scholarly journals Charm Safe-Level β-Lactam Test for Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Ceftiofur, Cephapirin, and Penicillin G in Raw Commingled Milk

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S Salter ◽  
David Legg ◽  
Nancy Ossanna ◽  
Cheryl Boyer ◽  
Joan Scheemaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Independent Laboratory ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Fortified Milk ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The Charm Safe-Level β-Lactam Test was evaluated by a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) test protocol administered by the AOAC–Research Institute. The sensitivity and selectivity of the test were evaluated with >800 negative raw commingled and drug-fortified milk samples by the manufacturer and an independent laboratory. Probit analysis by the independent laboratory determined the following 90% positive levels with 95% confidence: amoxicillin, 5.6 ppb; ampicillin, 8.5 ppb; cephapirin, 13.7 ppb; ceftiofur, 46.2 ppb; and penicillin G, 3.6 ppb. These values were within a range of ±20% of the manufacturer's data. Selection of negative samples met confidence specifications. Ruggedness parameters were studied and defined, and the stability of frozen milk was verified. There were no interferences from somatic cells (1 000 000 somatic cell count/mL) or bacteria (300 000 colony-forming units/mL), or from 27 other non-β-lactam animal drugs. Test performance with raw milk samples containing incurred penicillin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin was consistent with the dose responses determined with fortified milk samples. Incurred cephalosporin in raw milk samples was detected at lower levels than was cephalosporin in fortified milk samples, presumably because of the presence of metabolite, as verified by other test methods. Quality control data support consistency in manufacture between batches and the stability of refrigerated test reagents for up to 1 year. Successful fulfillment of these criteria led to FDA certification of the test when used with a reader in U.S. milk testing programs.

A Practical Evaluation of the Delvotest P Multi Plate Test in Screening Raw Milk for Antibiotics

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 868-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYSE LAROCQUE ◽  
G. A. NEVILLE
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Antibiotic Residues ◽  
Plate Test ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Practical Evaluation ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis Atcc

The Delvotest P Multi plate test was evaluated by screening 100 milk samples for total antibiotic residues (penicillin G, streptomycin and neomycin). The samples were taken in conjunction with an antibiotic depletion study in milk derived from six cows treated with a multiple antibiotic, intramammary infusion product. Within the limits of sensitivity of the Delvotest, only penicillin G persisted in milk samples taken beyond 60 h, whereas in some samples, the other antibiotics appeared to be depleted as early as 48 h. More sensitive tests, however, detected neomycin (Staphylococcus epidermidis, ATCC 12228) in 50% of samples taken at 60 h and streptomycin (Bacillus subtilis, ATCC 6633) at 14.5 d after discontinuation of infusion.

scholarly journals Validation Study of a Receptor-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Detection of Beta-Lactam Antibiotics in Milk

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 959-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Abouzied ◽  
Michael Sarzynski ◽  
Aaron Walsh ◽  
Heather Wood ◽  
Mark Mozola
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Operating Parameter ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Lactam Antibiotic

Abstract Avalidation study designed tomeet the requirements of the AOAC Research Institute and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Veterinary Medicine, was conducted for a receptor-based, immunochromatographic method (BetaStar US) for detection of beta-lactam antibiotic residues in raw, commingled bovine milk. The assay was found to detect amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephapirin, cloxacillin, and penicillin G at levels below the FDA tolerance/safe levels but above the maximum sensitivity thresholds established by the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments. Results of the Part I (internal) and Part II (independent laboratory) dose-response studies using spiked samples were in very close agreement for all five drugs tested, with differences between the Part I and Part II 90/95 sensitivity values ranging from 0 to 1 ppb. The test was able to detect all five drugs at the approximate 90/95 sensitivity levels when present as incurred residues in milk collected from cows that had been treated with the specific drug. Asixth drug, ceftiofur, was found to be undetectable at levels of 500 ppb (as total ceftiofur metabolites from incurred residues in milk samples). The selectivity of the assay was 100, because no false-positive results were obtained in tests of >1000 control milk samples. The assay was found to be applicable to the testing of frozen raw milk samples. Results of ruggedness experiments established the operating parameter tolerances for the BetaStar US assay. Results of cross-reactivity testing established that the assay detects certain other beta-lactam drugs (dicloxacillin and ticarcillin), but it does not cross-react with any of 30 drugs belonging to other classes. Abnormally high bacterial or somatic cell counts in rawmilk produced no interference with the ability of the test to detect beta-lactams at tolerance/safe levels.

