Systematic Review : Immunoglobulin Concentration in Breast Milk as a Body Defense against Sars-Cov-2

The largest cases of pneumonia occurred in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China in December 2019, which resembles SARS-CoV as a cause of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) virus infection. The number of cases reaches 3.2 million people worldwide, and among them are breastfeeding mothers. Although virus transmission occurs through direct contact with infected patients, the number of infants or young children who were infected with COVID-19 during breastfeeding was only 10%. There is no scientific evidence for vertical transmission from mother to her baby during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The content of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin M (IgM), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) has a positive impact on the infant’s body. The objective of the study was to determine the immunoglobulin concentration in breast milk against SARS CoV2. The method used a systematic review approach with the design of Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The result showed laboratory clinical trials, the IgA, IgG, and IgM responses showed good results in the spread of the coronavirus into the baby's body. IgA reactivity has a higher concentration than other cells. In conclusion, Covid-19 pandemic made the public worried about their health, including breastfeeding mothers. The role of health workers is needed to provide information related to breastfeeding exclusively to their babies so that they will receive protection against virus entered their bodies. Suggestion: It is necessary to develop studies regarding the typical responses that come up from IgA, IgM, IgG and are able to protect infants from Covid-19 and vertical transmission between mother and her baby during pregnancy to breastfeeding.

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Co-occurence of Secretory Immunoglobulin A-Coated Bacteria in Maternal Gut, Breast Milk, and Infant Gut in Humans

10.21203/rs.3.rs-142738/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ce Qi ◽

Mengfan Ding ◽

Hang Xiao ◽

Duo Li ◽

Daozhen Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Culturable Bacteria ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin A ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Essential Information ◽

Secretory Immunoglobulin

Abstract BackgroundGut microbiota promote and maintain infant health. Vertical transmission of bacteria from the maternal gut through breast milk to an infant is an important source of microbial colonisation in human offspring. However, the causative active/culturable bacteria and mechanisms responsible for their mother-neonate vertical transfer via breastfeeding remain unclear. Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) may mediate this vertical transmission; however, evidence supporting this hypothesis is required. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether sIgA-coated bacteria in the maternal intestine may migrate to breast milk and colonise the infant gut.ResultsMaternal faeces, breast milk, and neonatal faeces were collected from 19 mother-infant dyads during lactation stages specific to colostrum, transitional, and mature milk. sIgA-coated bacteria were enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting, and live bacteria were cultured in lactic acid bacteria- and gut bacteria-specific medium. 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing showed that microbiota diversity in maternal faeces, breast milk, and infant faeces decreased sequentially from colostrum to transitional milk to mature milk. Significant beta diversity existed between sample types (p < 0.05). However, high similarity was found between sIgA-coated microbiota of the three types of samples at the mature milk stage. Source track analysis showed that sIgA-coated microbiota in breast milk and maternal gut are major contributors of sIgA-coated microbiota in infant gut. Genera with co-occurrence in sample types included Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Klebsiella, Escherichia-Shigella, and an unclassified genus of Enterobacteriaceae. Shotgun sequencing of three dyads identified co-occurring species Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, including Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus jonsonii, Lactobacillus oris, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium breve. ConclusionsBreastmilk and infant faeces samples showed unique microbial composition and diversity in the three lactation stages. The fractions of sIgA-coated microbiota in maternal faeces, breast milk, and infant gut showed similar bacterial abundance patterns. This study will facilitate development of strategies to adjust aberrant microbial establishment and reduce the risk of disease by providing essential information for effective probiotic administration to the neonate and/or breastfeeding mother.

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Transmission of COVID-19 through breastfeeding

10.31219/osf.io/8e92y ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cynthia Carrasco ◽

Ana Beatriz Pizarro ◽

Gabriela Urrea ◽

Nicolás Meza ◽

Catalina Verdejo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Direct Evidence ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Risk Of Bias ◽

