scholarly journals Stille: The Art of Being Silent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emma Macann
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Personal Awareness ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Environment Stress ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Design ◽  
City Park

<p>This thesis discusses the importance for people within the confines of high-density, metropolitan cities to find a collective moment of retreat through an architectural landscape of silence. Silence is becoming a desired and yet difficult to obtain commodity in modern western society. Due to intensified work and home commitments combined with overwhelming sensory manipulation in the urban environment, stress and psychological overloading is common. Stress and psychological overloading is problematic with regards to a sense of connectivity to other people. With constant sensory onslaught it is becoming increasingly important to create moments of stillness, which in the course of controlling and manipulating external stimuli allows for mental and physical retreat through contemplation. Historically places of silence and contemplation in western urban settings were places of worship. These spaces are designed to encourage groups of people to congregate and experience internal reflection while establishing a sense of togetherness. As western society moves towards secularisation, finding moments of silence collectively becomes even more significant in harvesting and maintaining a sense of belonging. Through referencing Juhani Pallasmaa and philosopher Max Picard an in-depth exploration into sensory design and what silence embodies is established. This, in combination with a critique of the detrimental current situation in modern society, asserts reasons for the need to revert to simplified sensory experiences in order to increase personal awareness of self and others. Nature and its pivotal role in stimulating a sense of silence is investigated through current theory and personal design explorations. This research is reinforced by case studies into successful modern places of retreat, for example Dominique Perrault’s Bibliothéque Nationale de France. Such schemes are used to understand notions of ritual and removal within a city setting. By incorporating silence (both visually and aurally) into an everyday city park in London, opportunities are created for the wider public to encounter and benefit from Stille.(1)   (1) — German: English translation is Silence</p>

scholarly journals Stille: The Art of Being Silent

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Emma Macann
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Sensory Experiences ◽  
Personal Awareness ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
Environment Stress ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Design ◽  
City Park

<p>This thesis discusses the importance for people within the confines of high-density, metropolitan cities to find a collective moment of retreat through an architectural landscape of silence. Silence is becoming a desired and yet difficult to obtain commodity in modern western society. Due to intensified work and home commitments combined with overwhelming sensory manipulation in the urban environment, stress and psychological overloading is common. Stress and psychological overloading is problematic with regards to a sense of connectivity to other people. With constant sensory onslaught it is becoming increasingly important to create moments of stillness, which in the course of controlling and manipulating external stimuli allows for mental and physical retreat through contemplation. Historically places of silence and contemplation in western urban settings were places of worship. These spaces are designed to encourage groups of people to congregate and experience internal reflection while establishing a sense of togetherness. As western society moves towards secularisation, finding moments of silence collectively becomes even more significant in harvesting and maintaining a sense of belonging. Through referencing Juhani Pallasmaa and philosopher Max Picard an in-depth exploration into sensory design and what silence embodies is established. This, in combination with a critique of the detrimental current situation in modern society, asserts reasons for the need to revert to simplified sensory experiences in order to increase personal awareness of self and others. Nature and its pivotal role in stimulating a sense of silence is investigated through current theory and personal design explorations. This research is reinforced by case studies into successful modern places of retreat, for example Dominique Perrault’s Bibliothéque Nationale de France. Such schemes are used to understand notions of ritual and removal within a city setting. By incorporating silence (both visually and aurally) into an everyday city park in London, opportunities are created for the wider public to encounter and benefit from Stille.(1)   (1) — German: English translation is Silence</p>

MEDIA AND MODERNITY: THE ROLE OF THE PRINTING PRESS IN THE MODERNIZATION OF WESTERN SOCIETY

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-301
Author(s):  
Yuyun Sunesti
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Western Society ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Information Media ◽  
Printing Method ◽  
Important Milestone

