Aspek Klinis dan Diagnosis Kandidiasis Vulvovaginal

Candidiasis vulvovaginal is an infection of the vaginal and vulva area caused by yeast Candida. The most causative species is Candida albicans. This fungus is commensal in the vagina but it can become a pathogen, causing the infection under certain conditions. Several conditions can be risk factors for this infection. Women are mostly getting infections, especially of productive age. Complaints experienced cause disturbances in the form of itching accompanied by abnormal vaginal discharge. The clinician can make diagnostics based on anamnesis, clinical and microscopic examination. This paper provides information about the causes, risk factors, clinical symptoms, and laboratory testing.

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Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and its risk factors in HIV/AIDS patients with abnormal vaginal discharge

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine ◽

10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60059-x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 156-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Samuel Nwadioha ◽

Daniel Egah ◽

Edmond Banwat ◽

Julie Egesie ◽

Ifeanyi Onwuezobe

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bacterial Vaginosis ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Aids Patients ◽

Abnormal Vaginal Discharge ◽

Hiv Aids

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Risk Factors of Preinvasive and Invasive Cervical Cancer

Nepal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ◽

10.3126/njog.v10i2.14337 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 45-49

Author(s):

P Shrestha ◽

P Koirala ◽

M Singh

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cervical Cancer ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

P Value ◽

History Of ◽

Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the risk factors of preinvasive and invasive cervical cancer.Methods: This was a prospective hospital based case control study conducted from April 2012 to April 2013, which included 91 patients in each group. Among cases, 34 were Cervical Cancer and 57 were Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. Simple random method was adopted for selecting patients. Prefixed questionnaire was used. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 19.0.Results: In multivariate analysis, history of abnormal vaginal discharge and cigarette smoking were significantly associated with cervical cancer (p value of 0.001 and 0.003 respectively) and Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (p <0.001). Whereas, early age at first sexual intercourse ≤ 16 years and more than one sexual partner of husband had only borderline significance for Cervical cancer (p value 0.049 and 0.038 respectively).Conclusions: Cigarette smoking and abnormal vaginal discharge were significantly associated with cervical cancer.

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Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Patients presenting with Vaginal Discharge in a Sri Lankan Setting

Journal of SAFOG with DVD ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1400 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 123-126

Author(s):

Manjula Manoji Weerasekera ◽

TD Chinthika P Gunasekara ◽

Janani Kottachchi ◽

Tishani Methsela Wijesuriya ◽

Achala Bogahawatta

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis ◽

Ethical Review ◽

Sri Lankan ◽

Chi Square ◽

Associated Risk Factors

ABSTRACT Background Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common infection among women. Due to the emerging role of nonalbicans Candida in VVC, it is important to periodically investigate the proportions of infection caused by different Candida species and antifungal resistance patterns. Aims This study aims to determine the frequency of occurrence of VVC in women presenting with vaginal discharge, possible risk factors associated with the disease, and antifungal susceptibility pattern of the isolates of Candida. Materials and methods High vaginal swabs from 158 women presenting with vaginal discharge at the gynecology clinic of Colombo South Teaching Hospital were studied. Ethical approval was granted from the Ethical Review Committee of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura (No.: 722/13). After species identification, antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using a standard disk diffusion technique. Probable risk factors for the infection were assessed using an intervieweradministered questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), using chi-square tests. All inferential statistics were tested at p < 0.05. Results Candida albicans was isolated in 34 patients (22%), and Candida famata was isolated from one patient. All direct microscopy-positive specimens were also culture positive. All the isolates were susceptible to antifungals tested. Among the study population, oral contraceptives (OCP) were used in 11% (n = 17) of patients (p = 0.001). Fourteen (40%) of 35 Candida positive patients had diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05). Conclusion Candida albicans was the commonest species isolated from VVC in a Sri Lankan setting. The infection can safely be treated with commonly used antifungals. Diabetes mellitus and use of OCP are associated risk factors. How to cite this article Weerasekera MM, Gunasekara TDCP, Fernando N, Kottachchi J, Wijesuriya TM, Bogahawatta A, Pathiraja R. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Patients presenting with Vaginal Discharge in a Sri Lankan Setting. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(2):123-126.

