scholarly journals The Impermanence of Obsolescence: Performance Practice Challenges in Works Written for Revival Harpsichord

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristina Zuelicke
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Performance Practice ◽  
String Quartet ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Performance Interpretation ◽  
Current Availability ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

<p>The revival harpsichord leads a double life today—enjoying a small fan base on the edge of obsolescence. Most regard the instrument as a twentieth-century foil to the more historically-oriented harpsichords that replaced them by around the mid-1970s. But they are also valued for the repertoire they inspired during the first seventy or so years of the twentieth century, along with their unique capabilities and signature sound. From mid-century onwards, when historical harpsichords began to gain a wider acceptance, revival harpsichords were derided as representing a false notion of teleological progress. Piano building technologies partially adapted to the construction of revival harpsichords have required compromises that ignore basic laws of the physics of sound—including the differences between plucking a string and striking it with hammer. The ontology of a harpsichord type that is piano-informed has led to a widespread conclusion that revival harpsichords are a mistaken concept and are unsuitable even for many of the compositions written for them. The common practice today is to adapt works written for revival harpsichord to historical harpsichords.  Limited attention has been given to revival harpsichords in recent academic literature. While mention is made of their historical significance, a current evaluation of the instruments and treatment of revival repertoire has been lacking. This dissertation seeks to critically assess instruments and repertoire by examining perspectives of authors, builders, performers, composers and critics, addressing current issues in performance practice such as the impact of changing instrumentation from revival to historical models. A case is made for valuing revival harpsichords on their own merits as well as applying first-hand knowledge of revival harpsichords to performances of revival repertoire on historical models. This methodology is supported by interviews conducted specifically for this dissertation, playing different revival models and in presenting information neither widely available nor understood, such as a picture of the current availability of revival instruments and details of their restoration.  This dissertation contributes to an understanding of revival harpsichords and their repertoire by, firstly, providing up-to-date information on the nature and history of the instrument, as well as highlighting the existence of many revival models, rather than accepting the notion of one standard type. Secondly, revival harpsichord reception is examined within a context of the changing purposes of harpsichord construction after 1889. Lastly, a selection of relevant repertoire is investigated, including Erik Bergman’s 1970 Energien for solo harpsichord (a critical edition of which also forms part of the Appendices), Darius Milhaud’s 1945 Sonata for Clavecin (or Piano) and Violin, op. 257, and Peter Child’s Concerto for Harpsichord and String Quartet (2005), which was written for an Eric Herz revival harpsichord.  A tradition already exists of compromising over and discussing which historical harpsichords to use for early music repertoire that spans centuries and the building practices of different geographic regions. This dissertation explores the extent to which revival harpsichords are indeed easily replaced by historical models for revival repertoire, or whether it is sometimes best practice to consider performing these works on the instruments for which they were originally conceived. Alternatively, the performer of a revival work may choose to take certain features of revival instruments into account in developing a performance interpretation on a historical model. Factors hindering performance on historical harpsichords can include performance practice challenges and controversies that arise when transferring pieces to these instruments. Some works defy straightforward alteration and require extensive editing, whereas others are more easily accommodated. Through an examination of repertoire in performance, interviews, and changes in the reception and use of revival harpsichords, this dissertation considers the position and relevance of revival harpsichords today.</p>

scholarly journals The Impermanence of Obsolescence: Performance Practice Challenges in Works Written for Revival Harpsichord

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kristina Zuelicke
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Performance Practice ◽  
String Quartet ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Performance Interpretation ◽  
Current Availability ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