Comparison of Rapid Tests Used to Detect Antibiotic Residues in Milk1

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY F. SENYK ◽  
JOSEPH H. DAVIDSON ◽  
JANICE M. BROWN ◽  
ERIC R. HALLSTEAD ◽  
JOHN W. SHERBON
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Rapid Methods ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Combined Data ◽  
Disc Assay

Five rapid methods for detection of antibiotics in milk were compared. The Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis disc assay was also performed on the same samples. The rapid methods were: Angenics Spot Test, Charm II, Delvotest P, Penzyme Farm, and Penzyme Lab III. Ten antibiotics (penicillin G, cephapirin, cloxacillin, ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, novobiocin, tetracycline, and gentamicin) were used individually to spike eight raw milk samples at five levels of antibiotic. Antibiotic levels were chosen that would result in zones of <16 mm, 16 mm, and >16 mm on the disc assay. Only the disc assay, Charm II and Delvotest P were compared on non-beta-lactam antibiotics. A small percentage of milks with no antibiotic added tested positive with the Charm II and Penzyme Lab III. On combined data for penicillin G, cephapirin, and cloxacillin, for which all methods were compared, the percent correctly categorized as pass (below actionable) for the <16 mm zone spiked level, reject or caution at the 16 mm zone level, and reject or caution at the >16 mm zone level were: Angenics 79, 83, 100; Charm II 66, 92, 100; Delvotest P 74, 93, 100; Disc Assay 100, 74, 100; Penzyme Farm 93, 61, 92; Penzyme Lab III 81,78, 100 respectively. In most cases, the rapid methods showed greater apparent sensitivity than the disc assay and did not fail to reject milks spiked with antibiotic in excess of the 16 mm zone level.

Serological and bacteriological evaluation of brucellosis in milk of small ruminants

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
D.A. Almashhadany
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Brucella Species ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Significant Public Health

Brucellosis continues to be a serious infection to human and animal populations in developing countries with detrimental impacts on public health and food animal production. This work aimed to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats’ raw milk samples at Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq by identifying anti-Brucella antibodies and isolation of Brucella species. A total of 430 raw milk samples (210 sheep milk and 220 goats’ milk) were randomly collected from dairy females during the period from July to December 2019. The results showed an overall prevalence of Brucella antibodies in 12.3% and 10.7% of animals according to MRT and indirect ELISA, respectively. The overall isolation of Brucella species from raw milk samples was 10.0%. The isolated species of Brucella were B. abortus (37.2%) and B. melitensis (62.8%). An observable increase in occurrence during autumn (September to November) was detected, while autumn progress was associated with declining in brucellosis. In conclusion, brucellosis is still a significant public health hazard in Kirkuk Governorate. Based on test performance, the study recommends MRT as a rapid screening test for detecting brucellosis in milk in farms, centres, and dairy factories. Consumers are also recommended to sufficiently pasteurize the milk in order to kill this milk-borne pathogen before consumption.

scholarly journals Validation of the SL3 -Lactam Test for Screening Milk in Compliance with U.S. Pasteurized Milk Ordinance: Performance-Tested MethodSM 040701

2008 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S Salter ◽  
David Conaway ◽  
Robert Markovsky
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
One Step ◽  
Biologically Active Metabolites

Abstract The SL3 -Lactam Test is a 3 min, receptor-based lateral flow Rapid One Step Assay (ROSA) that detects 5 of 6 -lactam drugs approved for dairy cattle in the United States. The method was evaluated through the AOAC Research Institute Performance-Tested Method program following a U.S. Food and Drug Administration protocol. Three combined lots detected penicillin G 4.2 parts per billion (ppb), ampicillin 8.7 ppb, amoxicillin 7.8 ppb, cephapirin 16.0 ppb, and ceftiofur (total metabolites) 51 ppb at least 90 of the time, with 95 confidence as determined by dose response probit analysis. These detection levels are less than safe level/tolerances but not more than 50less. Lot repeatability was within 20. Incurred residues were detected comparably or more sensitively to fortified samples due to the cumulative effect of biologically active metabolites. There were no interferences from somatic cells at 1 M/mL, bacterial cells 500 000 colony-forming units/mL, or 30 other non--lactam drugs. These performances met approval conditions of the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments. Ruggedness conditions were incorporated into public health procedures for annual laboratory proficiency and certification.

A Novel Rapid Enzyme Immunoassay (Fluorophos BetaScreen) for Detection of β-Lactam Residues in Ex-Farm Raw Milk

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 808-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
ÅSE STERNESJÖ ◽  
GÖRAN JOHNSSON
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Quality Testing ◽  
Response Profile ◽  
Very High ◽  
Higher Sensitivity

A novel, qualitative enzyme immunoassay based on fluorescence detection for determination of (β-lactam antibiotics in raw, commingled milk (Fluorophos BetaScreen E. U. test) was evaluated. A dose-response profile for penicillin G was constructed by analysis of spiked milk samples. The limit of detection, defined as the concentration of penicillin G that resulted in 95% of the samples being evaluated as positive, was 1.8 μg/kg. The repeatability of the assay was very high both within and between the three participating milk quality testing laboratories. In total 5,061 randomly selected tanker milk samples were analyzed with the BetaScreen test and compared with the Delvotest SP. The agreement between the two tests was 99.7%. Probably due to a higher sensitivity to penicillin G, the BetaScreen test detected almost twice as many suspect positive tanker milk samples (0.45%) as the Delvotest SP (0.26%).