Data Sources ◽

Randomised Trials ◽

Web Based

ObjectiveThis living systematic review aims to evaluate the vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through breast milk and breastfeeding in patients with COVID-19 providing a timely, rigorous and continuously updated summary of the evidence available on .Data sources We will conduct searches in the L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) platform for COVID-19, a system that maps PICO questions to a repository maintained through regular searches in electronic databases, preprint servers, trial registries and other resources relevant to COVID-19. No date or language restrictions will be applied. In response to the COVID-19 emergency, L·OVE was adapted to expand the range of evidence it covers and customised to group all COVID-19 evidence in one place. The search will cover the period until the day before submission to a journal.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies and methodsWe adapted an already published common protocol for multiple parallel systematic reviews to the specificities of this question. We will include primary studies evaluating the role of breast milk and breastfeeding transmission. Randomised trials evaluating breast milk and breastfeeding in infections caused by other coronaviruses, such as MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, and non-randomised studies in COVID-19 will be searched in case we find no direct evidence from randomised trials, or if the direct evidence provides low- or very low-certainty for critical outcomes.Two reviewers will independently screen each study for eligibility, extract data, and assess the risk of bias. We will pool the results using meta-analysis and will apply the GRADE system to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. A living, web-based version of this review will be openly available during the COVID-19 pandemic. We will resubmit it every time the conclusions change or whenever there are substantial updates.

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A systematic review on the levels of antibodies in COVID-19 virus exposed but negative newborns: a possible vertical transmission of IgG/ IgM

10.1101/2020.06.09.20127118 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

George M. Bwire ◽

Belinda J. Njiro

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Reference Range ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Passive Immunity ◽

Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Meta Analyses ◽

Antibody Levels

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, there is no doubt on human-to-human transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Now, the debates remain on whether, vertical transmission of Severe Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and antibodies against the virus do exist. We therefore, conducted a systematic review to determine the immunoglobulin G and M (IgG/IgM) levels among infants born to mothers with COVID-19.MethodsThe systematic search was done using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar database. The research included studies on IgG/ IgM against SARS-CoV-2 among infants born to mother with COVID-19 published in English from December 1, 2019 onwards. Data were extracted by two independent authors in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-P) guidelines. We synthesized a narrative from eligible studies and performed two tailed non-parametric Mann-Whitney test to determine and compare the median IgG/IgM levels.ResultsIn total, 486 abstracts were screened and 63 full-text articles were assessed. Of 63 articles, 6 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative analysis. Two articles were included in quantitative analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/ IgM levels. The median antibody levels was 75.49AU/mL (range: 7.25AU/mL-140.32AU/mL) and for 3.79AU/mL (range: 0.16AU/mL-45.83AU/mL) (P = 0.0041) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM, respectively.ConclusionThere were high levels of IgG but low IgM against SARS-CoV-2 (using <10 AU/mL as a reference range) among COVID-19 virus exposed but negative newborns. This review suggest a possible natural passive immunity (IgG/ IgM) against COVID-19 virus.ImpactA systematic review of infants born to mothers with COVID-19 was conducted to characterize the magnitude of antibodies generated against SARS-CoV-2 among infants who were vertically exposed to the virus. These findings were necessary to inform the ongoing vaccine development and research on the background natural passive immunity among COVID-19 exposed newborns. Furthermore, evidence are revealing the possibility of vertical transmission of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/ IgM among the exposed newborns who tested negative for the virus.

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COVID-19 during pregnancy should we really worry from vertical transmission or rather from fetal hypoxia and placental insufficiency? A systematic review

Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette ◽

10.1186/s43054-021-00056-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Antoine AbdelMassih ◽

Raghda Fouda ◽

Rana Essam ◽

Alhussein Negm ◽

Dalia Khalil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Case Reports ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Placental Insufficiency ◽

Primary Data ◽

Wide Scale ◽

Prophylactic Anticoagulation ◽

Underlying Risk

Abstract Background COVID-19 is the largest outbreak to strike humanity. The wide scale of fatalities and morbidities lead to a concurrent pandemic of uncertainty in scientific evidence. Conflicting evidences are released on daily basis about the neonatal outcomes of COVID-19-positive mothers. The aim of this study was to use the relevant case reports and series to determine the percentage of newborns who test positive for COVID-19 who are born to COVID-19-positive mothers. Secondary outcomes included examining laboratory abnormalities among COVID-19-positive neonates, and any depicted placental abnormalities in COVID-19-positive mothers. For this purpose, systematic review was performed on all studies reporting primary data on fetus-mother pairs with COVID-19. Data bases were searched for studies that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results Final screening revealed 67 studies, from which the primary data of 1787 COVID-19 mothers were identified and had their pregnancy outcome analyzed. Only 2.8% of infants born to COVID-19-positive mothers tested positive, and this finding is identical to percentages reported in former Coronaviridae outbreaks, whereas 20% manifested with intrauterine hypoxia alongside placental abnormalities suggestive of heavy placental vaso-occlusive involvement. Conclusions These findings suggest that while vertical transmission is unlikely, there appears to be an underlying risk of placental insufficiency due to the prothrombotic tendency observed in COVID-19 infection. Guidelines for proper prophylactic anticoagulation in COVID-positive mothers need to be established.