One of the influential factors in the formation of modern society in the Westernworld and subsequently spread to over the world has been the discovery of printing presswhich can be found in the form of printing method, printing company and print media.Since it was firstly used by Gutenberg in about 15th century AD, information which waspreviously delivered through oral medium with a limited audience, then through a methodof printing can be reproduced in large quantities and can be read by more audience, acrossdistance and time. Printing method which encourages the emergence of large printingcompanies and then print media has contributed in transforming modern cultural life ofsociety.In addition, the advent of the printing industries which has transformed intotransnational corporations as well as the emergence of journals and regular newspapersalso contributes significantly in raising public spaces as a medium for discussion andcritical thinking amidst society. Ultimately, this information media transformation brings achange in the state system which is more open and leads to the emergence of ideas ofnationalism which becomes an important milestone in transforming traditional societiesinto modern societies.

СОВРЕМЕННОЕ РОССИЙСКОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО КАК ПРОСТРАНСТВО КОНФЛИКТА

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
V. V. Gorshkova ◽  
A. A. Melnikova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
The Social ◽  
Modern Russian

The article considers the contradictions and conflicts that are characteristic of modern Russian society. The processes of social disintegration are analyzed and interpreted as a result of fundamental social and economic transformations. The problems of economic inequality are presented in the historical perspective in close connection with the previous stages of Russia's socioeconomic development. Significant polarization of the population is one of the most significant conflict factors in modern society, which leads to an increase in protest moods and may in the long term threaten social upheavals. Nevertheless, dissatisfaction with the socio-economic situation does not lead to ideas of the unification and consolidation of society, but find expression in social conflicts. The emergence and development of social conflicts is influenced by a number of factors: economic, ethnic, religious. One of the most important characteristics of society is its social structure. After the collapse of the USSR, the previous social structure was abolished, and a new social reality was formed in Russia. When considering the stratification structure of society, most attention is paid to the middle class, which is considered the backbone of a stable society. The middle class in Russia is in the stage of formation, it is hardly possible to speak of a complete analogy with the middle class of Western society. The share of middle class in society can be estimated in different ways depending on the methodological approaches used by researchers. An important consequence of the transformation of the social structure was the problem of marginalization, since the dismantling of the old social structure and the slow formation of the new one put the social status and place in the division of labor system of many individuals into question. The sharp impoverishment of representatives of prestigious professions led to a reassessment of their situation, especially for the younger generation. When analyzing the origins of social conflicts in modern Russian society, it is necessary to consider the issue of the attitude of the broad masses of the population to power and national elites. It should be noted that power in Russia historically takes shape around specific leaders and does not have an institutional character. The most significant factor shaping the attitude towards the authorities and the elite in general in Russian society are the economic results of the market reforms that have taken place. Only a small part of the population believes that they won as a result of the changes that have taken place, the natural consequence of which is the population's distrust of the authorities and, in general, political institutions.

The sociobiological aspects of the National Survey on Fecundity and Fertility in Belgium

1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Cliquet
Keyword(s):  
National Survey ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Potential Fecundity ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Belgian Population

SummaryIn 1966, a National Survey on Fecundity and Fertility was organized in Belgium. Approximately 3000 married women under 41 years of age and living with their husbands were interviewed and asked about their reproductive histories. The present paper records the sociobiological aims and methods and some preliminary results of this survey. The aims were to:(1) study the influences of contraception on human needs and qualities, in this case mainly potential fecundity;(2) study the influence of attempts to increase the potential fecundity level in modern society on fecundity gene frequencies;(3) study the influences of the overall socio-cultural environment on fecundity and fertility variables with particular reference to differences in social status in Western society;(4) analyse the role of social assortment of fecundity and fertility variables on the biological structure, and possibly the composition, of modern populations.A relatively large, but far from complete body of data has been collected on a number of individual fecundity and fertility variables, on the medical processes employed to increase fecundity, on contraception, and on a number of conventional sociological and demographic variables.The principles underlying the present approach to the study of fecundity are explained, and a few preliminary results for one of the general fecundity classifications are shown.The information collected on contraception has been qualitatively analysed and a correction and evaluation method is described. Data on the use of the different contraceptive methods show that substantial sections of the Belgian population are limiting their family size in a way which is inefficient, from both sexual and familial standpoints.