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‘Mycoplasma hominis does not share common risk factors with other genital pathogens’: Findings from a South African pregnant cohort

Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4102/sajid.v36i1.207 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Meleshni Naicker ◽

Fazana Dessai ◽

Ravesh Singh ◽

Nireshni Mitchev ◽

Partson Tinarwo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

South African ◽

Genital Tract ◽

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Infection Status ◽

Tract Pathogen ◽

Common Risk Factors ◽

Abnormal Vaginal Discharge

Background: The role of Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) as a genital tract pathogen was still debatable. This study identified the risk factors associated with the prevalence of M. hominis in South African pregnant women.Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis of n = 221 prenatal patients attending a Durban hospital during November 2017 to April 2018. M. hominis was detected from urine samples using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The population characteristics were described using frequencies stratified by the infection status of M. hominis. In addition, a univariate analysis was used to assess the relationship between each risk factor and infection status. The analysis further considered logistic regression to assess the influence of these risk factors univariately and in the presence of other factors. The coinfection rate between M. hominis and bacterial vaginosis (BV), Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium) and Candida species was also determined. All the tests were conducted at 5% level of significance.Results: The prevalence of M. hominis in this study population was 48% (106/221). In the univariate analysis, factors significantly associated with M. hominis positivity included having past abnormal vaginal discharge (p = 0.037), having current abnormal vaginal discharge (p = 0.010) and a borderline significance (p = 0.052), which were noted for previous pre-term delivery. However, none of these factors were sustained in the multivariate analysis. There was a statistically significant association between M. hominis and BV positivity (p 0.001). Similarly, M. hominis and M. genitalium positivity was significant (p = 0.006).Conclusion: This study showed that M. hominis does not share common risk factors with known genital tract pathogens in a population of pregnant women and therefore cannot be considered a genital tract pathogen.

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Reasoning of medical tactics at the preconception in patients with a history of miscarriage and abnormal vaginal discharge

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2016.112.52 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 52-56

Author(s):

N.V. Schuruk ◽

◽

V.I. Pyrohova ◽

Keyword(s):

Vaginal Discharge ◽

Patient Survey ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Control Group ◽

Positive Trend ◽

Duration Of Treatment ◽

Genital Infections ◽

Reproductive Losses ◽

Abnormal Vaginal Discharge ◽

Complicated Pregnancy

The objective: evaluating the effectiveness and safety of the drug complex hinekit during preconception preparation for women with complicated pregnancy loss history and uncomplicated mixed genital infections. Patients and methods. The study involved 65 women with reproductive losses in history, who turned over the abnormal vaginal discharge. Diagnosis of sexual transmitted infections (C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, HSV-II, HPV), assessment of vaginal microbiota was performed by PCR with detection results in real time. Bacterial Vaginosis verified by the Amsel system. Results. All the examinees in the history have miscarriage in the first (56.9%) or the second (43.1%) trimester of pregnancy. According to the results of the patient survey were divided into clinical groups. In 26.2% of women infectious pathology of the lower genital tract has not been confirmed, 26.2% of patients did not give consent to participate in the study and were formed in the control group that received therapy according to existing clinical settings. 31 patients with mixed genital infection (study group) received complex preparation gіnekit. This positive trend was observed in all the patients of the main group (the disappearance of subjective sensations on average 2.2±0.3 hours). After treatment T. vaginalis, BV were not detected in one patient, active mycotic process in the absence of complaints remained at 4.8% of women, complete eradication of C. trachomatis was achieved in 92.3% of patients. Conclusions. Reducing the duration of treatment of mixed genital infections at the preconception in women with reproductive losses in the history is achieved in terms of clinical, microbiological and pharmaco-economic benefits by prescribtion an gіnekit preparation. Summary of clinical and microbiological effects of the proposed approach is 96.0 ± 0.9%, which corresponds to all requirements for multimodal therapy of genital infections, and no side effects, short course of treatment provides a high compliance of patients (9.2±0.7 points). Key words: mixed genital infections, miscarriages, gіnekit, azithromycin, fluconazole, seknidazol.

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Bladder dysfunction in women with diabetes mellitus

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2019.6_7.5 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 34-40

Author(s):

Thi Bich Ngoc Hoang ◽

Hai Thuy Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Bladder Dysfunction ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Residual Volume ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Diabetic Cystopathy ◽

Postvoid Residual ◽

Postvoid Residual Volume

Introduction: Lower urinary tract dysfunctions secondary to type 2 DM are common, chronic and costly disorders. The incidence of diabetic bladder dysfunction was estimated range between 43% and 87% for type 1 and 25% for type 2 diabetes. Ultrasonography is an easy-to-use, fast, safe, non-invasive, painless, pleasant and valuable method of assessing Bladder Post-Void Residual Volume (PVR). Aim: To investigate prevalence of bladder dysfunction and its relation with risk factors, clinical features of diabetic cystopathy in women with diabetes, to identify the values predicting to have postvoid residual volume of the risk factors. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study, a cohort of 84 female inpatients and outpatients with diabetes mellitus who were treated at Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy Hospital from 08/2017 to 08/2019 and 84 healthy control subjects were enrolled, the patients were carried out clinical finding, taken blood tests, and estimated postvoid residual volume using 2D ultrasound. Results: the postvoid residual volume was presented in 67 cases (79.80%), the clinical symptoms of diabetic cystopathy were reported in 75% of women with diabetes. Blood glucose, HbA1c, clinical symptoms of diabetic cystopathy, postural hypotension and diabetic peripheral neuropathy were associated with postvoid residual volume. The HbA1c level had a great capability to predict who had postvoid residual volume, at HbA1c cutoff value of 9.1%, Se 65.67%, Sp 94.12%, AUC 0.811, p < 0.001. Conclusion: Bladder dysfunction made up a highly prevalent in women with poor glycemic control. Key words: bladder dysfunction, diabetic cystopathy, bladder postvoid residual volume (PVR)

