Trade-Offs Between the Top-Down and Bottom-Up School Education Management Models: The Implementation of School Development Planning in Western China

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 36-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Development Planning ◽  
School Education ◽  
School Development ◽  
Western China ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Education Management ◽  
Management Models ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Carbonaceous aerosols in China: top-down constraints on primary sources and estimation of secondary contribution

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 28219-28272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.-M. Fu ◽  
J. J. Cao ◽  
X. Y. Zhang ◽  
S. C. Lee ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Western China ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Emission Estimate

Abstract. We simulate elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) aerosols in China and compare model results to surface measurements at Chinese rural and background sites, with the goal of deriving "top-down" emission estimates of EC and OC, as well as better quantifying the secondary sources of OC. We include in the model state-of-the-science Chinese "bottom-up" emission inventories for EC (1.92 Tg C yr−1) and OC (3.95 Tg C yr−1), as well as updated secondary OC formation pathways. The average simulated annual mean EC concentration at rural and background site is 1.1 μg C m−3, 56% lower than the observed 2.5 μg C m−3. The average simulated annual mean OC concentration at rural and background sites is 3.4 μg C m−3, 76% lower than the observed 14 μg C m−3. Multiple regression to fit surface monthly mean EC observations at rural and background sites yields best estimate of Chinese EC source of 3.05 ± 0.78 Tg C yr−1. Based on the top-down EC emission estimate and observed seasonal primary OC/EC ratios, we estimate Chinese OC total emissions to be 6.67 ± 1.30 Tg C yr−1. Using these top-down estimates, the simulated average annual mean EC concentration at rural and background sites significantly improved to 1.9 μg C m−3. However, the model still significantly underestimates observed OC in all seasons (simulated average annual mean OC at rural and background sites is 5.4 μg C m−3), with little skill in capturing the spatiotemporal variability. Secondary formation accounts for 21% of Chinese annual mean surface OC in the model, with isoprene being the most important precursor. In summer, as high as 62% of the observed surface OC may be due to secondary formation in eastern China. Our analysis points to three shortcomings in the current bottom-up inventories of Chinese carbonaceous aerosols: (1) the anthropogenic source is severely underestimated, particularly for OC; (2) there is a missing source in western China, likely associated with the use of biofuels or other low-quality fuels for heating; and (3) sources in fall are not well represented, either because the seasonal shifting of emissions and/or secondary formation are poorly captured or because specific fall emission events are missing. More regional measurements with better spatiotemporal coverage are needed to resolve these shortcomings.

scholarly journals Efektivitas E-Musrenbang di Kota Surabaya dalam Sistem Perencanaan Pembangunan Berparadigma Masyarakat

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Novy Setia Yunas
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Important Lesson ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government

The success of the development in a region will be greatly determined by the quality of development planning. As planning became the sign posts are clear about what the needs of the citizens with has clear and measurable targets. Development Planning System emphasizes a combination of approaches between top-down and bottom up, which emphasizes the ways aspirational and participatory, so it is realized through the process of development planning or deliberation Musrenbang neighborhood start at various levels up to nationwide. This paper is the result of research that are descriptive studies library which describes the process of implementing E-Musrenbang in Surabaya with a variety of problems. E-Musrenbang successfully applied in Surabaya at least be innovations in development  planning system in which during this society wants a forum or social contacts among citizens with the Government in regional development planning. The application of the system of E-Musrenbang in Surabaya became an important lesson for the construction paradigm of society, where society is not only made of the objects but rather the subject of development. Keberhasilan pembangunan di suatu wilayah ditentukan oleh kualitas perencanaan pembangunannya. Sebagaimana perencanaan menjadi penunjuk arah yang jelas tentang apa yang menjadi kebutuhan warga dengan target yang jelas dan terukur. Sistem perencanaan menekankan kombinasi pendekatan antara top-down dan bottom-up, yang lebih menekankan cara-cara aspiratif dan partisipatif, sehingga hal tersebut diwujudkan melalui proses musyawarah perencanaan pembangunan atau Musrenbang di berbagai tingkatan mulai kelurahan hingga Nasional. Tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang bersifat deskriptif dengan studi kepustakaan yang menjelaskan proses pelaksanaan E- Musrenbang di Surabaya dengan berbagai permasalahannya. Sistem E- Musrenbang yang berhasil diterapkan di Kota Surabaya setidaknya menjadi inovasi dalam sistem perencanaan pembangunan dimana selama ini masyarakat menginginkan sebuah forum atau kontak sosial antara warga dengan pemerintah dalam perencanaan pembangunan daerah. Penerapan sistem E- Musrenbang di Kota Surabaya menjadi sebuah pelajaran penting bagi perencanaan pembangunan berparadigma masyarakat, dimana masyarakat tidak hanya dijadikan objek melainkan subjek pembangunan. 

