scholarly journals National Digital Currency as a Factor of the Russia’s Economic Revival

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Paper Money ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

The past decade has highlighted the increasing role of virtual electronic digital currency in the financial sphere. This currency is now performing the functions of investment, storage and accumulation rather than solely the function of measuring the value of goods and services. Thus, the virtual digital currency has come to implement all basic functions of paper money.The purpose of the paperwas to put forward the thesis of the feasibility of introduction in Russia of a new virtual national digital currency operating on the basis of the blockchain technology, which will significantly revitalize the domestic economy. The paper provides the definition of the virtual digital currency and its types, discusses its advantages and disadvantages, gives a brief overview of the experience of using this currency in Russia and abroad, shows the current state of cost capitalization of the virtual digital currency and describes the legal framework for the virtual digital currency application. The paperconcludesthat rather than forbidding the crypto currency, there are all the reasons to arrange the issue and circulation of an officially accepted type of a virtual national digital currency that would give a powerful impetus to the development of all spheres of the country’s economy. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of the national digital currency operation with the government participation. Every citizen will be able to get a salary in a few seconds, buy everything he wants, invest in any project. Records of transactions in the user’s personal digital electronic purse will completely relieve him of paperwork. It is important to note that blockchain protocols do not allow transaction canceling or compulsory change of ledger entries. This means that all transactions will become safe and anonymous, and anonymity cannot be violated if only by illegal operations. This will suit all law-abiding citizens of the country. The advantages of the national digital currency will ensure its wide circulation in the country and lead to significant shrinking of the “gray” and “dark” cryptocurrency markets and revival of the domestic economy.

National Digital Currency: a Look into the Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Grigor’ev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Future

The author argues on advisability of introducing in our country a new virtual national digital currency that operates on the basis of blockchain technology, which will significantly develop the domestic economy. The article provides a definition and identifies certain types of virtual digital currency, shows its advantages and disadvantages, gives a description of the legal framework for the use of virtual digital currency, briefly highlights the experience of its application in our country and abroad, shows its cost capitalization at present. Particular attention is paid to the mechanism of the national digital currency functioning in our country with participation of government bodies.

Rights of the Child

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha Bajpai
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
International Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Rights Of The Child ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

The chapter commences with the change in the perspective and approach relating to children from welfare to rights approach. It then deals with the legal definition of child in India under various laws. It gives a brief overview of the present legal framework in India. It states briefly the various policies and plans, and programmes of the Government of India related to children. International law on the rights of the child is enumerated and a summary of the important judgments by Indian courts are also included. The chapter ends with pointing out the role of civil society organizations in dealing with the rights of the child and a mention of challenges ahead.

scholarly journals MINING AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES: IN SEARCH OF THE BALANCE

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Ershova ◽  
E. V. Trofimova
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Layer Cake ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of

The article reveals the content and outlines approaches to the definition of the legal nature of mining. Attention is drawn to the necessity of legal regulation of this activity, which is predetermined by the Federal Program «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» — a project that provides for normative regulation of the digital environment. In order to support the mission to eliminate digital illiteracy, which is also envisaged in the National Program, the author elucidates the etymology and meaning of the term «mining» and considers various doctrinal interpretations of this concept. The paper presents such analogies of the blochchain technology as the public ledger, DNA, and a layer-cake for a better understanding of the blockchain technology that is associated with mining. Material-technical and organizational foundations of mining are revealed. The author demonstrates advantages and disadvantages of solo mining, pool mining, and cloud mining. The results of comparative monitoring of the attitude to the recognition of cryptocurrency as a means of payment are presented. Attention is drawn to the liberal legal regulation of blockchain technology and mining under the laws of the Republic of Belarus. The paper determines the stages of a law-making process aimed at legal support of mining in Russia. Based on the results of comparison of concepts of entrepreneurial activity and mining, it is concluded that mining represents one of new types of entrepreneurship brought to life due to the needs of digital economy. The author suggests thatmining participants be recognized as self-employed persons. It is noted that the entrepreneurial nature of mining arises questions concerning measures of its state regulation which is difficult within the framework of the existing paradigm, but should be built on the basis of a balance between private and public interests.

Trade Remedies and Relief from Foreign Competition

2020 ◽  
pp. 174-208
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Irwin
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Foreign Competition ◽  
Escape Clause ◽  
Temporary Relief ◽  
Antidumping Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Trade Remedies

This chapter describes the legal framework that allows firms to petition the government for the imposition of tariffs on competing imports. It introduces the antidumping law as the most commonly used measure to block unfair imports. It talks about the government's definition of “dumping” as a lower price charged in the United States than in a foreign exporter's home market. The chapter also examines the case for providing domestic industries with temporary relief from imports so that they can adjust to foreign competition, including the recently revived “national security” rationale for limiting imports. It looks at countervailing duties, which address foreign subsidies and escape clause, and provide industries with temporary relief from imports without the claim of unfairness.

