The chance of COVID-19 infection after vaccination

The outbreak of COVID-19 that began in Wuhan, China, has constituted a new emerging epidemic that has spread around the world. There are some reports on illustrated the patients getting reinfected after recovering from COVID-19. Here we provide an overview of the biphasic cycle of COVID-19, genetic diversity, immune response and chance of reinfection after recovering from COVID-19. The new generation of COVID-19 is highly contagious and pathogenic infection can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Whilst most patients suffer from a mild form of the disease, there is a rising concern that patients who recover from COVID-19 may be at risk of reinfection. The proportion of the infected population, is increasing worldwide; meanwhile, the rate and concern of reinfection by the recovered population are still high. Moreover, there are a few evidence on the chance of COVID-19 infection even after vaccination, which is around one per cent or less. Although the hypothesis of zero reinfections after vaccination has not been clinically proven, further studies should be performed on the recovered class in clusters to study the progression of the exposed with the re-exposed subpopulations to estimate the possibilities of reinfection and, thereby, advocate the use of these antibodies for vaccine creation.

A Study to assess side effects of first dose of Covid-19 Vaccination among GNM students studying at JSS School of Nursing Chamarajanagar

Background: The world is in the midst of a COVID-19 Pandemic. While countries, including India, have taken strong measures to control the spread of COVID-19 through better diagnostics and treatment. Vaccines will provide a lasting solution by enhancing Immunity and containing the disease spread. COVID-19 vaccine has been rolled out recently in several parts of the world. Although the protective efficiency is frequently discussed, little is known about the real-world post-vaccination experience outside of clinical trial conditions. Knowledge about what to expect after vaccination will help educate the public, dispel misinformation and reduce vaccine hesitancy. Objectives: To assess the immediate response to the first dose of Covid- 19 vaccine and to study the side effects of Covid- 19 vaccination. Results: Results of the study revealed that 143(95.3%) participants are not developed any side effects, only 7 (4.66%) participants reported mild side effects within 30 minutes after vaccination, 104 (69.33%) participants are developed mild side effects like fever, body pain after 30 minutes to 24 hours, 14 (9.33%) participants are developed side effects in mild form after 24 hours, only 2(1.33%) participants are developed side effects like mild fever and fatigue after 1 week of vaccination, majority of the participants 149 (99.33%) didn't required any hospitalization and only 1 participant (0.66% ) admitted to hospital due to fever for one day, majority of participants 63 (42%) are recovered from side effects within 24 hours, 28 (18.66%) participants are recovered within 2 to 8 hours, 14 (9.3%) participants are recovered within 2 hours, 4 (2.66%)participants are recovered within 8 to 24hours and 41 (27.3%) participants are recovered after 24 hours. All the participants are willing to take 2nd dose and recommend for their family members and friends to get vaccination.

Concomitant Acute Limb Ischemia and Pulmonary Embolism in the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Case Report

Background: The new 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Thrombotic complications are increasingly recognized as an important part of this disease. Thromboprophylaxis with anti-platelet drugs and anticoagulants are recommended in the initial treatment of the disease. Case presentation: We report the case of a patient hospitalized for a mild form of COVID19 pneumonia, who was admitted, one month later, acute limb ischemia and pulmonary embolism despite antithrombotic prophylaxis. Conclusion: Most reported cases are either arterial or venous thrombosis. The concomitant combination of arterial and venous thrombosis is rarely reported. The prophylactic anticoagulation strategy in the SARS- Cov 2 infection is still not well established.

Case report of mild form of a new coronavirus infection in patient with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension

The article presents a clinical case of mild novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 complicated with bilateral interstitial pneumonia in a female patient with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.

Post COVID-19 Syndrome in Patients with Asymptomatic/Mild Form

Post COVID-19 Syndrome (PCS) is a complex of various symptoms developing a month or more after the acute phase of the disease. The cases of PCS development among patients with asymptomatic/mild forms are frequently reported; however, the pathogenesis of PCS in this group of patients is still not completely clear. The publications about COVID-19 which were published in online databases from December 2019 to September 2021 are analyzed in this review. According to the analysis, PCS develops on average in 30–60% of patients, mainly among women. Fatigue, shortness of breath, cough, and anosmia were reported as the most common symptoms. The possible association between the described PCS symptoms and brain damage was revealed. We assume the possibility of an alternative course of COVID-19, which develops in genetically predisposed individuals with a stronger immune response, in which it predominantly affects the cells of the nervous system, possibly with the presence of an autoimmune component, which might have similarity with chronic fatigue syndrome or autoimmune disautonomia. Thus, the gender (female) and the presence of anosmia during an asymptomatic or mild course of the disease can be predictive factors for the development of PCS, which can be caused by autoimmune damage to neurons, glia, and cerebral vessels.

