scholarly journals Obraz cara bułgarskiego Samuela w źródłach bizantyńskich (XII w.)

2019 ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
Mirosław J. Leszka
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Significant Figure ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Military Activity ◽  
The Military

Samuel, the ruler of Bulgaria from the turn of the tenth and eleventh centuries is without a doubt a significant figure in the history of his country, having left a clear mark on its relations with the Byzantine Empire. It was he who challenged the Byzantines, who occupied a considerable part of Bulgaria in 971. Over the course of several decades, he was first wrenching Bulgarian territories from the Byzantine hands and subsequently defended his possessions with great determination. It was only several years after his death (1014) that the Bulgarian state fell into Byzantine hands (1018), ushering an almost hundred and seventy yearperiod of its nonexistence – the time of Byzantine captivity. Information included in the 12th‑century Byzantine sources (Nicephor Bryennios, Anna Komnene, John Zonaras, Michael Glykas, The Life of Nikon Metanoeite”), analysed in the present article and relating to Samuel are focused on the two fundamental questions, specifically the circumstances in which he had taken the reins of power and the military activity he conducted against Byzantium. The portrayal of the Bulgarian ruler included therein was on the one hand influenced by the trend present in the Byzantine literature to diminish the successes of the Empire’s enemies by indicating their causes were to be found on the Byzantine side, and on the other by the fact that the Bulgarians became subjects of the Byzantine ruler. Some of them entered into the elite of the Byzantine society, sometimes through familial connections. In these circumstances, it was better to be related to Samuel the Basileus, rather than to Samuel the barbarian.

III. Ancient Arabian Poetry as a Source of Historical Information

1914 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73
Author(s):  
C. J. Lyall
Keyword(s):  
Seventh Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Military Experience ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

The conquest of the Persian and half of the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs, under the banner of Islam in the seventh century, was one of the most extraordinary events in the history of the world. On the one side were ranged the forces of two highly-organized military powers, Imperial New Rome and Imperial Persia, which for over three centuries had been engaged in constant conflict with each other. Although this necessarily tended to exhaust the material resources of the combatants, it would naturally be supposed that it must have given them military experience, and their leaders a training in generalship, adequate to enable them to face with confidence of victory enemies hitherto regarded with contempt as mere barbarians. On the other side we see hosts of men, reared in a country where the conditions of life have always been of the hardest and most precarious, divided by tribal feuds and secular hatreds, poorly armed, with no practice in warfare against disciplined foes, and with no allies to swell their legions. Yet from the beginning the progress of the Arabs was one of almost uninterrupted success.

scholarly journals Researching the History of Chinese Logic

Asian Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Qingtian Cui
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Chinese Logic ◽  
Short Presentation

During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the progressive intellectuals, who were confronted with the all-embracing crisis of Chinese society, yearned to find the new truth within the Western ideas on the one hand, and the works of the classical Chinese philosophy of the pre-Qin era on the other. These social and historical circumstances started the research into the history of Chinese logic. In the process of these investigations, it soon became clear that more appropriate methodologies were needed to explore Chinese logic, as those used for researching Western logic were not suitable for the task. The revival and modernization of such methods took place in the latter half of the 20th century, and one of the most important figures in these processes was Professor Wen Gongyi, who was hence one of the pioneers of modern research into the history of Chinese logic. Therefore, the present article also offers a short presentation of his biography and his contributions to the development of the research into traditional Chinese logic.

scholarly journals Military and Diplomatic History of the Khalkhin Gol War of 1939: New Concept of Mongolian Historian and Government Leader - R. Bold (Review of R. Bolds book «Limited War: The Military-Diplomatic History of the Battle at the Khalkhin Gol River». Moscow, The whole world, 2019. 568 p.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-176
Author(s):  
Yuriy Kuzmin ◽  
Alexander Sukhodolov ◽  
Avirmed Davaasuren
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diplomatic History ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Limited War ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Government Leader ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military

More than 80 years have passed since notorious military events on the Khalkhin-Gol river in which four states took part: on the one hand, Japan and Manchukuo, on the other, the USSR and Mongolia. International scientific conferences were timed to coincide with this event, a lot of research was done, and relevant scientific papers were published. One of them was the book of Doctor of Historical Science R. Bold, «Limited War: The Military Diplomatic History of the Battle of the Khalkhin-Gol River», published by the Whole World Publishing House (2019 - 568 pp.), which proposed a slightly different interpretation of the historical battles at the Khalkhin-Gol river (May-September 1939). This article is a brief analysis of this book and a kind of review of it.

