scholarly journals Prevalence and predictors of colour vision defects among Egyptian university students

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-406
Author(s):  
Safaa Osman ◽  
Shimaa Khalaf ◽  
Heba Mohammed ◽  
Dalia El-Sebaity ◽  
Doaa Osman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
University Students ◽  
Visual Function ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Vision Defects

Background: Nowadays, widespread usage of colours increases the need for accurate estimation of colour vision defects and their effect on performing daily activities and study/work tasks. Aims: To determine the prevalence and predictors of colour vision defects among Assiut university students and to identify their relationship with self-reported visual function and perceived difficulties in performing daily activities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1426 students at Assiut University, Egypt. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire consisting of: personal characteristics, prior awareness of colour vision defects, difficulties in daily colour vision activities, and visual function. Colour vision was assessed using Ishihara’s test of colour deficiency. Results: The prevalence of colour vision defects among students was 6.9% (red–green colour vision was 4.3% and total colour blindness was 2.6%). Students with colour vision defects had significantly higher odds ratios for difficulties in daily activities and study/work tasks related to colour perception. Students with colour vision defects had significantly lower mean values of general health, role difficulties, and colour vision scores compared to students with normal colour insight. Male sex and family history of colour vision defects were risk factors. Conclusions: A non-negligible percentage of Egyptian university students had colour vision defects, which had a negative impact on performing daily activities, executing study/work tasks, and choice of study/work specialties. Colour vision defects affected quality of life with regard to general health, role difficulties and colour vision. Male sex and family history of colour vision defects are nonmodifiable risk factors. This emphasizes the need for genetic counselling, especially in consanguineous marriage.

scholarly journals Isolated night cough in children: how does it differ from wheeze?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 00217-2020
Author(s):  
Maja Jurca ◽  
Myrofora Goutaki ◽  
Philipp Latzin ◽  
Erol A. Gaillard ◽  
Ben D. Spycher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Variant Form ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cough Variant Asthma ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Similar Risk

It has been postulated that some children with recurrent cough but no wheeze have a mild form of asthma (cough variant asthma), with similar risk factors and an increased risk of future wheeze.This longitudinal study compared risk factors for isolated night cough and for wheeze in the Leicester Respiratory Cohort in children aged 1, 4, 6 and 9 years and compared prognosis of children with isolated night cough, children with wheeze and asymptomatic children.We included 4101 children aged 1 year, 2854 aged 4 years, 2369 aged 6 years and 1688 aged 9 years. The prevalence of isolated night cough was 10% at age 1 year and 18% in older children. Prevalence of wheeze decreased from 35% at 1 year to 13% at 9 years. Although several risk factors were similar for cough and wheeze, day care, reflux and family history of bronchitis were more strongly associated with cough, and male sex and family history of asthma with wheeze. Over one-third of preschool children with cough continued to cough at school age, but their risk of developing wheeze was similar to that of children who were asymptomatic at earlier surveys. Wheeze tracked more strongly throughout childhood than cough.In conclusion, our study showed that only some risk factors for cough and wheeze were shared but many were not, and there was little evidence for an increased risk of future wheeze in children with isolated night cough. This provides little support for the hypothesis that recurrent cough without wheeze may indicate a variant form of asthma.

scholarly journals Isolated night cough in children: how does it differ from wheeze?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Jurca ◽  
Myrofora Goutaki ◽  
Philipp Latzin ◽  
Erol A. Gaillard ◽  
Ben D. Spycher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
School Age ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Mild Form ◽  
Cough Variant Asthma ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Sex

AbstractBackgroundChildren with night cough but no wheeze might have a mild form of asthma (cough variant asthma), sharing risk factors with children who wheeze, and possibly developing wheeze later.MethodsWe compared risk factors of children with isolated night cough and children with wheeze in the Leicester Respiratory Cohort study at ages 1, 4, 6, and 9 years. We also compared prognoses of children with isolated night cough, children with wheeze, and asymptomatic children.ResultsAmong 4,101 children at age 1 year, 2,854 at 4, 2,369 at 6, and 1,688 at 9 years, the prevalence of isolated night cough was 10% at age 1 and 18% in older children, while prevalence of wheeze decreased from 35% at 1 year to 13% at age 9. Although many risk factors were the same for cough and wheeze, day care, reflux, and family history of bronchitis were more strongly associated with cough, and male sex and family history of asthma with wheeze. Over one-third of pre-schoolers with cough continued to cough at school age, but their risk of developing wheeze was similar to that of children asymptomatic at earlier surveys. Wheeze tracked more strongly throughout childhood than cough.ConclusionsSome risk factors for cough and wheeze were shared and some were not; there was little evidence that children with isolated night cough have an increased risk of future wheeze. This suggests that only a fraction of children with isolated night cough might have a variant of asthma, if at all.