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Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Those 65 and Older: Rates of Detection, Risk Factors, Vaccine Effectiveness, Hospitalisation and Mortality

Geriatrics ◽

10.3390/geriatrics6010013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Roger E. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Nursing Home ◽

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Pneumococcal Disease ◽

Pneumococcal Pneumonia ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Family Members ◽

Vaccination Rates

Pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in seniors worldwide. Incidence rates and serious outcomes worsen with increasing frailty, numbers of risk factors and decreasing immune competence with increasing age. Literature reviews in Medline and Embase were performed for pneumococcal disease incidence, risk factors, vaccination rates and effectiveness in the elderly. The introduction of protein-conjugated pneumoccal vaccines (PCV) for children markedly reduced IPD and PP in seniors, but serotypes not included in vaccines and with previously low levels increased. Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV23) vaccination does not change nasal and pharyngeal carriage rates. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates in seniors are below guideline levels, especially in older seniors and nursing home staff. Pneumococcal and influenza carriage and vaccination rates of family members, nursing home health care workers and other contacts are unknown. National vaccination programmes are effective in increasing vaccination rates. Detection of IPD and PP initially depend on clinical symptoms and new chest X ray infiltrates and then varies according to the population and laboratory tests used. To understand how seniors and especially older seniors acquire PP and IPD data are needed on pneumococcal disease and carriage rates in family members, carers and contacts. Nursing homes need reconfiguring into small units with air ventilation externally from all rooms to minimise respiratory disease transmission and dedicated staff for each unit to minimise transmision of infectious diseaases.

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The Most Important Risk Factors for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Journal of Zabol Medical School ◽

10.18502/jzms.v4i3.7821 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Asghar Sharifi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ◽

Carpal Tunnel ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Shape Index ◽

Mean Values ◽

Tunnel Syndrome ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Hand Length

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome and its relationship with the severity of the disease. Methods: A total of 131 patients with clinical symptoms of CTS and 131 normal subjects were enrolled, of whom 121 were female both in the CTS cases and the controls. All cases were electro diagnostically confirmed and assigned to three severity groups. BMI, wrist ratio, shape index, digit index and hand length/height ratio were measured in all participants. Mean values for each item were compared between cases and controls and severity subgroups. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent CTS risk factors. Results: The mean values of BMI, wrist ratio and shape index were significantly higher in all CTS patients and females compared to controls, whereas in males only BMI and wrist ratio were higher. The patients in the mild severity subgroup had a significantly lower age and wrist ratio. BMI, wrist ratio and shape index were found to be independent risk factors of CTS development in all patients and females. Conclusion: Our study showed BMI, wrist ratio and shape index as independent risk factors for CTS. These findings are important anatomically and clinically and these are the risk factors of anatomical malfunction of the wrist in CTS.

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Candida esophagitis: species distribution and risk factors for infection

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652008000500002 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 50 (5) ◽

pp. 261-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Dimas Alexandre Kliemann ◽

Alessandro Comarú Pasqualotto ◽

Maicon Falavigna ◽

Thiane Giaretta ◽

Luiz Carlos Severo

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Species Distribution ◽

Mixed Infection ◽

Candida Species ◽

Medical Centre ◽

Oral Candidosis ◽

Candida Esophagitis ◽

Predisposing Conditions

Although Candida albicans is the main cause of fungal esophagitis, other species such as C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. stellatoidea have also been implicated. Several studies have identified risk factors for C. albicans esophagitis. However, data for non-C. albicans species is still sparse. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of Candida esophagitis in our medical centre over an 18-month period. Additionally, we aimed to investigate predisposing conditions for esophageal candidosis caused by different Candida species. A total of 21,248 upper gastroscopies were performed in Santa Casa Complexo Hospitalar between January 2005 and July 2006. The prevalence of Candida esophagitis was 0.74% (n = 158). C. albicans caused the vast majority of infections (96.2%), followed by C. tropicalis (2.5%), C. lusitaniae (0.6%) and C. glabrata (0.6%). There were 81 women (51.3%) and 77 men (48.7%). No case of mixed infection occurred. Concomitant oral candidosis was documented for 10.8% (n = 17). Most of cases (55.1%) involved outpatients. Around one fifth of patients in our cohort had no identifiable risk factors for esophageal candidosis (20.8%). Since nearly all infections were caused by C. albicans we were not able to determine risk factors for esophagitis caused by other Candida species.

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