About nitrogen metabolism with a lacto-vegetable diet

In one of our reports, we were able to show that a milk diet, which does not satisfy the energy needs of scarlet fever patients, leads to a negative nitrogen balance. Since in the milk diet, along with a moderate content of protein and fat, there were extremely few carbohydrates, it was natural to assume that an increase in the amount of the latter could have a significant effect on protein metabolism. To replenish food with carbohydrates, we included in the diet, in addition to milk, vegetable purees, cereals, jelly. The menu was composed in such a way that for breakfast and dinner, patients were given porridge with milk, and for lunch, vegetable puree and cranberry jelly. In addition, children received 200 grams twice a day. milk as a drink. The well-known schematization of dishes was carried out in order to facilitate the technical conditions of work. According to a preliminary calculation, the total caloric value of our lacto-vegetable diet was 2086 calories, with a content of 56 grams in food. squirrel, 294 gr. carbohydrates and 70 gr. fat. Of the 10 children put on this menu, only one 12-year-old patient with a mild form of scarlet fever ate the whole food offered to him, while the rest of the children were content with more or less of the dishes they were given. Patients aged 4-5 years drank an average of 600-700 grams. milk and ate 150-300 gr. porridge, 75-150 gr. mashed potatoes and 150-200 gr. jelly; older children ate 400-500 grams. porridge, 150-300 gr. puree, 250-300 gr. jelly and about 800 gr. milk.

Pharmacoeconomic Analysis of Treatment Regimens for Coronavirus Infection Coronavirus Disease-19

BACKGROUND: In March 2020, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection was assigned the status of a pandemic. As of the beginning of 2021, the Russian Federation ranks fourth in terms of the prevalence of coronavirus infection. Over the period from March 2020 to February 2021, more than 84,000 fatal cases of the disease were recorded in Russia. AIM: However, at the moment, there are no medications with proven effectiveness and safety against the novel coronavirus infection. In this regard, the purpose of our study was to conduct a pharmacoeconomic analysis of medications for etiotropic therapy of all forms of COVID-19 recommended by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (clinical guidelines, version 10 dated February 8, 2021) to identify the best treatment option. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the course of the study, the “cost of illness” was determined for all forms of the disease in an outpatient and inpatient setting. The authors took into account the direct medical costs of medication therapy and diagnostic and treatment procedures. In terms of direct non-medical costs, they calculated the cost of a bed-day excluding medication treatment, and indirect costs included payments for temporary disability sheets. Costs for medications were calculated based on the active ingredient (AI) and the packages for treatment on an outpatient basis and in the case of the hospital setting based on the AI only. The cost of medical and diagnostic procedures was determined based on the Tariff Agreement for 2020 dated December 30, 2019. Next, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed. Effectiveness criteria were selected based on published clinical trial results for the medications in question. Then, they performed a calculation of the cost-effectiveness coefficients and an incremental analysis. RESULTS: Thus, in the course of the analysis of the cost of illness, the most economically profitable treatment regimens were the ones with hydroxychloroquine both for outpatient treatment (13,150.31 rubles: Mild form, 22,326.44 rubles: Moderate form excluding antibiotic therapy, and 21,513.76 rubles: Moderate form, taking into account antibacterial therapy) and for inpatient treatment (34,441.53 rubles). CONCLUSION: As a result of the cost-effectiveness analysis, the use of favipiravir can be considered optimal (comparative effectiveness research = 17,607.14 rubles), and for the mild form, the optimal medication is umifenovir, since during the incremental analysis, it was found that for therapy with favipiravir, 100 people would need an additional allocation of 96.291 rubles, which, given the form of the disease, is not entirely appropriate.

Defective myelination in an RNA polymerase III mutant leukodystrophic mouse

RNA polymerase (Pol) III synthesizes abundant short noncoding RNAs that have essential functions in protein synthesis, secretion, and other processes. Despite the ubiquitous functions of these RNAs, mutations in Pol III subunits cause Pol III-related leukodystrophy, an early-onset neurodegenerative disease. The basis of this neural sensitivity and the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis are unknown. Here we show that mice expressing pathogenic mutations in the largest Pol III subunit, Polr3a, specifically in Olig2-expressing cells, have impaired growth and developmental delay, deficits in cognitive, sensory, and fine sensorimotor function, and hypomyelination in multiple regions of the cerebrum and spinal cord. These phenotypes reflect a subset of clinical features seen in patients. In contrast, the gross motor defects and cerebellar hypomyelination that are common features of severely affected patients are absent in the mice, suggesting a relatively mild form of the disease in this conditional model. Our results show that disease pathogenesis in the mice involves defects that reduce both the number of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes and the ability of these cells to produce a myelin sheath of normal thickness. The findings suggest unique sensitivities of oligodendrogenesis and myelination to perturbations of Pol III transcription.

Puumala Virus Variants Circulating in Forests of Ardennes, France: Ten Years of Genetic Evolution

In Europe, Puumala virus (PUUV) transmitted by the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) is the causative agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a mild form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. In France, very little is known about the spatial and temporal variability of the virus circulating within bank vole populations. The present study involved monitoring of bank vole population dynamics and PUUV microdiversity over a ten-year period (2000–2009) in two forests of the Ardennes region: Elan and Croix-Scaille. Ardennes region is characterised by different environmental conditions associated with different NE epidemiology. Bank vole density and population parameters were estimated using the capture/marking/recapture method, and blood samples were collected to monitor the overall seroprevalence of PUUV in rodent populations. Phylogenetic analyses of fifty-five sequences were performed to illustrate the genetic diversity of PUUV variants between forests. The pattern of the two forests differed clearly. In the Elan forest, the rodent survival was higher, and this limited turn-over resulted in a lower seroprevalence and diversity of PUUV sequences than in the Croix-Scaille forest. Uncovering the links between host dynamics and virus microevolution is improving our understanding of PUUV distribution in rodents and the NE risk.