<p>The revival harpsichord leads a double life today—enjoying a small fan base on the edge of obsolescence. Most regard the instrument as a twentieth-century foil to the more historically-oriented harpsichords that replaced them by around the mid-1970s. But they are also valued for the repertoire they inspired during the first seventy or so years of the twentieth century, along with their unique capabilities and signature sound. From mid-century onwards, when historical harpsichords began to gain a wider acceptance, revival harpsichords were derided as representing a false notion of teleological progress. Piano building technologies partially adapted to the construction of revival harpsichords have required compromises that ignore basic laws of the physics of sound—including the differences between plucking a string and striking it with hammer. The ontology of a harpsichord type that is piano-informed has led to a widespread conclusion that revival harpsichords are a mistaken concept and are unsuitable even for many of the compositions written for them. The common practice today is to adapt works written for revival harpsichord to historical harpsichords.  Limited attention has been given to revival harpsichords in recent academic literature. While mention is made of their historical significance, a current evaluation of the instruments and treatment of revival repertoire has been lacking. This dissertation seeks to critically assess instruments and repertoire by examining perspectives of authors, builders, performers, composers and critics, addressing current issues in performance practice such as the impact of changing instrumentation from revival to historical models. A case is made for valuing revival harpsichords on their own merits as well as applying first-hand knowledge of revival harpsichords to performances of revival repertoire on historical models. This methodology is supported by interviews conducted specifically for this dissertation, playing different revival models and in presenting information neither widely available nor understood, such as a picture of the current availability of revival instruments and details of their restoration.  This dissertation contributes to an understanding of revival harpsichords and their repertoire by, firstly, providing up-to-date information on the nature and history of the instrument, as well as highlighting the existence of many revival models, rather than accepting the notion of one standard type. Secondly, revival harpsichord reception is examined within a context of the changing purposes of harpsichord construction after 1889. Lastly, a selection of relevant repertoire is investigated, including Erik Bergman’s 1970 Energien for solo harpsichord (a critical edition of which also forms part of the Appendices), Darius Milhaud’s 1945 Sonata for Clavecin (or Piano) and Violin, op. 257, and Peter Child’s Concerto for Harpsichord and String Quartet (2005), which was written for an Eric Herz revival harpsichord.  A tradition already exists of compromising over and discussing which historical harpsichords to use for early music repertoire that spans centuries and the building practices of different geographic regions. This dissertation explores the extent to which revival harpsichords are indeed easily replaced by historical models for revival repertoire, or whether it is sometimes best practice to consider performing these works on the instruments for which they were originally conceived. Alternatively, the performer of a revival work may choose to take certain features of revival instruments into account in developing a performance interpretation on a historical model. Factors hindering performance on historical harpsichords can include performance practice challenges and controversies that arise when transferring pieces to these instruments. Some works defy straightforward alteration and require extensive editing, whereas others are more easily accommodated. Through an examination of repertoire in performance, interviews, and changes in the reception and use of revival harpsichords, this dissertation considers the position and relevance of revival harpsichords today.</p>

The Historiographical Legacy of Salo Wittmayer Baron: The Medieval Period

AJS Review ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Robert Chazan
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Jewish History ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

The impact of Salo Wittmayer Baron on the study of the history of the Jews during the Middle Ages has been enormous. This impact has, in part, been generated by Baron's voluminous writings, in particular his threevolume The Jewish Community and–even more so–his eighteen-volume Social and Religious History of the Jews. Equally decisive has been Baron's influence through his students and his students' students. Almost all researchers here in North America currently engaged in studying aspects of medieval Jewish history can surely trace their intellectual roots back to Salo Wittmayer Baron. In a real sense, many of Baron's views have become widey assumed starting points for the field, ideas which need not be proven or irgued but are simply accepted as givens. Over the next decade or decades, hese views will be carefully identified and reevaluated. At some point, a major study of Baron's legacy, including his influence on the study of medieval Jewish history, will of necessity eventuate. Such a study will have, on the one hand, its inherent intellectual fascination; at the same time, it will constitute an essential element in the next stages of the growth of the field, as it inevitably begins to make its way beyond Baron and his twentieth-century ambience.

Introduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Margo S. Gewurtz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Chinese Diaspora ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Medical Practices ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Intercultural Encounters ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Populous Country

During most of the modern history of the expansion of Western Christendom, China, as the world’s most populous country, was the great prize. Although the results were disappointing, as the numbers of converts both Protestant and Catholic remained relatively small throughout the height of China missions in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, the promise of China missions never diminished. Despite the pre-eminence of China in overall mission history, very little attention has been given to the role and influence of China missions beyond the borders of China proper either to the Chinese diaspora or to the wider mission community. This special issue is a first attempt to explore the impact of “China” in missions beyond China’s borders. For our purposes, China becomes both a place where tactics and vocabulary could be invented and tried, a sort of laboratory for mission methodology, and a place of the imagination where “muscular” Christianity could be displayed and tested, or where medical practices were adapted with global implications. In more recent times, China missions, not allowed on the mainland after 1950, have once again as they did in the nineteenth century, addressed the needs of the Chinese diaspora in Europe and America. The essays in this collection challenge scholars to reflect more broadly on the variety of intercultural encounters enabled by missionary work, and ask us to think of this history trans-nationally by going beyond the borders of single nations or mission fields to embrace a global perspective.

scholarly journals A History of Twentieth Century Translation Theory and Its Application to Bible Translation

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Andy Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present State ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In ◽  
Theoretical Developments

This article studies the development of twentieth century translation theory. This was a period during which significant theoretical contributions were made in both secular and Bible translation circles. These contributions have had a profound impact on the practice of translation throughout the twentieth century and since. The individuals who contributed to the present state of translation theory worked in both secular and Bible translation circles and this article examines contributions from both. A select history of theoretical developments, focusing on the most important ideas relevant to Bible translation work is given in order to examine the impact of such theories in the practice of Bible translation. These include the philosophical approaches of the early twentieth century; the linguistic era of the 1950s and 1960s; the rise of functionalism and descriptive translation studies; and, finally, the emergence of postcolonial and related foreignising approaches.

scholarly journals 62. Secondary Prophylaxis in Clostridioides difficile Infections: a Closer Look at Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S149-S150
Author(s):  
Rubi Rodriguez ◽  
Surafel Mulugeta ◽  
Darius Faison ◽  
Rachel Kenney ◽  
Susan L Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Prophylaxis ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clinical Culture ◽  
Dosing Regimens ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is an urgent public threat and carries a 25% chance of recurrence (rCDI). Data on safety and efficacy of oral vancomycin prophylaxis (OVP) in reducing rCDI is limited. We implemented a best practice advisory (BPA) to alert the prescriber and antibiotic stewardship (ASP) team for patients with CDI in the previous 60 days being initiated on systemic antimicrobials. The alert states “Don’t use antibiotics in patients with recent CDI without convincing evidence of need. Antibiotics pose a high risk of recurrence”. ASP team would recommended OVP if antibiotics are continued. This study evaluated the impact of the BPA alert on OVP prescribing and patient outcomes. Methods IRB approved, retrospective, observational cohort study comparing patients who received OVP to no OVP. Inclusion: adults with history of laboratory confirmed CDI, ≥ 14 days post-CDI treatment completion, BPA from 3/7/19 – 3/31/20, receiving non-CDI systemic antimicrobials, and without history of bezlotoxumab infusion. Data were reported using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis. Primary endpoint: rCDI within 2-8 weeks post-OVP completion. Secondary endpoints: vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp (VRE) in clinical culture post-OVP and 1-year mortality. Results 70 patients included: 32 (46%) no-OVP and 38 (54%) OVP. Baseline characteristics, previous CDI treatment, and outcomes were similar (Table 1). Index CDI was severe in the OVP group (18, 47% vs. 9, 28%). Median Charlson comorbidity index: 7 (3 – 9) no-OVP and 7 (5 – 9) OVP. OVP regimens, 125 mg by mouth: once daily 4 (10%), twice daily 22 (58%), and every 6 hours 12 (32%). Median prophylaxis duration: 10 days (6 – 13). rCDI occurred in 3 (9%) no-OVP and 2 (5%) OVP (P = 0.654). Mortality: 10 (31%) no-OVP and 16 (42%) OVP (P = 0.458). Table 1. Patient Characteristics and Endpoints Conclusion OVP was utilized in approximately half of patients who required non-CDI antibiotics. Efficacy interpretation is limited by inconsistent dosing regimens and significant comorbid illness in the cohort. Future work will focus on further optimizing the BPA and standardizing the OVP regimen. Disclosures Rachel Kenney, PharmD, Medtronic, Inc. (Other Financial or Material Support, spouse is an employee and shareholder) Susan L. Davis, PharmD, Nothing to disclose