scholarly journals Optimization and Validation of a Multiclass Screening and Confirmation Method for Drug Residues in Milk Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan B Clark ◽  
Joseph M Storey ◽  
Sherri B Turnipseed
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Safe Level ◽  
Fortified Milk ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Positive Controls

Abstract The further optimization and validation of a multiresidue veterinary drug screening method for milk is described. The drug residues of regulatory interest in milk include -lactams, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides. A previously published procedure has been modified to incorporate new compounds and to collect both screening and confirmatory ion transitions in one acquisition method. Milk samples were extracted with an equal volume of acetonitrile. The samples were then subjected to cleanup with a bonded SPE cartridge and a MW cutoff filter. The SPE protocol was modified to effectively recover a metabolite of flunixin. Established tolerance levels are set for most of these drugs in milk; thus, the screening procedure was semiquantitative, using positive controls for comparison. The positive controls, consisting of extracts from milk fortified with the drugs at their tolerance or safe level, were used to set statistically valid minimum response criteria for unknown samples. This updated method was validated with fortified milk, as well as with milk samples from animals administered veterinary drugs.

Evaluation of a Modified Enzymatic Test for the Detection of Tetracyclines in Milk

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVA D'HAESE ◽  
HANS J. NELIS ◽  
WIM REYBROECK ◽  
HENDRIK DE RUYCK
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
Maximum Residue Limit ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Tetracycline Residues ◽  
Enzymatic Test ◽  
Good Agreement

The tetracycline galactosidase (TG) test, a new method for the detection of tetracycline residues in raw milk based on the inhibition of β-galactosidase biosynthesis in Escherichia coli, was previously validated with spiked milk samples. It has now been applied to milk from cows treated with oxytetracycline. In view of the occurrence of false positives, related to highly elevated somatic cell counts (>106/ml), the improved TG test was developed, in which a heating step (80°C, 15 min) preceded the original TG test protocol. A good agreement with other assays (Delvotest SP, the Bacillus cereus microtiter test, the LacTek tetracycline milk screening test, the Charm HVS-8100 tetracycline test) as well as with high-pressure liquid chromatography was obtained. No false negatives were observed with reference to the established maximum residue limit for tetracyclines of 100 μg/kg milk.

Survey of Veterinary Drug Residues in Raw Milk in Hebei Province, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1890-1896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Wei Han ◽  
Zhong-Na Yu ◽  
Tian-Yuan Zhen ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Veterinary Drugs ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Veterinary Drug Residues ◽  
Drug Residues ◽  
Milk Samples

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of veterinary drug residues in raw milk from Hebei, the second-largest dairy production province in the People's Republic of China. A total of 192 raw milk samples were collected from 64 milk stations in seven districts. Twenty-eight veterinary drug residues were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry based on a China National Standard. Raw milk samples with multiple residues of veterinary drugs were not found in the present study. Residues of four veterinary drugs, penicillin G, sulfacetamide, trimethoprim, and lincomycin, were detected in 12 (6.25%) raw milk samples, with detection ratios of 1.04, 0.52, 3.13, and 1.56%, respectively. All veterinary drug residues detected were under the maximum residue levels as regulated by China, the European Union, the United States, and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. In general, raw milk from Hebei province was considered relatively safe for human consumption because of the low prevalence of veterinary drug residues. However, stringent control measurements for veterinary drug residues in raw milk are required because some veterinary drugs were detected in milk from some areas of Hebei province.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Milk and Milk Based Beverages of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khondaker Wahid Hasan ◽  
Nourin Tarannum ◽  
Sahana Parveen
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

The increase of pathogens in milk is threatening for the human beings. This is an investigation on overall microbiological analysis of raw and pasteurized milk as well as the milk-based beverages and also determining the antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 100 samples (raw milk, pasteurized milk, mattha, lassi and laban) were taken from various locations of the capital city of Bangladesh, Dhaka. Total Viable Count, Total Coliform Count and Yeast and Moulds Count were performed as the microbiological inspection of selected samples. E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus were identified by conducting morphological analysis, gram-staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolated Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus were also detected with 11 commonly used antibiotics by conducting disc-diffusion method, following the CLSI guideline. The TVC range was the highest in raw milk samples (3.8×104 – 4.1×108 cfu/ml), and the lowest in pasteurized milk samples (1.2×102 – 5.4×103 cfu/ml), while 70% raw milk and 10% pasteurized milk samples strains were above the acceptable limit of Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Thirty-six Escherichia coli and thirty-two Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from all the 100 milk and milk-based beverage samples. The isolated Escherichia coli strains were most resistant to Penicillin G (81.58%), Erythromycin (78.94%) and Ampicillin (73.68%), and isolated Staphylococcus aureus strains were most resistant to Penicillin G (90.62%), Ampicillin (81.25%) and Methicillin (71.87%). respectively. Public awareness is needed to reduce the redundant use of antibiotics.

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