scholarly journals Prediction of Length of Hospital Stay and Immediate Outcome of Children Suffering From Bronchiolitis on the Bases of Associated Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Bithi Debnath ◽  
Sajani Islam ◽  
Nazmul Haque
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Wood Burning ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Length Of Hospitalization

Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common reason for hospitalization among children younger than 2 years. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the possibility that the associated risk factors in children suffering from bronchiolitis could predict the length of hospital stay and also to observe the immediate outcome. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted in a district hospital of Bangladesh in a period of two years from January 2011 to December 2012. Patients aged 2 years or less fulfilling inclusion criteria for bronchiolitis and required admission were enrolled in this study. Patients having comorbidities and who were discharged before fulfilling the study criteria for discharge were excluded from the study. Treatment was given according to National Guidelines for the Management of Bronchiolitis. All demographic, clinical and laboratory data were recorded in a prefixed questionnaire and analyzed. Results: Among 100 patients, 60% cases were hospitalized for 4 days or more. Mean duration of hospital stay was 4.37±1.93 days. Patients of male sex (67%), younger than 6 months of age (71%), preterm birth (21%), weight-for-age was either ≥2SD (60%) or ≤3SD (23%) were hospitalized for longer duration. Length of hospitalization was also increased in patients with family history of asthma (37%), smoking (75%), using wood-burning stoves for cooking (89%) and no previous history of respiratory distress (81%). Exclusively breastfed infants (41%) stayed hospital for shorter duration than those who fed partially (53%) or not at all (6%). All patients were improved in this case series (100%). Conclusion: Bronchiolitis patients having male sex, age less than 6 months, preterm born, partially breast fed , family history of asthma, exposure to smoking and wood-burning stoves were deduced to be significant risk factors for prolongation of length of hospitalization. Further research is needed to determine how these risk factors contribute to the development of the disease and prolong the length of hospital stay. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;7(2):67-71