The Edinburgh History of the British and Irish Press, Volume 3

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Print Communication ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Impact

This volume presents a research-led, interdisciplinary examination of existing scholarship as well as new research on twentieth-century newspaper and periodical history across Britain and Ireland during a key period of change and development into the twenty-first century. It covers an important period of expansion (1900-2017) in periodical and press history across the four nations of Britain (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) and Ireland, concentrating on how the development of twentieth-century print communication can be assessed via cross-border comparisons and contrasts. Its thirty-three chapters are interspersed with case studies specific to the themes covered, allowing synchronic and diachronic coverage via macro as well as micro studies. It is designed to provide readers with a clear survey of the current state of research in the field, drawing on contemporary methodologies, demonstrating the interdisciplinary nature of the field and offering an indication of areas ripe for further work. The impact on the field of digital media and archives will fully inform discussions of the print archive where relevant. While the volume meets a need amongst scholars of British and Irish culture, it will also be of tremendous value to those working in other national traditions, offering insight into press trade connections into European and trans-oceanic counterparts, highlighting matters related to national and trans-national identities, migration, skills and knowledge exchange and the place of such texts in a globalised marketplace.

Power and Place

2020 ◽  
pp. 186-233
Author(s):  
Erika Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Documentary Photography ◽  
Irish Society ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Societal Problems ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 6 surveys the history of documentary photography in twentieth-century Ireland. In particular, it examines the emergence of a new generation of documentary photographers and their role in debates about the nature of Irish society from the 1970s to the 1990s. Self-consciously radical, these photographers aimed to use their work to expose injustice and ‘reveal’ the hidden side of Irish life. In particular, the chapter focuses on the career of three photographers: Derek Speirs, Joanne O’Brien, and Frankie Quinn. It uses close readings of the work of these photographers, contemporaneous photography magazines, coupled with the extensive use of oral histories to explore the impact of documentary photography on Ireland in the later twentieth century. In their depiction of poverty as both visceral and uncomfortable, they challenged the traditional iconography of Ireland which had aestheticized or even eulogized these themes. Moreover, these photographers were often self-conscious and reflective regarding the relationship between themselves and the people—often in difficult circumstances—whom they portrayed. Nevertheless, they were often forced to make difficult choices about the depiction of poverty, violence, and injustice which attempted to expose societal problems without being voyeuristic. An exploration of choices they made regarding how they engaged with their subjects, what they photographed, and where they published provides a way of exploring the visual economies of social justice in later twentieth-century Ireland.

scholarly journals Visioning Energy: Environmental Simulation, Visualization and the Instrumental Nature of Energy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lonn Combs ◽  
◽  
Filip Tejchman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Indoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
History Of ◽  
Progressive Growth ◽  
Environmental Simulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Conceptual Relationship

A glance at the recent history of the evolving conceptual relationship between energy and building related disciplines, reveals the coextensive emergence of tools and crisis. Whether economic, environmental, technological or cultural, these conditions are shadowed by an analogous — and exponential — leap in the power of computing along with a reciprocal decline in its cost (Figure1). Moreover, it is not a coincidence that the progressive growth of computation based tools used in the evaluation of interior atmospheres is paralleled by similar historic benchmarks in twentieth-century environmentalism. First adopted in 1965, the ASHRAE Standard 55 (Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy), for example, established a metric for indoor thermal comfort, and arrived during an era which saw the first energy crisis and also began to consider the impact of buildings within ecologies.