scholarly journals Pathogen evolution under host avoidance plasticity

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1814) ◽  
pp. 20151656 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V. McLeod ◽  
Troy Day
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Conventional Theory ◽  
Pathogen Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Pathogen Burden ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Plastic Responses

Host resistance consists of defences that limit pathogen burden, and can be classified as either adaptations targeting recovery from infection or those focused upon infection avoidance. Conventional theory treats avoidance as a fixed strategy which does not vary from one interaction to the next. However, there is increasing empirical evidence that many avoidance strategies are triggered by external stimuli, and thus should be treated as phenotypically plastic responses. Here, we consider the implications of avoidance plasticity for host–pathogen coevolution. We uncover a number of predictions challenging current theory. First, in the absence of pathogen trade-offs, plasticity can restrain pathogen evolution; moreover, the pathogen exploits conditions in which the host would otherwise invest less in resistance, causing resistance escalation. Second, when transmission trades off with pathogen-induced mortality, plasticity encourages avirulence, resulting in a superior fitness outcome for both host and pathogen. Third, plasticity ensures the sterilizing effect of pathogens has consequences for pathogen evolution. When pathogens castrate hosts, selection forces them to minimize mortality virulence; moreover, when transmission trades off with sterility alone, resistance plasticity is sufficient to prevent pathogens from evolving to fully castrate.

scholarly journals The Relevance of E. Fromm's Ideas about Sane Society in 2020

Discourse ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
E. A. Pashkovsky
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Human Relations ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Market Capitalism ◽  
Sane Society

Introduction. The paper discusses E. Fromm's ideas about human mental health, his social needs and society, which promotes and at the same time prevents the maximum disclosure of a person's potential in accordance with his or her nature. In contrast to sociological relativism, Fromm substantiates the position of normative humanism, according to which, when examining a person's paths to happiness, one should analyze, first of all, the mental health of society, and not a person, consider how a particular social system contributes to the productive solution of the problems facing a person. The purpose of the paper is to assess the degree of relevance of Fromm's ideas about a healthy society in2020 in accordance with the realities of our time. Scientific novelty is determined by the small number of similar studies in contemporary Russian sociology.Methodology and sources. The paper uses the approach of normative humanism proposed by Fromm. Psychoanalysis, socio-psychological traditions of behaviorism and cognitivism are also used.Results and discussion. A human, according to Fromm, has a dual nature: he or her is no longer an animal, and even for full mental health, and even more so, for feelings of selfrealization and happiness, it is not enough for him or her to just satisfy biological needs, following instincts. Having lost harmony with nature and at the same time remaining a part of it, having received reason and awareness of his or her own life, he or she at the same time acquires the need to resolve the contradictions of the existence. They express basic social needs that can be addressed in a more or less productive way: involvement as opposed to narcissism, overcoming and creativity as opposed to destructiveness, rootedness and brotherhood as opposed to incest, a sense of identity and individuality as opposed to herd conformism, the need for an orientation system: reason versus irrationality. In modern Fromm's Western society, market capitalism is increasingly penetrating into everyday relations between people, forming orientations towards an unproductive solution to the problem of human existence. In modern society, this trend continues unabated, making Fromm's conclusions and recommendations no less relevant than a few decades ago.Conclusion. Due to the widespread use of the Internet and social networks, the development of mass social movements with radical views on everyday life, strengthening the aggressive manner of communication, the preservation of pre-existing contradictions between representatives of national and other groups, modern society contributes to maintaining a “market” approach to human relations. Under such conditions, the disclosure of a person's potential in accordance with his or her nature is difficult, nevertheless, everyone has the opportunity, critically referring to social stereotypes, and mastering the art of thinking really rationally, to strive for happiness.