scholarly journals Kajian Daerah Resiko Sanitasi Kabupaten Pekalongan (Penerapan Metode EHRA) Sudi Kasus: Kecamatan Kedungwuni

Teknika ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Agus Sarwo edi Sudrajat
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
Community Behavior ◽  
The Village

<p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p>Sanitation is one of the basic urban infrastructure and requires special attention in its management. The causes of poor sanitation conditions in Indonesia are weak sanitation development planning: not integrated, misdirected, not according to needs, and unsustainable, as well as lack of public attention to clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS). The poor sanitation conditions have a negative impact on many aspects of life, ranging from the decline in quality of life, contamination of drinking water sources, increasing number of diarrhea incidents and the emergence of diseases in infants, decreased competitiveness and image, to the economic downturn. One of the efforts to improve sanitation conditions is by preparing a responsive and sustainable sanitation development plan that has principles based on actual data, at the district / city scale, prepared by the local government: from, by and for districts / cities, and incorporating a bottom-up approach up and top-down. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of a sanitary condition including the behavior of people who are at risk for environmental health both in the household and its surroundings so that accurate initial information will be obtained according to reality and can be used as a basis for sanitation risk assessment as well as consideration for policy making sanitation sector. One method used is the EHRA is a participatory study to identify the condition of sanitation, hygiene and community behavior on a household scale. The resulting data can be used for the development of sanitation programs including advocacy in the district / city up to the village. Based on the results of the EHRA analysis, it can be concluded that Kedungwuni District has various sanitation risks. The IRS results indicate that the village with a level of risk: is less risk is 6 villages; moderate risk is 5 villages; high risk is 6 villages and very high risk 2 villages.</p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Sanitasi merupakan salah satu prasarana dasar perkotaan dan memerlukan perhatian yang khusus dalam pengelolaannya. Penyebab buruknya kondisi sanitasi di Indonesia adalah lemahnya perencanaan pembangunan sanitasi: tidak terpadu, salah sasaran, tidak sesuai kebutuhan, dan tidak berkelanjutan, serta kurangnya perhatian masyarakat pada perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS). Buruknya kondisi sanitasi ini berdampak negatif di banyak aspek kehidupan, mulai dari turunnya kualitas hidup, tercemarnya sumber air minum, meningkatnya jumlah kejadian diare dan munculnya penyakit pada balita, turunnya daya saing maupun citra, hingga menurunnya perekonomian. Salah satu upaya memperbaiki kondisi sanitasi adalah dengan menyiapkan sebuah perencanaan pembangunan sanitasi yang responsif dan berkelanjutan serta memiliki prinsipberdasarkan data aktual, berskala kabupaten/kota, disusun sendiri oleh pemerintah daerah: dari, oleh, dan untuk kabupaten/kota, serta menggabungkan pendekatan <em>bottom-up</em> dan <em>top-down</em>. Adapun tujuan dalam studi ini adalah memberikan hasil gambaran dari suatu kondisi sanitasi termasuk perilaku masyarakat yang berisiko terhadap kesehatan lingkungan baik dalam rumah tangga maupun sekitarnya sehingga akan diperoleh informasi awal yang akurat sesuai realita dan dapat dipergunakan sebagai dasar dalam penilaian risiko sanitasi sekaligus pertimbangan bagi pengambilan kebijakan bidang sanitasi. Salah satu metode yang digunakan adalah EHRA yaitu sebuah studi partisipatif di untuk mengenai kondisi sanitasi dan higinitas serta perilaku-perilaku masyarakat pada skala rumah tangga.Data yang dihasilkan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pengembangan program sanitasi termasuk advokasi di kabupaten/kota sampai dengan desa/kelurahan. Berdasarkan hasil analisa EHRA dapat disimpulkan bahwa Kecamatan kedungwuni memiliki resiko sanitasi beragam. Hasil IRS menunjukkan bahwa desa/ kelurahan dengan tingkat resiko: kurang beresiko yaitu 6desa; resiko sedang yaitu 5 desa; resiko tinggi yaitu 6 desa dan resiko sangat tinggi 2 desa.</p>