scholarly journals Risk factors for early wheezing in preterm infants: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Chen ◽  
Minjing Yang ◽  
Shengzhu Huang ◽  
Xiaolian Qin ◽  
Zhijian Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family History ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group A ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background: The factors that cause recurrent wheezing in children are complex, and premature delivery may be one of these factors. Little is known about early wheezing in preterm infants.Methods: Data were sourced from 1616 children born between 2007 and 2013 from 8 hospitals in Guangxi, China. All children were followed up by telephone or questionnaire through the sixth year of life. Children were grouped by gestational age (GA): Group A, GA ≤ 32 weeks; Group B, 32 weeks < GA < 37 weeks; and Group C, 37 weeks ≤ GA < 42 weeks.Results: The incidences and risk factors for early wheezing in preterm infants were analysed. The incidences of early wheezing were as follows: Group A > Group B > Group C. The incidence of persistent early wheezing in Group A or Group B was significantly higher than that in Group C, respectively. SGA (95% CI: 1.097 to 7.519) was a risk factor for early wheezing in group A. Male sex (95% CI: 1.595 to 4.501) and family history of allergies (95% CI: 1.207 to 3.352) were risk factors for early wheezing in group B.Conclusions: 1. New-borns with younger GAs had a higher risk of early wheezing. 2. The incidence of persistent early wheezing for preterm infants (GA ≤ 32 weeks and 32 weeks < GA < 37 weeks) was higher than that for full-term infants (37 weeks ≤ GA < 42 weeks). 3. SGA was a risk factor for early wheezing in preterm infants with a GA ≤ 32 weeks. 4. Male sex, personal history of allergies and family history of allergies were all possible factors affecting early wheezing in preterm infants with a GA > 32 weeks but < 37 weeks and full-term infants. Among them, male sex and family history of allergies were risk factors for early wheezing. 5. Mode of delivery, passive smoking, breastfeeding and invasive mechanical ventilation were not possible risk factors for early wheezing in infants of different GAs.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Characteristics of Inpatients Undergoing Surgery for Glaucoma at Tianjin Eye Hospital from 2013 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jin Yang ◽  
Yue Qu ◽  
Boai Li ◽  
Zelong Zhong ◽  
Liukun Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Congenital Glaucoma ◽  
Angle Closure ◽  
Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma ◽  
Surgical Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Purpose. To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of inpatients who underwent surgery for glaucoma at Tianjin Eye Hospital from 2013 to 2017. Methods. All glaucoma inpatients who underwent surgery at Tianjin Eye Hospital from 2013 to 2017 were evaluated. The relationships of age and sex with different types of glaucoma were analyzed. The differences in the prevalence and family history of glaucoma among patients with different systemic diseases were compared. Additionally, the effects of different surgical methods for primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were compared. Results. A total of 4539 patients with glaucoma were retrospectively analyzed. The most prevalent type was PACG (60.15%), followed by secondary glaucoma (SG, 25.53%), POAG (7.6%), uncontrollable intraocular pressure (IOP) after antiglaucoma surgery (4.71%), mixed glaucoma (MG, 10%), and congenital glaucoma (CG, 0.9%). The main surgical methods were phacoemulsification (phaco), phacotrabeculectomy (phaco-trab), and trabeculectomy (trab). The rate of phaco-trab increased, while that of trab decreased. The proportion of women in the PACG group was higher than those in the POAG and SG groups, and there was a pronounced tendency for family clustering ( P < 0.001 ), while in the POAG and SG groups, the proportions of men and those with diabetes were higher ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusions. In Tianjin Eye Hospital from 2013 to 2017, the main type of glaucoma was PACG. Female sex and a family history of glaucoma were risk factors for PACG, while male sex and hyperglycemia were risk factors for POAG and SG. Among the antiglaucoma surgery methods, the proportion of phaco-trab increased, while the proportion of trab decreased.

Risk factors for gastric cancers in the United States: Variation by anatomic site and race/ethnicity.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 189-189
Author(s):  
Haejin In ◽  
Patricia Friedmann ◽  
Srawani Sarkar ◽  
Bruce Rapkin ◽  
Philip E. Castle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family History ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Anatomic Location ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Race Ethnicity

189 Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a high mortality cancer in the US. Differences in risk factors by anatomic location and race/ethnicity have been suggested but remain understudied in the US population. Methods: The Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) is a prospective cohort study that collected data on 5 racial/ethnic groups [Whites (W), Blacks (B), Latino (L), Japanese-American (JA), and Hawaiian (HA)] from Hawaii and Los Angeles in 1993-1996. Participants completed a detailed baseline survey and were followed for development of incident cancer. Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to identify GC risk factors by anatomic location (cardia, non-cardia) and by race/ethnicity. Results: Data from 192,626 participants was available. The cohort was 25% W, 17% B, 23% L, 28% JA, and 7% HA. During a median follow up of 20.3 years, 1,109 non-cardia and 201 cardia incident GCs were diagnosed. Older age (per year, non-cardia HR 1.08, 95% CI 1.07-1.92; cardia HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.05-1.09), male sex (non-cardia HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.8; cardia HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.1-4.4), and current (non-cardia HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.5-2.2, cardia HR 3.4, 95% CI 2.2-5.3) or former (non-cardia HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5; cardia HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.3-2.9) smoking were associated with both cancer types. Notably, race/ethnicity (ref W: B HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.2-4.0; L HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.8-3.3; JA HR 3.9, 95% CI 3.0-5.1; HA HR 3.9, 95% CI 2.8-5.5), foreign-born (ref: self & parents US born: HR 1.3 95% CI 1.1-1.7), and family history of GC (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.3) were associated with non-cardia GC. BMI ≥30 (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3), having ≥1 drink/week (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3), and being JA (ref W: HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-2.9) were associated with cardia GC. Risk factors other than age differed by race/ethnicity for non-cardia GC. Male sex was a risk factor for B, L and JA only. Having less than a high school education was a risk factor for B and JA only, smoking a risk factor for L and JA only, and having diabetes a risk factor for B only. Being in the highest sodium intake quartile was a risk factor among W and HA. A family history of GC was a risk factor for W, L, and JA. Having foreign-born parents was a risk factor for W and being foreign-born was a risk factor for JA. Conclusions: GC risk factors differ between subtypes and, for non-cardia, between race/ethnic groups. These differences provide an insight into the etiology of GC and the disproportionate incidence rates in high-risk groups, potentially aiding in the design of targeted intervention strategies.