Distress screening for patients with a history of cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e13537-e13537
Author(s):  
Brooke Worster ◽  
Lauren Waldman ◽  
Gregory D. Garber ◽  
Subecha Dahal ◽  
Adam F Binder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Cutoff Score ◽  
Distress Screening ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer ◽  
New Diagnosis ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

e13537 Background: Although a diagnosis of cancer is widely accepted as resulting in significant levels of distress, distress itself cannot be considered benign and screening for distress is considered a best practice metric for patients receiving oncological care. Endorsed by NCCN, the Distress Thermometer (DT) considers a cutoff score of 4 or greater to identify patient with clinically relevant levels of distress. We hypothesized that the COVID-19 pandemic would manifest with higher levels of stress and anxiety in most persons by compounding the distress experienced by patients with a diagnosis of cancer. Methods: Patients with a new diagnosis of cancer underwent distress screening with the DT prior to a clinical appointment at a NCI-designated academic cancer center. Patients who scored 4 or higher were discussed at an Interprofessional Supportive Medicine patient conference or referred to oncology social work for appropriate evaluation and therapeutic care. By mid-March 2020, the SKCC catchment area was under a public health emergency with limited access to non-essential healthcare; therefore, we present data from 1/1-3/15/20 (pre-pandemic), 3/16-6/7/20 (pandemic peak with 2000+ daily cases in late April and peak daily deaths 300+ in May), and 6/8-8/30/20 (daily cases generally less than 700 except for occasional levels of 1000-in July and daily deaths less than 40 daily). Results: In the pre-pandemic time period, 60% of patients assessed reported a score of 4 or higher. During the subsequent periods—the first pandemic peak and the first post-pandemic period—the incidence of an elevated distress screen (4 or higher) was relatively stable at about 30%. Conclusions: Contrary to expectations, the DT screen identified less patient distress during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. Our results may be due to multiple factors—changes in processes and procedures to prioritize DT screening as pandemic risk became more apparent; an increased use of telemedicine; and the compounding of new, non-cancer related stressors resulting in the greater resiliency noted in disaster psychology. For example, during the first pandemic peak when the majority of patients were seen via telemedicine, the opportunity afforded by telemedicine for safety and decreased risk for COVID-19 infection may have reduced the overall distress experience. In addition, the compounding of stressors—the diagnosis of cancer, the risk of the pandemic, and its economic and financial stressors—may have influenced distress perception. Future work incorporating multiple distress assessment points may help better understand the impact of the layers of stress experienced by persons with cancer.[Table: see text]

The Indulekha Moment and the Malayalam Literary Canon: On the Literary History of the Early Twentieth-century Novels in Kerala, South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sruthi Vinayan ◽  
◽  
Merin Simi Raj ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literary History ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Colonial Modernity ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literary Histories ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Point Of Departure

This article analyses the politics of the literary canon of the early twentieth century Malayalam novels with particular focus on the impact of the novel Indulekha (1889) in literary history. The inception of novel as a literary genre is widely regarded as a point of departure for Malayalam literature leading to the development of modern Malayalam, thereby shaping a distinct Malayali identity. Interestingly, the literary histories which established the legacy of Malayalam prose tend to trace a linear history of Malayalam novels which favoured the ‘Kerala Renaissance’ narrative, especially while discussing its initial phase. This calls for a perusal of the literary critical tradition in which the overarching presence of Indulekha has led to the eclipsing of several other works written during the turn of the twentieth-century, resulting in a skewed understanding of the evolution of the genre. This article would explicate in detail, on what gets compromised in canon formation when aesthetic criteria overshadow the extraliterary features. It also examines how the literary history of early Malayalam novels shaped the cultural memory of colonial modernity in Kerala.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document