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Drones for Medical Products Transportation In Obstetric Emergencies: A Systematic Review and Framework For Future Research

10.21203/rs.2.17105/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed Afiq Zailani ◽

Raja Zahratul Azma Raja Sabudin ◽

Rahana Abdul Rahman ◽

Ismail Mohd Saiboon ◽

Aniza Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Maternal Health ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Future Research ◽

Maternal Healthcare ◽

Medical Products ◽

Important Research Topic ◽

Obstetric Emergencies

Abstract Medical products transportation has become an important research topic requiring multidisciplinary collaboration among experts in medicine, engineering and health economics. Current modes of transportation are unable to overcome the limited settings in the event of obstetric emergencies. The drone is an immensely promising medical products aerial transportation (MedART) that holds an enormous potential for delivery of medical supplies, thereby enhancing the efficiency of our healthcare system. We conducted a systematic review to examine scientific evidence of positive impact of drone transportation on maternal health and management of obstetric cases.Methods Three search engines were used for this review; ScienceDirect, Pubmed, EMBASE databases, and the report made in accordance with the principles of PRISMA guidelines. The search terms used are related to drones and obstetric/maternal. Studies were selected if the intervention used were drones or Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and if any direct or indirect maternal health indicators were reported.Results Two out of 244 publications met the inclusion criteria and were included for systematic synthesis. An updated search yielded one additional study that was also included. Overall, two studies assessed drones for blood products delivery, and one study used drone to transport blood samples.Conclusion A significant deficiency was found in the number of reported studies analyzing mode of medical products transportation and adaptation of drones in maternal healthcare. Future drone research framework should focus on maternal healthcare-specific drone applications in order to reap benefits in this area.

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COVID-19 during pregnancy should we really worry from vertical transmission or rather from fetal hypoxia and placental insufficiency? A systematic review and meta -analysis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-71847/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antoine AbdelMassih ◽

Raghda Fouda ◽

Rana Essam ◽

Alhussein Negm ◽

Dalia Khalil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Case Reports ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Daily Basis ◽

Placental Insufficiency ◽

Primary Data ◽

Wide Scale ◽

Prophylactic Anticoagulation

Abstract Background:COVID-19 is the largest outbreak to strike humanity. The wide scale of fatalities and morbidities lead to a concurrent pandemic of uncertainty in scientific evidence. Conflicting evidences are released on daily basis about the neonatal outcomes of COVID-19 positive mothers. The aim of this study was to use the relevant case reports and series to determine the percentage of newborns who test positive in COVID-19 positive mothers. Secondary outcomes included examining laboratory and placental abnormalities among fetus-mother pairs.Methods:Systematic review was performed on all studies reporting primary data on fetus-mother pairs with COVID-19. Data bases were searched for studies that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: Final screening revealed 66 studies, from which the primary data of 1787 mother-infant pairs was obtained. Only 2.8% of mother infant pairs were tested positive, and this finding is identical to percentages reported in former coronaviridae outbreaks. Whereas, 20% manifested with intrauterine hypoxia alongside placental abnormalities suggestive of heavy placental vaso-occlusive involvement. Conclusions: These findings suggest that while vertical transmission is unlikely, there appears to be an underlying risk of placental insufficiency due to the prothrombotic tendency observed in COVID-19 infection. Guidelines for proper prophylactic anticoagulation in COVID positive mothers need to be established.