The burden of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis focusing on primary prevention

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula ◽  
Abdullah Shehab ◽  
Anhar Ullah ◽  
Jamal Rahmani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Family History ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
History Of

Background: The increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) threatens the Middle Eastern population. Several epidemiological studies have assessed CVD and its risk factors in terms of the primary prevention of CVD in the Middle East. Therefore, summarizing the information from these studies is essential. Aim: We conducted a systematic review to assess the prevalence of CVD and its major risk factors among Middle Eastern adults based on the literature published between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2018 and carried out a meta-analysis. Methods: We searched electronic databases such as PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Embase and Google Scholar to identify literature published from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018. All the original articles that investigated the prevalence of CVD and reported at least one of the following factors were included: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking and family history of CVD. To summarize CVD prevalence, we performed a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: A total of 41 potentially relevant articles were included, and 32 were included in the meta-analysis (n=191,979). The overall prevalence of CVD was 10.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1-14.3%, p<0.001) in the Middle East. A high prevalence of CVD risk factors, such as dyslipidaemia (43.3%; 95% CI: 21.5-68%), hypertension (26.2%; 95% CI: 19.6-34%) and diabetes (16%; 95% CI: 9.9-24.8%), was observed. The prevalence rates of other risk factors, such as smoking (12.4%; 95% CI: 7.7-19.4%) and family history of CVD (18.7%; 95% CI: 15.4-22.5%), were also high. Conclusion: The prevalence of CVD is high (10.1%) in the Middle East. The burden of dyslipidaemia (43.3%) in this region is twice as high as that of hypertension (26.2%) and diabetes mellitus (16%). Multifaceted interventions are urgently needed for the primary prevention of CVD in this region.

scholarly journals Incidence of diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors in the adult population of the Basque country, Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés Urrutia ◽  
◽  
Alicia Martín-Nieto ◽  
Rosa Martínez ◽  
J Oriol Casanovas-Marsal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Incident Cases

AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Basque Country and the risk factors involved in the disease by reassessing an adult population after 7 years of follow-up. In the previous prevalence study, 847 people older than 18 years were randomly selected from all over the Basque Country and were invited to answer a medical questionnaire, followed by a physical examination and an oral glucose tolerance test. In the reassessment, the same variables were collected and the resulting cohort comprised 517 individuals of whom 43 had diabetes at baseline. The cumulative incidence of diabetes was 4.64% in 7 years and the raw incidence rate was 6.56 cases/1000 person-years (95%CI: 4.11–9.93). Among the incident cases, 59% were undiagnosed. The most strongly associated markers by univariate analyses were age > 60 years, dyslipidaemia, prediabetes and insulin resistance. We also found association with hypertension, obesity, family history of diabetes and low education level. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex showed that a set of risk factors assessed together (dyslipidaemia, waist-to-hip-ratio and family history of diabetes) had great predictive value (AUC-ROC = 0.899, 95%CI: 0.846–0.953, p = 0.942), which suggests the need for early intervention before the onset of prediabetes.

scholarly journals Clozapine-induced stuttering in the absence of known risk factors: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Jaguga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Extrapyramidal Symptoms ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Rare Side Effect ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electrophysiological Findings

Abstract Background Stuttering is a rare side effect of clozapine. It has been shown to occur in the presence of one or more factors such as abnormal electrophysiological findings and seizures, extrapyramidal symptoms, brain pathology, and a family history of stuttering. Few case reports have documented the occurrence of clozapine-induced stuttering in the absence of these risk factors. Case presentation A 29-year-old African male on clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia presented with stuttering at a dosage of 400 mg/day that resolved with dose reduction. Electroencephalogram findings were normal, and there was no clinical evidence of seizures. The patient had no prior history or family history of stuttering, had a normal neurological examination, and showed no signs of extrapyramidal symptoms. Conclusion Clinicians ought to be aware of stuttering as a side effect of clozapine, even in the absence of known risk factors. Further research should investigate the pathophysiology of clozapine-induced stuttering.

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