Axiological Approach in International Law

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Елена Рафалюк ◽  
Elena Rafalyuk
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Legal Consciousness ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the study of the question of the values of international law, in particular the value of regional integration and cooperation of states. The author analyzes the approaches to the definition of value in terms of the classical approach (“Value as a property of the valued object or as a sample on the basis of which the evaluation shall be made”) and non-classical approach (“The relationship between the object and the statement of what should be an object”). The article discusses the formation of axiology and contribution to its development of R. G. Lotze, V. Windelband, G. Rickert, P. G. Natorp. It is expressed the idea that any axiological analysis should be cultural-historical, because the relation to human values were and remain different in different periods of human history. The author notes that international law is based on the universally valid for all mankind values. They are reflected in the generally recognized principles of international law, customary international law, the universal conventions and declarations. The government and the international community were recognizing gradually the universally significant values. The crisis of international political relations at the present stage threatens the existence of fundamental principles of international law and the values protected by them. However, with the development of globalization, we can talk about the formation of new values — the regional cooperation of states for the achievement of the common good. States are forced to participate in regional integration projects in order to be able to confront the challenges of globalization and to trade with other countries in terms of global competition. The value of integration is gradually “wires” in life through activities of bodies and international officials of interstate integration associations. However the principles of regional integration and cooperation, which include liberalization of the market, free movement of goods and services, non-discrimination of participants trade, are not always clearly interpreted and applied by supranational courts; some basic guidelines are only produced. The interaction of states should be based on common elements of the legal culture, as well as on the idea of the unity of kindred peoples laid down in the legal consciousness. Otherwise integration projects may not enjoy the support of the citizens.

scholarly journals PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF BLOCKCHAIN APPLICATIONS IN UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana O. Spasiteleva ◽  
Volodymyr L. Buriachok
Keyword(s):  
Large Data ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Development Platform ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Models ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Security Infrastructure ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the definition of problems using of blockchain technologies, and ways to overcome them to create distributed, secure applications. The paper considers the theoretical fundamentals of blockchain technologies and blockchain applications, new models of blockchain business, blockchain applications development platform, blockchain applications security, blockchain applications development problems, prospects for further research. The analysis of recent research and publications in the field of blockchain technologies are made in the article. Based on this analysis, it was determined that the blockchain industry has not yet completed the process of generating a generally accepted multilevel technology description. The overview of existing models of business blockchain, their characteristics and areas of application are done in the article. Software tools for creating and maintaining blockchain applications are considered. The article deals with the features, advantages and problems of using blockchain technology for creating distributed, secure applications. The problem of integration of new and existing private systems with an open blockchains is considered. A possible solution to this problem is the creation of a blockchain authentication service to implement a global security level. Such a service can become a standard security infrastructure for new models of mixed private and public systems that will be useful to all participants in different areas of the economy. The directions of development of protected blockchain applications in the sphere of public administration and private business in Ukraine are determined. In addition, the priority tasks that need to be solved for successful implementation of technology in Ukraine are determined based on the analysis of the current state of development of blockchains. There are three main areas of development of blockade technology: standardization, application security and integration of block systems with existing private systems and modern technologies of artificial intelligence, large data and the Internet of things, and described prospects for further research for them.

Application of secret diplomacy in international practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-79
Author(s):  
Maryna Okladna ◽  
Margarita Fedorovska ◽  
Darya Yukhymenko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Theoretical Aspect ◽  
The United States ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

Problem setting. Secret diplomacy, in various forms, has remained a key method of international relations and the development of relations between states. For example, the fate of the Caribbean Crisis was decided by secret diplomacy between the United States and the Soviet Union. However, despite the extremely large influence of secret diplomacy on the development of international relations, it is necessary to note a rather small level of study of secret diplomacy as a phenomenon. Analysis of recent researches and publications. In the scientific literature, the theoretical aspects of secret diplomacy have been the subject of scientific research by such scholars as Cornelia Biolu, Anthony Venis-V. John, Pika SM, Kostyuk DA, Pron TM, but a significant number of extremely important documents for understanding the problem remains in closed access. That is why the lack of scientific literature, which would describe secret diplomacy in the theoretical aspect, significantly complicates the study and study of secret diplomacy in general. Target of research. The aim of the paper is to carry out a critical review of the definition of secret diplomacy, to analyze the types of secret diplomacy and to consider features of their functioning in international relations, as well as to identify the disadvantages and advantages of secret diplomacy. Article’s main body. The article provides a general analysis of the definition of the concept of "secret diplomacy" in international practice. The opinions of leading scientists are given. Examples from history are analyzed. The paper analyzes in detail the types of secret diplomacy, and also considers the features of their functioning in international relations. In addition, the main advantages and disadvantages of secret diplomacy were formulated, as well as the prospect of its further application in practice. Conclusions. Secret diplomacy is the activity of the government to implement the foreign, international policy of the state, which is conducted in secret from society, other states and third parties in order to facilitate negotiations, establish relations and obtain various benefits. The methods of secret diplomacy have been used since ancient times and continue to be key not only in relations between states, but also in resolving international conflicts, despite the fact that the phenomenon has a number of disadvantages in addition to its advantages. There are several types of secret diplomacy, each of which differs from the others not only in its purposes for which it is used, but also in its components.