scholarly journals Portugal en los albores de la modernidad científica (siglo XVI)

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-152
Author(s):  
Onésimo T. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In following a sequence of articles published in the last thirty years which discuss, on the one hand, a series of Portuguese exaggerations, and on the other, attempt to shed contemporary historiographic light on some important omissions regarding the era in which Portugal its discoveries, the present article discusses what are currently understood as the Portuguese contributions to scientific modernity. Though this recognition is generally accepted by Portuguese historians, this article locates these accomplishments within the global framework of the development of a scientific mentality and methodology, and within the general history of science.

On Some 12th and 13th Century Doctrines of Restriction

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain de Libera
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Tense Operators ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
White Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

Summary The problem of the variation of the truth-status of the propositions over time is one of the favourite topics of the logicians as soon as the end of the XIIth century. The aim of the present article is to acknowledge the various theories of restriction provided in the 12th and 13th centuries, to solve semantic problems by means of contextual determination. Given the texts presently available, up to seven different doctrines are accounted for, depending on whether or not subjects and predicates, on the one hand, substantial and accidental terms, on the other hand, are actually distinguished. Among those doctrines, particular attention is paid to that of the so-called Dialectica Mona-censis. This anonymous treatise, dating from the last decades of the 12th century, introduces two different theories. The first one suffers from a discrepancy between the content of the rules of restriction through present, past and future tense verbs and that of the various conditions laid down in these rules. Thus, though substantial and accidental terms have theoretically the same supposition, whether they be subjects or predicates, in each different tensed form of the verbs, the author practically draws a line between substantial terms like ‘homo’ and accidental ones, like ‘album’. As a matter of fact, the truth of the proposition “homo curret” at instant S (Reichenbach’s ‘point of speech’) necessarily entails that of “homo currit” at instant E (the ‘point of event’), but this is not the case with ‘album’ in “album curret”, since that which is now white (point S) might very well be no longer white at time E. Those difficulties determine a second theory which offers a more satisfying account of the difference between substantial and accidental terms. Finally, a comparison is made between the first theory in the Dialectica and William of Sherwood’s account of the compounded and divided senses of the propositions, and a parallel is suggested with modern paraphrases using A. N. Prior’s tense operators.

scholarly journals The 1623 Plan for Global Governance: the obscure history of its reception

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-160
Author(s):  
GERMAN A. DE LA REZA
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Global Governance ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limited Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One

Abstract In the present article we analyze the characteristics and the reception of the first plan for global governance, the New Cyneas by Émeric Crucé. With this goal in mind, we examine the history of its readings and the possible influence on the Duke of Sully's project for European confederation, the case most often cited by historians of ideas. Our analysis takes into consideration the 17th century reception, the scant dissemination of the work and the possible causes of its limited impact. Our conclusions support, on the one hand, the novelty of Crucé's principal ideas, and on the other, their limited impact over the time with the exception of the period surrounding the creation of the League of Nations.

scholarly journals Byzantine Military Pragmatism vs. Imperial Prejudice: Possible Reasons for Omitting the Armenians from the List of Hostiles in Maurice’s “Strategikon”

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1 (8)) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Armen Ayvazyan
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The One

Strategikon which is ascribed to Maurice Emperor (582‒602) was an important strategic and tactical manual designed for the Byzantine Military. The work contains a special chapter which, as the author claims, analyses the tactics and features of the peoples who are able to harm the Byzantine Empire. Persians, Scythians, i.e. Avars, Turks and other fair-haired peoples, including Franks, Lombards and Slavic nations are mentioned in the chapter. Each of the ethnically different nations is given an objective and sometimes a rather high evaluation of their military abilities and features on the one hand and in proportion to its empirical prejudice, on the other hand. Surprisingly, Armenians, who had fought against the Byzantine troops on numerous occasions both independently and more often as an ally of Iran or its subordinate forces, were not included in the list of the enemy nations or potential opponent nations in Strategikon. The present article examines the Armenian–Byzantine relations in the time period and suggests possible reasons for removing Armenians from the list of the potential enemies.

scholarly journals Armenia and the Land of the Mazkut‘ (3rd–5th Centuries AD): Written Sources and Archaeological Data

Electrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 221-244
Author(s):  
Murtazali S. Gadjiev
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Strategic Value ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
Written Sources

Since the early 4th century, ancient Armenian authors (P‘awstos Buzand, Movsēs Xorenac‘i, Agat‘angełos, Movsēs Dasxuranc‘i, the Ašxarac‘oyc) begin to mention the Land of the Mazk‘ut‘ (Arm. ašharh Mazk‘t‘acʻ), located in the East Caucasus. The Sarmato-Alan burial mounds of plain Daghestan of the 3rd–5th centuries (Lvov, Palasa-Syrt, etc.) are attributed to this ethnic community. In 216 AD these tribes invaded Armenia through the Derbent pass (Arm. durn Čoray) (Khorenatsi 2,65), and took part in the Armenian-Iranian war in the middle of the 3rd century. At the beginning of the 4th century the post of “bdeašx from the Mazk‘ut‘s” (Agatangełos. 874) appears in administrative apparatus of Armenia, which shows the military and strategic value of the Land of Mazk‘ut‘s. At the same time, the family dynastic ties are apparently established between the ruling houses of Armenia and the kingdom of the Mazk‘ut‘ (Ašxen, Ašxadar, Trdat, Sanesan, Xosrow). The importance of this kingdom can be seen by the events of the 330s’—the struggle for the Armenian throne after the king Trdat’s death in c. 330 AD, in which the different tribes led by Sanesan, the King of the Mazk‘ut‘, took active part. The discontinuance of the Mazk‘ut‘ burial mounds in the middle of the 5th century might be explained, on the one hand, by the possible annexation of the Mazk‘ut‘ by the Huns during the invasion of Transcaucasia and the seizure of the Derbent pass in circa 440 AD; on the other hand, by the subsequent forceful displacement of the Mazk‘ut‘s and the Huns from the territory to the south of Derbent along with the strengthening of Sasanian Iran in the East Caucasus in the 440s’ and regain of control over the Derbent pass, which can be traced both in written sources (Ełishe, History of Karka de Beth Selok) and fortification monuments (mud-brick fortifications of Derbent and Torpakh-kala).

scholarly journals The Cemeteries and Grave Finds of Győr and Moson Counties from the Time of the Hungarian Conquest and the Early Árpádian Age

2013 ◽  
pp. 331-338
Author(s):  
Ciprián Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Present Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Phd Thesis

Abstract of PhD thesis submitted in 2013 to the Archaeology Doctoral Programme, Doctoral School of History, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest under the supervision of Tivadar Vida. The dissertation examines the burials of the territory of two counties, Győr and Moson in the west of the Hungarian Principality in the age of the Hungarian Conquest, and the Hungarian Kingdom in the Early Árpádian Age. Their analysis will be the ground for sketching the picture of the territory in the 10th-11th centuries. First the period’s sites are presented, then the assessment of individual phenomena and object types follows, providing ground for the examinations of the history of settlements, which partly leads through the examination of the borderland character of the territory. The territory of the former two counties forms the geographical frames. The temporal frames are formed by, on the one hand, the occupation of Transdanubia in – according to our present knowledge – 900 and on the other hand, the end of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th century.

Theodor W. Adorno

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colby Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
History Of Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In his somewhat controversial book Remnants of Auschwitz, Agamben makes brief reference to Theodor Adorno’s apparently contradictory remarks on perceptions of death post-Auschwitz, positions that Adorno had taken concerning Nazi genocidal actions that had seemed also to reflect something horribly errant in the history of thought itself. There was within such murderous acts, he had claimed, a particular degradation of death itself, a perpetration of our humanity bound in some way to affect our perception of reason itself. The contradictions regarding Auschwitz that Agamben senses to be latent within Adorno’s remarks involve the intuition ‘on the one hand, of having realized the unconditional triumph of death against life; on the other, of having degraded and debased death. Neither of these charges – perhaps like every charge, which is always a genuinely legal gesture – succeed in exhausting Auschwitz’s offense, in defining its case in point’ (RA 81). And this is the stance that Agamben wishes to hammer home quite emphatically vis-à-vis Adorno’s limitations, ones that, I would only add, seem to linger within Agamben’s own formulations in ways that he has still not come to reckon with entirely: ‘This oscillation’, he affirms, ‘betrays reason’s incapacity to identify the specific crime of Auschwitz with certainty’ (RA 81).

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