Análise do Panorama da Poluição Atmosférica no Município de São Paulo e os Impactos na Saúde Cardiorrespiratória

A poluição do ar pode provocar diversas doenças, como respiratórias e cardiovasculares, levando ao aumento da morbimortalidade. Este estudo avaliou, no período entre os anos de 2003 a 2013, para o município de São Paulo, os impactos causados à saúde cardiorrespiratória da população em decorrência da poluição atmosférica. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e estatísticas, como a correlação de Pearson e o modelo linear generalizado com distribuição de Poisson, para verificar as associações entre poluentes (Ozônio - O3 e Material Particulado com diâmetro até 10mm - PM10) e a mortalidade por doenças cardiorrespiratórias. Foi também objetivo deste trabalho analisar as concentrações desses poluentes e sua relação aos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação nacional e recomendações mundiais. Os resultados indicaram o aumento, no risco relativo, para óbito por doença cardiovascular e respiratória, de 2,162% e 4,040%, respectivamente, para exposições ao PM10. Para exposição ao O3 o risco é aumentado em 0,464% e 0,786%, para óbitos por doenças cardiovasculares e respiratórias, respectivamente. Os resultados deste trabalho reforçam que a poluição do ar promove efeitos adversos, o que implica em perdas econômicas, sociais e à saúde da população. Portanto, políticas públicas que visem à diminuição das emissões de poluentes são imprescindíveis, assim como a revisão dos padrões de qualidade do ar, pelos órgãos competentes.Palavras-Chave: Poluição do Ar; Doenças Cardiorespiratórias; Padrões de Qualidade do ar; Ozônio, Material Particulado.AbstractAir pollution can cause several diseases, such as respiratory and cardiovascular, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. This study evaluated the impacts to population´s cardiorespiratory health due to air pollution in the period between 2003 and 2013 in the city of São Paulo. Descriptive and statistical analyzes were performed, such as Pearson correlation and the generalized linear model according to Poisson distribution, to verify the associations between pollutants (Ozone - O3 and Particulate Material with diameter up to 10mm - PM10) and mortality by cardiorespiratory diseases. It was also this study objective to analyze the concentrations of these pollutants and their relation to the standards established by national legislation and world recommendations. The results indicated an increase, in relative risk, for death due to cardiovascular and respiratory disease, of 2.162% and 4.040%, respectively, for PM10 exposures. For exposure to O3, the risk is increased by 0.464% and 0.786% for deaths by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, respectively. This work results reinforce that air pollution promotes adverse effects, which implies economic, social and population’s health losses. Therefore, public policies aimed at reducing pollutant emissions are essential, as is the review of air quality standards by competent entities.Keywords: Air Pollution; Cardiorespiratory Diseases; Air Quality Levels; Ozone; Particulate Matter

Download Full-text

Characterization of Air-Quality Degradation Episodes of PM10 in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo and Their Relationship with Meteorological Conditions

Environmental Sciences Proceedings ◽

10.3390/ecas2020-08143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Maria C. Q. D. Oliveira ◽

Luciana V. Rizzo ◽

Anita Drumond

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

São Paulo ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Duration Distribution ◽

Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Air pollution is one of the main environmental problems in large urban centers, affecting people’s health and impacting quality of life. The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) presents frequent exceedances of air-quality standards in inhalable particulate matter (PM10), a consequence of pollutant emissions modulated by meteorological conditions. This study aims to identify and characterize PM10persistent exceedance events (PEE) inthe MASP between 2005 and 2017, relating them to meteorological conditions. The criteria used to select the events were: (i) events that occurred in at least 50% of the air-quality monitoring stations chosen for this study and, (ii) among the events that met the first criterion, those with a duration equal to or greater than five days, which correspond to the 80% percentile of the event duration distribution. A total 71 persistent episodes of exceedance were selected. The results show that the exceedance of PM10 lasted up to 14 consecutive days and was predominant in the austral winter, accompanied by an increase in maximum temperature (T), a decrease in wind speed (WS) and relative humidity (RH), and a wind direction predominantly from the northwest during the peak concentration of the pollutant. On average, a concentration increase of 60% was observed at the peak of the PEE.

Download Full-text

Socioeconomic inequalities and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00168412 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 119-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mateus Habermann ◽

Míriam Souza ◽

Rogério Prado ◽

Nelson Gouveia

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Health Concern ◽

Traffic Density ◽

São Paulo ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Air pollution is a leading public health concern. In addition, poor populations have been reported as showing increased exposure to such pollution. The current study thus aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic status of the population exposed to vehicle-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The study used data from the 2010 Census on head-of-household’s mean monthly income and the percentage of households connected to the sewage system. Exposure to air pollutants was estimated according to traffic density in the census tract plus a 200m surrounding buffer. The relationship between exposure and socioeconomic variables was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Exposure increased with increasing socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). The population with the highest socioeconomic status lives in the most polluted areas of the city. However, place of residence alone is not capable of measuring exposure. The study suggests that future epidemiological studies include other indicators of vulnerability.

