pathogenic biotypes of Yersinia enterocolitica in the North-East of Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Movafagh ◽  
Tayebeh Zeinali ◽  
Abdollah Jamshidi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Yersinia Enterocolitica ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
East Of Iran

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the contamination rate of raw milk to Y. enterocolitica and biotyping of isolated organisms. Results: The results showed 33% of raw milk samples were contaminated with Yersinia enterocolitica. 1A biotype was the predominant one (26%) but two pathogenic biotypes including 1B (6%) and 5 (1%) were also detected. Isolation of potentially pathogenic Y. enterocolitica from raw milk and consequently its presence in dairy products which are made from raw milk is a public health hazard.

Drug-resistant bacterial pathogens in milk and some milk products

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shajuty Marjan ◽  
Kamal Kanta Das ◽  
Saurab Kishore Munshi ◽  
Rashed Noor
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Milk Samples

Purpose – Current study was carried to detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria including the drug-resistant ones from milk and milk products. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Twenty-six raw milk samples from ten different areas, 28 pasteurized milk samples from 12 different companies and 26 yogurt samples from ten different sources in Dhaka city were microbiologically analyzed through cultural and biochemical identification of the isolates. Drug resistance trait was also determined by the Kirby-Bauer method on Muller-Hinton agar. Findings – Out of 80 samples studied, 74 were found to harbor pathogens within a range of 102-104 cfu/ml, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio spp. The study of antibiogram revealed that most of the isolates were resistant against most of the commonly used antibiotics. Research limitations/implications – Employment of only cultural/ biochemical tests excluding the molecular detection of virulence and/or antibiotic resistance genes might stand as a shortfall of the study. Nevertheless, such basic approach of microbiology can make this type of study replicable in the resource poor settings in the other developing countries. Practical implications – Routine detection of drug-resistant bacteria can further unveil the complications in chemotherapy during the endemic food borne diseases. Social implications – The study outcome/knowledge would aid to a better public health management especially in the developing countries. Originality/value – The presence of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in most of the tested milk samples poses a great public health threat, especially to the children. Therefore, the study revealed the necessity of maintaining proper hygienic practice and care in handling and processing of milk and milk products.

Source and Persistence of Salmonella muenster in Naturally Contaminated Cheddar Cheese

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. WOOD ◽  
D. L. COLLINS-THOMPSON ◽  
D. M. IRVINE ◽  
A. N. MYHR
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cheddar Cheese ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
The University

Public health authorities in Oxford, Middlesex and Elgin Counties, Ontario, seized raw milk Cheddar cheese due to presence of Salmonella muenster. Investigations by these units and the University of Guelph traced the source of Salmonella to one particular milk supplier shipping to a cheese factory. Analysis of milk samples from a herd of 35 cattle revealed only one cow shedding S. muenster directly into the milk (ca. 200 CFU/ml). Eleven of 181 vats of cheese, produced at the factory between May and October 1982, were positive for Salmonella at the curd stage. Only 2 vats of the finished raw milk Cheddar, however, were positive. One lot of Salmonella-positive cheese was still positive after the legally required 60-d holding period and remained so for 125 d.

Stability of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Raw Milk under Laboratory Storage Conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYNDA V. PODHORNIAK ◽  
SHANITA LEAKE ◽  
FRANK J. SCHENCK
Keyword(s):  
Metal Chelate ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Tetracycline Antibiotics ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Tetracycline Residues ◽  
Metal Chelate Affinity Chromatography

Raw milk samples collected from bulk milk tankers may be screened for the presence of tetracycline antibiotics using rapid screening tests. If tetracycline residues are detected, the milk may be shipped to a laboratory for high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Because the milk may be shipped on ice blocks, it is important to know whether tetracycline residues are stable at that temperature and for how long. Control raw milk samples fortified with 50 ppb each chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, methacycline hydrochloride, minocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline were incubated at 4°C or 25°C, then analyzed using a metal chelate affinity chromatography extraction and HPLC. No loss of tetracycline was observed after 48 h of storage at 4°C or 24 h at 25°C. Losses ranging from 4 to 13% and 0 to 18% were noted after 72 h at 4°C and 48 h at 25°C, respectively.