scholarly journals Problems of the knowledge of nature as God's creation in the documents of the Second Vatican Council

2013 ◽  
pp. 424-428
Author(s):  
Mykola Pryshlyak
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
Post Industrial

The need to study the documents of the Second Vatican Council on the preservation of the environment is conditioned by concrete changes in modern society, manifested in the escalation of conflicts in relations between man and nature, the transition to the post-industrial stage of development of society, globalization. Along with the positive effects and benefits of civilization, there are also dangers, including environmental ones. In modern Ukraine, the processes associated with the transition to a market economy, the adoption of the values ​​of Western society, which require transformation in all spheres of social life. These changes should be based on the existing spiritual and intellectual traditions of society and provide for the resolution of environmental problems as a priority task for the further development of society.

scholarly journals Transformation of types of religiosity in the context of globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-61
Author(s):  
S. V. Trophimov
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Personal Responsibility ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Practice Elements

The article outlines the transformation of types of religiosity in the conditions of modern Western society. An assessment of the religious situation in contemporary Western society at the end of the 20th century and some examples are given. Particular attention is paid to the crisis of secular regulation of religion in modern society. Paradoxically, the weakening of the regulatory capacity of religious institutions leads to a weakening of the secular state. Religion, displaced into the private sphere, undergoes significant transformations. The active expansion of neoliberal ideology through the leading actors of globalism has significantly changed the nature of the socialization of individuals, their relation to the world and the ability to communicate. As a result of the principles of freedom of conscience and religious pluralism enshrined in both constitutions and in public morals, the individual’s right to choose his religious beliefs is generally accepted, and therefore the human right to form a religious identity proves to be primary in relation to a religious tradition controlled by institutions. If earlier the younger generation accepted the experience of the older generations, partially modifying it, but on the whole following it and finding in it suitable models of behavior, today the main emphasis is given to individual experience, shared with others, and acceptance of personal responsibility. Even adherents of traditional confessions themselves bring to their religious practice elements of eastern religions and esotericism, but discard elements of their own traditions that they consider “out-ofdate” or “do not fit into the way of modern life”. The institutional crisis of the establishment of the truths of faith favors the increase in the number of belief systems of individual communities. In a changing religious situation, the state should seek a new model of interaction with religious organizations and groups. The material is provided useful for comparative studies of the religious situation in Russia and Western Europe.

scholarly journals Research of the Nutrition Problem: Methodological Approaches and Daily Practices

2014 ◽  
pp. 209-218
Author(s):  
A. V. Noskova
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Nutrition Research ◽  
Nutrition Practices ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nutrition Problem ◽  
Sociology Of Food

The article analyzes some scientific approaches to nutrition research and current nutrition practices for students of two Moscow Universities. The author notes that the necessity for scientific studying of food has been understood at the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries. In the article the social context of three directions of researches of a nutrition problem is analyzed: natural-scientific, ethnographic and sociological. The answer to a question why the healthy nutrition for modern society is an actual problem is given. It is shown that modern social transformations have changed sociocultural regulation of nutrition consumption. The variety of scientific approaches to food is revealed: a food as a factor of physical health, a food as an ethnocultural tradition, a food as a social habit and marker of the social status of the individual. The special emphasis is made on the European sociology of food. In the last thirty years in this area, some special sociological theories were formed: sociology of nutrition, sociology of food, sociology of menu, etc. Consumer abundance in modern western society changed a view of sociologists on essence and functions of food. New social factors give now more pressure on the nutrition practices. Based on food diaries and essays of 60 Moscow students, the author's project shows and analyzes the current nutrition practices of youth. The analysis of some peculiarities in the youth choice of food is made. The influence of social/dietary/religious norms on food behavior of students is shown. Value of "healthy food" in youth interpretation is shown. In the end of the article, the author notes the dialectics of freedom / social pressure for nutrition practices of modern youth.

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