Download Full-text

Effects of Air Pollution on Human Health and Costs: Current Situation in São Paulo, Brazil

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12124875 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 4875 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José Carlos Curvelo Santana ◽

Amanda Carvalho Miranda ◽

Charles Lincoln Kenji Yamamura ◽

Silvério Catureba da Silva Filho ◽

Elias Basile Tambourgi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Quality ◽

Respiratory Diseases ◽

Hospital Costs ◽

Quality Standards ◽

Quality Standard ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

São Paulo ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Diesel Vehicles

This study focused on verifying whether the emission of air pollutants in São Paulo increases the costs and number of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in Brazil. Data on pollutant emissions, hospitalizations, and hospital costs were collected from 2008 to 2017 and correlated with air quality standards. The results showed that the concentration of particulate matter increased each year during the study period and was highly correlated with hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases. Ozone (O3) was within the quality standard throughout the study period but registered an increase in the mean and a positive correlation with hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases. The carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels were within the quality standards throughout the study period with a decrease in the last years studied, but showed a positive correlation with hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases. The pollutant emissions and hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases had an inverse relationship with the monthly rainfall curve for São Paulo, which indicates that rainfall tended to reduce pollutant emissions and consequently hospitalizations due to inhalation of these pollutants. Because costs are directly associated with hospitalizations, both increased during the study period—302,000 hospitalizations at an average cost of 368 USD resulted in a total cost of 111 million USD. To reduce these costs, Brazil should implement stricter policies to improve the air quality of its major cities and develop a viable alternative to diesel vehicles.

Download Full-text

90 Days of COVID-19 Social Distancing and Its Impacts on Air Quality and Health in Sao Paulo, Brazil

10.20944/preprints202008.0022.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Daniela Debone ◽

Mariana da Costa ◽

Simone Miraglia

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Quality Improvement ◽

Air Quality ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Premature Deaths ◽

Health Loss ◽

Air Quality Improvement ◽

Concentration Levels

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by spreading rapidly a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has imposed a unique situation for the humanity. Sao Paulo has reported 124,105 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 5,623 deaths up to June 14th, being considered the epicenter of the pandemic in Brazil and in South America. Due to the measures for social distancing, there was a drop in the air pollution concentration in Sao Paulo. Starting on March 16th, 2020, we broke 90 days of social distancing into 13 weeks and compared to an equivalent period in 2019. We investigated the air quality improvement during the quarantine period and compared the associated avoided deaths to COVID-19 burden deaths. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was the best indicator of air quality in the analyzed weeks, since its reduction reached 58 %. Our study showed that the 5,623 deaths occurred during the analyzed weeks of quarantine represents an economic health loss of US$ 10.5 billion. In opposite, we observed a significant air quality improvement due to pollutants concentrations’ reductions during the analyzed weeks. Considering PM10, PM2.5 and NO2, the decrease of concentration levels respectively avoided 78, 337 and 387 premature deaths and prevented up to US$ 1.5 billion on health costs. These results highlight the importance of continuing to enforce existing air pollution regulations and measures to protect human health both during and after COVID-19 pandemic.

Download Full-text

VARIATIONS OF VEF1 AND PEAK FLOW MEASUREMENTS ON ATOPIC AND NON-ATOPIC CHILDREN ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO URBAN AIR POLLUTION IN THE CITY OF SÄO PAULO, BRAZIL

Epidemiology ◽

10.1097/00001648-200509000-00129 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. S55

Author(s):

J EM Correia ◽

L Claudio ◽

A T Imazawa ◽

J Eluf-Neto

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Peak Flow ◽

Urban Air Pollution ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Urban Air ◽

São Paulo ◽

Flow Measurements ◽

The City

Download Full-text

Evaluation of the Reduction Potential of Pollutant Emissions by Implementing the Start-Stop System in the Internal Combustion Vehicle Fleet of the City of São Paulo, Brazil

Climate Change Management - Water, Energy and Food Nexus in the Context of Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-57235-8_13 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 153-167

Author(s):

Paulo Henrique Fernandes Jeremias ◽

Elaine Virmond

Keyword(s):

Reduction Potential ◽

Internal Combustion ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

São Paulo ◽

Vehicle Fleet ◽

The City

Download Full-text

90 Days of COVID-19 Social Distancing and Its Impacts on Air Quality and Health in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12187440 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 7440 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniela Debone ◽

Mariana V. da Costa ◽

Simone G. E. K. Miraglia

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Quality Improvement ◽

Air Quality ◽

Risk Function ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Significant Drop ◽

Health Crisis ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Air Quality Improvement

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a unique situation for humanity, reaching up to 5623 deaths in Sao Paulo city during the analyzed period of this study. Due to the measures for social distancing, an improvement of air quality was observed worldwide. In view of this scenario, we investigated the air quality improvement related to PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 concentrations during 90 days of quarantine compared to an equivalent period in 2019. We found a significant drop in air pollution of 45% of PM10, 46% of PM2.5, and 58% of NO2, and using a relative-risk function, we estimated that this significant air quality improvement avoided, respectively, 78, 337, and 387 premature deaths, respectively, and prevented approximately US $720 million on health costs. Moreover, we estimated that 5623 deaths by COVID-19 represent an economic health loss of US $10.5 billion. Both health and economic gains associated with air pollution reductions give a positive perspective of the efforts towards keeping air pollution reduced even after the pandemic, highlighting the importance of improving the strategies of air pollution mitigation actions, as well as the crucial role of adopting efficient measures to protect human health both during and after the COVID-19 global health crisis.

Download Full-text