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Benefits of Pilates in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina55080476 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 55 (8) ◽

pp. 476 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Suárez-Iglesias ◽

Kyle J. Miller ◽

Manuel Seijo-Martínez ◽

Carlos Ayán

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Preliminary Evidence ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Training Programmes

Pilates may be a beneficial method of exercise for people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, no studies have critically reviewed the scientific evidence in this regard. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of Pilates as a rehabilitation strategy for PD. A systematic search of the electronic databases PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus was conducted to identify studies related to the effect of Pilates on PD. The search timeframe ranged from the inception of each database to March 2019. The search resulted in the identification of four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and four non-RCT studies. The methodological quality of the investigations ranged from poor to fair. The descriptive analysis of the eight investigations showed that Pilates resulted in beneficial effects on fitness, balance and functional autonomy. A subsequent meta-analysis on the four RCTs indicated that Pilates was more effective than traditional training programmes in improving lower limb function. Pilates can be safely prescribed for people with mild-to-moderate PD. Preliminary evidence indicates that its practice could have a positive impact on fitness, balance and physical function. Its benefits on lower-body function appear to be superior to those of other conventional exercises. Future randomized studies with greater samples are needed to confirm these observations.

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In Utero Vertical Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a Severely Ill 29-week Preterm Infant

American Journal of Perinatology Reports ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1715177 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (03) ◽

pp. e270-e274

Author(s):

Arpit Gupta ◽

Yogangi Malhotra ◽

Uday Patil ◽

Ana R. Muradas ◽

William T. Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vertical Transmission ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Clinical Course ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Limited Data ◽

Infected Mother ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Intrauterine Transmission ◽

Polymerase Chain

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently in worldwide pandemic state with very limited data about the mode of transmission to the growing fetus. There are a few published cases of COVID-19 infection in the infants born to COVID-19 positive mothers where most of the reported cases were either mildly symptomatic with positive COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or had negative COVID-19 PCR raising the question of vertical transmission. We present a case of likely intrauterine transmission of COVID-19 infection in a critically ill premature infant born to a COVID-19 infected mother and describing her clinical course thus far. The clinical presentation in the infant is consistent with COVID-19 infection described so far in literature along with positive PCR, and positive COVID-19 serology: immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, and immunoglobulin A.

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Peningkatan Pengetahuan Ibu Nifas tentang Manajemen ASI Perah di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah

Amalee: Indonesian Journal of Community Research and Engagement ◽

10.37680/amalee.v2i1.583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 33-42

Author(s):

Eka Safitri Yanti

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽

Infant Health ◽

Health Workers ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Local Health ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Maternal And Infant Health ◽

Before And After

Exclusive breastfeeding coverage is still low in Central Bangka Regency. One of the factors causing this is the lack of public knowledge about the management of stored breast milk. Therefore, the team provides counseling on the management of breast milk for Posyandu cadres as well as pregnant and lactating mothers in Tanjung Gunung Village, Central Bangka Regency. After the counseling was carried out, there was a positive impact on the knowledge of mothers about the management of stored breast milk. The statistical results also showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of mothers’ knowledge before and after counseling (p = 0.042). Thus, this activity can be one of the efforts to increase the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding. However, these efforts must also continue to be supported by both the community, community leaders and local health workers. For village officials and the health office, the results of this community service can be used as a medium for policy making, especially on maternal and infant health. Cakupan ASI eksklusif masih tergolong rendah pada Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Salah satu faktor yang menjadi penyebab hal ini adalah masih rendahnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang ASI perah. Oleh karena itu, tim pengabdi memberikan penyuluhan tentang manajemen ASI Perah terhadap kader Posyandu serta ibu hamil dan menyusui di Desa Tanjung Gunung Kabupaten Bangka Tengah. Setelah dilakukan penyuluhan tersebut, ada dampak positif terhadap pengetahuan ibu tentang manajemen ASI perah. Hasil statistik juga menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara skor pengetahuan ibu sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan penyuluhan (p=0,042). Dengan demikian, kegiatan penyuluhan ini dapat menjadi salah satu dari upaya untuk meningkatkan cakupan ASI eksklusif. Namun, upaya ini juga harus terus didukung baik oleh masyarakat, tokoh masyarakat maupun petugas kesehatan setempat. Bagi perangkat desa dan dinas kesehatan, hasil pengabdian masyarakat ini dapat dijadikan salah satu media untuk pengambilan kebijakan terutama pada kesehatan ibu dan bayi.

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