scholarly journals Public health risks of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in raw bovine milk sold in informal markets in Egypt

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (07) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Elmonir ◽  
Etab Abo-Remela ◽  
Azza Sobeih
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Public Health Risks ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

Introduction: Milk is an important food in Egypt and most of it is sold as raw milk in informal markets. Methodology: This study was conducted to investigate the public health risks of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in milk sold in informal markets in Egypt. A total of 121 milk samples were analyzed for occurrence, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance of E. coli and S. aureus. Results: A total of 35/121 (28.9%) of milk samples were contaminated with 16/121 (13.2%) E. coli, 22/121 (18.2%) S. aureus, and 3/121 (2.5%) both isolates. Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enterotoxigenic S. aureus were detected in 5/121 (4.1%), 2/121 (1.7%) and 8/121 (6.6%) of the examined milk samples, respectively. Multiple drug resistances (MDRs) were showed by 14/16 (87.5%) and 21/22 (95.5%) of E. coli and S. aureus isolates, respectively. E. coli isolates showed high resistance for cephalothin (87.5%), ampicillin (68.8%) and tetracycline (68.8%), but were sensitive for gentamicin and chloramphenicol. Resistance phenotypes of E. coli were diverse; however, STEC isolates were significantly associated with co-resistance to cephalothin, ampicillin and tetracycline (P< 0.05). Two (9.1%) of S. aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant (MRSA) but sensitive to gentamicin (GS-MRSA). Five (22.7%) of S. aureus isolates were gentamicin-resistant methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (GR-MSSA). S. aureus isolates also showed high resistance for ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (90.1%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (90.1%). Conclusion: These findings highlighted the potential public health hazards of E. coli and S. aureus pathogens in raw milk sold in informal markets in Egypt.

scholarly journals Screening of antibiotic residues in raw milk of cows and buffalos by diffusion assays

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhary Alewy Almashhadany
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Stability Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Potential Public Health ◽  
Direct Toxicity

Although antibiotics are valuable drugs for treatment of certain infections, their presence in foodstuff derived from animals is a potential public health hazard. They pose a serious threat as they are implicated in direct toxicity; allergic reactions; disturbance of the normal gut microbiota, carcinogenesis, and emergence of antibioticresistant bacteria. This study investigated the occurrence of antibiotic residues in raw milk samples derived from cows and buffaloes. Samples were collected randomly from different retail outlets in Erbil city (Iraq) from January 1st to June 30th, 2019. The residues were detected by two diffusion assays against Bacillus subtilis bacteria on agar plates. The total occurrence of residues ranged from 11.9% to 13.4% of screened milk samples. No significant differences were found between milk type or location of animal rearing (urban or suburban). Regarding the seasonal variations, spring was found to be associated with gradual decrease in antibiotic residues levels in milk. Such occurrence rate of residues is alarming and require authorities to observe the quality of raw milk introduced to markets for consumption. Further evaluation of antibiotic stability period in raw milk is also necessary.

Determination of Iodide in Milk Using the Iodide Specific Ion Electrode and its Application to Market Milk Samples

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 672-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. LACROIX ◽  
N. P. WONG
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Sulfhydryl Groups ◽  
Temperature Relationship ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Electrode Activity ◽  
Health Standards ◽  
Relationship Of

The iodide specific ion electrode was used to measure the iodide content of raw and commercially processed whole and skim milks. Average iodide values for raw milk and commercially processed milks were 220 and 620 μ g/L, respectively. The specific ion electrode can also be used to measure iodide in milk contaminated with iodophor sanitizing agent since the milk converts iodophor titratable iodine to the ionic iodide. Since free sulhydryl groups are also detected by the iodide electrode, the effects of heating milk on free sulfhydryl formation and electrode activity were established. These data indicate that in conventionally pasteurized milk, sulfhydryl groups are non-reactive and are not detected by the iodide electrode. However, the increase in free sulfhydryl formation was reflected by an increase in iodide electrode activity at temperatures above those of pasteurization. Whereas the iodide specific ion electrode has been previously used successfully to measure iodide content of raw milk, this method has now been shown to be applicable to pasteurized milk if the conventional pasteurization time-temperature relationship of accepted public health standards is not exceeded.