scholarly journals Legal and regulatory barriers to effective public-private partnership governance in Kazakhstan

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai Mouraviev ◽  
Nada K. Kakabadse
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Agencies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Purposeful Sampling ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical assessment of legal and regulatory impediments to effective governance of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in Kazakhstan. Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative study develops propositions from the PPP literature and then tests them against findings from in-depth interviews. Interviewees have been selected by a purposeful sampling from PPP projects in Kazakhstan as well as from national and regional PPP centres. Findings – The identified barriers to effective PPP management include irregularities in the PPP legal framework, such as lack of legal definition of a PPP and controversy with the government guarantee’s legal status for its long-term payments to partnerships; bureaucratic tariff setting for partnership services; non-existent opportunity for private asset ownership; and excessive government regulation of PPP workers’ wage rates. Practical implications – The partners’ opposing perspectives on a number of PPP issues show that management needs to identify and carefully reconcile stakeholder values in a partnership in order to achieve more effective PPP governance. Practitioners, particularly those in the public agencies, have to be concerned with ways to reduce the government overregulation of the private operators, which is likely to result in greater PPP flexibility in management and, ultimately, higher efficiency in delivering the public services. Originality/value – By elucidating multiple examples of overregulation and PPPs’ inefficiency, the paper demonstrates that the government dominance in PPP management is conceptually inappropriate. Instead, the government should adopt the concept of co-production and manage its relations with the private sector partner in a collaborative fashion.

scholarly journals Certain Aspects of the Analysis of Cryptocurrency Transactions during the Prevention and Investigation of Crimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
В. В. Носов ◽  
І. А. Манжай
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current State ◽  
Current Stage

The analysis of separate tools for the visualization of movement of cryptocurrency values, and also identification of users who carried out the corresponding transactions has been carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency from the point of view of offenders and law enforcement agencies have been studied. The main directions of using cryptocurrency in a criminal environment have been determined. The current state and perspectives of normative and legal regulation of cryptocurrency in Ukraine have been analyzed. Theoretical principles of cryptocurrency functioning have been studied. The basic concepts used in this area have been revealed. The properties of cryptocurrency have been described. The mechanism of its issuance of guaranteeing pseudo-anonymity while working with cryptocurrency has been outlined. Some features of blockchain technology and formation of cryptocurrency addresses have been revealed. It has been noted that one of the first and most well-known cryptocurrency is bitcoin. The format of bitcoin address presentation has been described. It has been emphasized that bitcoin wallet software can operate with any number of addresses or each address can be served by a separate wallet. The technology of mixing transactions and the method of increasing the anonymity of CoinJoin have been described. The authors have revealed the possibilities of separate services intended for the analysis of cryptocurrency transactions (Maltego, Bitconeview, Bitiodine, OpReturnTool, Blockchain.info, Anyblockanalytics.com, Chainalysis, Elliptic, Ciphertrace, Blockchain Inspector). The process of risk assessment and construction of visual chains of cryptocurrency transactions has been demonstrated on the example of the “Crystal Expert” service. Different types of bitcoin addresses’ holders and risk levels have been described. The main and additional investigation tools used on the “Crystal Expert” platform have been revealed. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors have defined the main tasks for law enforcement agencies at the current stage of development of cryptocurrency. The basic requirements for tools designed for cryptocurrency analysis have been outlined. The authors have suggested some measures of law enforcement agencies’ respond to threats related to cryptocurrency.

scholarly journals Review of Regulatory Legal Acts in the Field of Science Regulation (01.01.2021 – 01.09.2021)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-0
Author(s):  
Andrei Serebriakov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Current State ◽  
Science Regulation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Federal Laws ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rule Making

Rule-making on the regulation of science is actively developing. Every year, the state authorities adopt an administrative number of acts regulating various aspects of the activities of the scientific community. Often, documents introduce editorial changes, but some of them contain new provisions that significantly change the life of a scientist. For this reason, it is important to always be aware of the current state of the regulatory legal framework on the regulation of science, to understand the agenda of this process. The review contains information on the main regulatory legal acts on the regulation of the scientific and technical sphere for eight months of 2021. The documents are divided into groups according to their legal force: federal laws; decrees of the President of the Russian Federation; acts of the Government of the Russian Federation; departmental regulations of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation; recommendations of the Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia.

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