Thematic Section: Conservation Implications of Social-ecological Change in Southern Africa Exploring the alignment between the bottom-up and top-down objectives of a landscape-scale conservation initiative

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Samantha Mc Culloch-Jones ◽  
Peter Novellie ◽  
Dirk J Roux ◽  
Bianca Currie
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Management ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Landscape Conservation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Trade Offs

Summary Globally, there is a trend towards conserving biodiversity by promoting co-management with multiple stakeholders at landscape scales. Environmental policies emphasize stakeholder engagement in decision-making, yet landscape conservation is typically a bureaucratic–scientific endeavour. Building trusting relationships with stakeholders is key to negotiations that minimize trade-offs and maximize synergies. Incorporating shared stakeholder objectives improves co-management, as they act as incentives for participation and trust development. We explored the degree of alignment between the bottom-up stakeholder objectives and top-down management objectives of a landscape-scale conservation initiative on the West Coast of South Africa. We categorized stakeholders into six affiliations representing governmental, private and community organizations, and using a social-ecological inventory we identified ten shared objectives. Of these objectives, three were shared between all affiliations, namely biodiversity conservation, socioeconomic development and coordination of the landscape approach. The first two aligned with the top-down landscape management objectives and the latter did not. The importance of coordinating landscape approaches in multi-stakeholder landscape-scale initiatives is crucial to long-term success, and we recommend that it be formally included as a landscape management objective. Exploring the alignment between bottom-up and top-down objectives can highlight overlooked functions of co-management and can reduce the transaction costs of sustaining conservation efforts in the long term.

scholarly journals O processo de formação de estratégias de manufatura em empresas brasileiras de médio e pequeno porte

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-475
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Corrêa ◽  
Henrique Luiz Corrêa
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Trade Offs

A presente pesquisa é uma investigação exploratória, com o objetivo de melhor entender os processos de formação da estratégia de manufatura nas empresas brasileiras de médio e pequeno porte. Desenvolve-se uma matriz para o auxílio da tipificação e análise dos processos de formação de estratégias de manufatura, com uma dimensão representando o sentido predominante do processo (top-down ou bottom-up) e a outra, a consideração ou não da existência de trade-offs entre critérios de desempenho no processo de formação das estratégias de manufatura. Essa matriz é então aplicada na análise em profundidade de quatro estudos de caso de empresas brasileiras de médio porte. Conclusões são tiradas sobre como as empresas pesquisadas formam suas estratégias de operação em termos de (a) definição de prioridades competitivas; (b) estabelecimento de objetivos de desempenho para a manufatura; (c) priorização de programas de melhoramentos da manufatura; e (d) definição dos indicadores de eficácia da manufatura. É também proposta, entre outras, hipótese de existência de correlação entre os processos bottom-up de formação das estratégias e a contribuição da manufatura na competitividade da empresa.

scholarly journals Carbonaceous aerosols in China: top-down constraints on primary sources and estimation of secondary contribution

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2725-2746 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.-M. Fu ◽  
J. J. Cao ◽  
X. Y. Zhang ◽  
S. C. Lee ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Western China ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Secondary Formation ◽  
Emission Estimate

Abstract. We simulated elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) aerosols in China and compared model results to surface measurements at Chinese rural and background sites, with the goal of deriving "top-down" emission estimates of EC and OC, as well as better quantifying the secondary sources of OC. We included in the model state-of-the-science Chinese "bottom-up" emission inventories for EC (1.92 TgC yr−1) and OC (3.95 TgC yr−1), as well as updated secondary OC formation pathways. The average simulated annual mean EC concentration at rural and background sites was 1.1 μgC m−3, 56% lower than the observed 2.5 μgC m−3. The average simulated annual mean OC concentration at rural and background sites was 3.4 μgC m−3, 76% lower than the observed 14 μgC m−3. Multiple regression to fit surface monthly mean EC observations at rural and background sites yielded the best estimate of Chinese EC source of 3.05 ± 0.78 TgC yr−1. Based on the top-down EC emission estimate and observed seasonal primary OC/EC ratios, we estimated Chinese OC emissions to be 6.67 ± 1.30 TgC yr−1. Using these top-down estimates, the simulated average annual mean EC concentration at rural and background sites was significantly improved to 1.9 μgC m−3. However, the model still significantly underestimated observed OC in all seasons (simulated average annual mean OC at rural and background sites was 5.4 μgC m−3), with little skill in capturing the spatiotemporal variability. Secondary formation accounts for 21% of Chinese annual mean surface OC in the model, with isoprene being the most important precursor. In summer, as high as 62% of the observed surface OC may be due to secondary formation in eastern China. Our analysis points to four shortcomings in the current bottom-up inventories of Chinese carbonaceous aerosols: (1) the anthropogenic source is underestimated on a national scale, particularly for OC; (2) the spatiotemporal distributions of emissions are misrepresented; (3) there is a missing source in western China, likely associated with the use of biofuels or other low-quality fuels for heating; and (4) sources in fall are not well represented, either because the seasonal shifting of emissions and/or secondary formation are poorly captured or because specific fall emission events are missing. In addition, secondary production of OC in China is severely underestimated. More regional measurements with better spatiotemporal coverage are needed to resolve these shortcomings.