scholarly journals Charm Safe-Level β-Lactam Test for Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Ceftiofur, Cephapirin, and Penicillin G in Raw Commingled Milk

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S Salter ◽  
David Legg ◽  
Nancy Ossanna ◽  
Cheryl Boyer ◽  
Joan Scheemaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Independent Laboratory ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Fortified Milk ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The Charm Safe-Level β-Lactam Test was evaluated by a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) test protocol administered by the AOAC–Research Institute. The sensitivity and selectivity of the test were evaluated with &gt;800 negative raw commingled and drug-fortified milk samples by the manufacturer and an independent laboratory. Probit analysis by the independent laboratory determined the following 90% positive levels with 95% confidence: amoxicillin, 5.6 ppb; ampicillin, 8.5 ppb; cephapirin, 13.7 ppb; ceftiofur, 46.2 ppb; and penicillin G, 3.6 ppb. These values were within a range of ±20% of the manufacturer's data. Selection of negative samples met confidence specifications. Ruggedness parameters were studied and defined, and the stability of frozen milk was verified. There were no interferences from somatic cells (1 000 000 somatic cell count/mL) or bacteria (300 000 colony-forming units/mL), or from 27 other non-β-lactam animal drugs. Test performance with raw milk samples containing incurred penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin was consistent with the dose responses determined with fortified milk samples. Incurred cephalosporin in raw milk samples was detected at lower levels than was cephalosporin in fortified milk samples, presumably because of the presence of metabolite, as verified by other test methods. Quality control data support consistency in manufacture between batches and the stability of refrigerated test reagents for up to 1 year. Successful fulfillment of these criteria led to FDA certification of the test when used with a reader in U.S. milk testing programs.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the presence of Aflatoxin-M1 in milk samples sold in the region of Campinas-SP

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
A C de Souza Zocante ◽  
S J de Souza ◽  
V F de Souza Rodrigues ◽  
M L Caminada ◽  
L O Palaria Joaquim
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Health ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Hydroxylated Metabolite

Abstract Milk and its derivatives are fundamental foods in the human diet. However, milk is highly susceptible to microbial contamination, among which is Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), presenting a risk to public health. Aflatoxin M1 is the main hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 present in the milk of animals that have ingested feed contaminated with B1. These toxins have carcinogenic and genotoxic potential and similar toxicities. According to Resolution RDC 07/2011, published by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), the level of tolerance for AFM1 is 0.5 µg / Kg in Brazil. The present study aimed to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk samples, being 2 samples of bovine milk and one sample of goat milk. The raw, bovine and goat milk samples were purchased from local stores and were kept at approximately 5 ºC for 8 hours and subsequently frozen at 6 ºC for conservation purposes. The tests were carried out at the premises of Hexis Científica, Av. Antonieta Piva Barranqueiros, 385 - Distrito Industial - Jundiaí-SP, which provided training and use of the laboratory. The Scientific Charm Kits, Test SLAFMQ-EZ-20K were used. It is a quantitative test that uses ROSA immunoreceptors (Rapid Assay Step One) lateral flow technology. The milk sample interacts with colored spheres and the intensity of the color in the test area and is read as ppt (parts per trillion) by the reader. According to the analyzes, all the samples studied presented Aflatoxin M1, with a concentration of 2,507 ppb; 2,410 ppb; 2,627 ppb, respectively for bovine and caprine milk samples, which characterizes a concentration five times above the allowed by the current legislation, according to RDC 07/2011, published by the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Key messages According to studies, most of the negative results obtained on the incidence of aflatoxin M1 can be attributed to the low sensitivity of the analytical methods employed. The presence of Aflatoxins M1, represents a public health issue, since milk is among the products most consumed by man and, constituting the basis of infant feeding.

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