scholarly journals Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian White ◽  
Tony Falkland ◽  
Taaniela Kula
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Supply Planning ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal 6

UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 6 presents difficulties for small island developing states such as the Kingdom of Tonga, which relies on rainwater and groundwater lenses for freshwater supply. Planning and managing water resources to supply demands in dispersed small islands under variable climate and frequent extreme events is challenging. Tensions between water planning using top-down versus bottom-up processes have long been recognized. Tonga’s overarching national planning instrument is the Tonga Strategic Development Framework, 2015-2025 (TSDFII). This identifies desired national outcomes and is used to direct and resource Ministries and address international and regional commitments. Water supply was a low priority in the three-month consultations that led to TSDFII. Community Development Plans (CDPs), developed by rural villages throughout Tonga’s five Island Groups over nine years, involved participation from 80% of each village population who ranked local priorities. Analysis of priorities in 117 available village CDPs reveals improvements to village water supply was the highest overall priority in all five Island Groups and ranked within the top three priorities by 76% of all villages, with women, youth and men returning figures of 83%, 66% and 80% respectively. The mismatch between top-down and bottom-up priorities appears to result from an urban/rural divide.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI TUJUAN DAN SASARAN PEMBANGUNAN DESA KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nellis Mardhiah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Village ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Research to identify goals and objectives for the development of rural areas implemented by local governments in Aceh Barat by law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Indonesian villages. Government Regulation No. 43 of 2014 on regulations implementing the law on the entire territory of Indonesia. The idea in the construction of the village area, to establish an independent village-based autonomy based on decentralization of policy goals of development planning top-down central government and development activities in bottom-up to the local government at the village level that is able to run continuously to carry out nation-building and livelihood both nations in the economic, political, social, cultural and defence security, and science and technology. The qualitative research method with descriptive approach to the phenomenon of primary and secondary data with the results of previous studies based on linkage with rural development. The theory of this study using the theory of decision-making and the development concept that has been implemented through the analysis of rural development top-down or bottom-up. Identify the goals and objectives of rural development is to create an autonomous rural development in a sustainable community economic empowerment. Keywords: Identification, Goals, Objectives, Development, Village

scholarly journals Lessons learnt from a large-scale curriculum reform: The strategies to enhance development work and reduce reform-related stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta Tikkanen ◽  
Kirsi Pyhältö ◽  
Janne Pietarinen ◽  
Tiina Soini
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Reform ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Implementation Strategy ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
School Development ◽  
Development Work ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Related Stress

AbstractSustainable school development is suggested to result in both meaningful learning and enhanced well-being for those involved in the reform work. The aim of the study was to gain a better understanding of the relations between the strategies utilised in school development work, school impact of the reform and burdening in the context of curriculum reform in Finland. Altogether 550 district-level stakeholders responsible for curriculum reform at the local level responded to the survey. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was utilised to explore the interrelations between the reform implementation strategy, collective proactive strategies of well-being, as well as reform-related stress and the perceived school impact of the reform. The results showed that the top-down–bottom-up implementation strategy was related to the school impact of the reform and to the use of collective proactive strategies and reduced levels of stress. Collective proactive strategies also contributed to lower stress levels and enhanced school impact. The results indicate that the top-down–bottom-up implementation strategy provides an effective way to promote sustainable school reform in terms of enhancing the collective and cumulative learning and reducing burdening of those involved in the reform.

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