Statistical Materials: State Expenditures on Public Education, Social Security, and Social Insurance in the USSR

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 291-292 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
State Expenditures

scholarly journals Social Security Enrollment as an Indicator of State Fragility and Legitimacy: A Field Experiment in Maghreb Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
Walid Merouani ◽  
Claire El Moudden ◽  
Nacer Eddine Hammouda
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Social Security Systems ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Informal Labor ◽  
State Legitimacy

State legitimacy and effectiveness can be observed in the state’s approach to delivering welfare to citizens, thus mitigating social grievances and avoiding conflicts. Social security systems in the Maghreb countries are relatively similar in their architecture and aim to provide social insurance to all the workers in the labor market. However, they suffer from the same main problem: a low rate of enrollment of workers. Many workers (employees and self-employed) work informally without any social security coverage. The issue of whether informal jobs are chosen voluntarily by workers or as a strategy of last resort is controversial. Many authors recognize that the informal sector is heterogeneous and assume that it is made up of (1) workers who voluntarily choose it, and (2) others who are pushed into it because of entry barriers to the formal sector. The former assumption tells us much about state legitimacy/attractiveness, and the latter is used to inform state effectiveness in delivering welfare. Using the Sahwa survey and discrete choice models, this article confirms the heterogeneity of the informal labor market in three Maghreb countries: Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Furthermore, this article highlights the profiles of workers who voluntarily choose informality, an aspect that is missing from previous studies. Finally, this article proposes policy recommendations in order to extend social security to informal workers and to include them in the formal labor market.

scholarly journals Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Latvia

2020 ◽  
pp. 257-270
Author(s):  
Anhelita Kamenska ◽  
Jekaterina Tumule
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Family Benefits ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Social Security Benefits ◽  
Permanent Residents

Abstract This chapter discusses the link between migration and welfare in Latvia. In general, the Latvian social security system may be described as a mixture of elements taken from the basic security (where eligibility is based on contributions or residency, and flat-rate benefits are provided) and corporatist (with eligibility based on labour force participation and earnings-related benefits) models. The country has experienced significant social policy and migration-related changed during the past decades. This chapter focuses on the current Latvian legislation, by closely examining the differential access to social protection benefits of resident nationals, foreigners living in Latvia and Latvian citizens residing abroad across five core policy areas: unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and social assistance. Our results show that the Latvian social security benefits are generally based on the principle of employment, social insurance contributions, and permanent residence. Most of the social benefits and services are available to socially insured permanent residents. At the same time, the state offers minimum protection to non-insured permanent residents. Foreigners with temporary residence permits who are not socially insured are the least socially protected group.

scholarly journals The Scope of Protection and Financing of Social Risk in Poland on the Example of the Social Security Administration

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 835-842
Author(s):  
Roman Garbiec
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Social Insurance System ◽  
Radical Reform ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scope Of Protection

AbstractSocial risks are an unusual type of risks occurring in insurance. Their specific feature is the implementation of risk in the sphere of social life of a person with special regard to the work environment. Social risks are an element of research in economics and law and in social policy. The author of the paper shows that the structure of the Polish social insurance system is not optimal and requires radical reform. This paper contains, among others, characteristics of the scope of protection of social risks identified in Poland by Social Security Administration and the basis for financing benefits from this system. The summary of the paper presents opinions on improving the financial efficiency of this system.

scholarly journals KEPUASAN PASIEN PESERTA BPJS DI RUANG RAWAT INAP RSUD PEKANBARU

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Andalia Roza ◽  
Putri Wulandini
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Financial Risks ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Sample Technique

ABSTRACT, Social Security Administering Agency (BPJS) is a social insurance provider institution so that with social security, the financial risks faced by a person, whether due to entering the productive age, experiencing illness, accidents, and even death, will be taken over by an institution that provides social security . Customer satisfaction is a major indicator of the standard of a health facility and is a measure of service quality. This study aims to determine the description of patient satisfaction BPJS participants RSUD Petala Bumi Riau Province 2016. This study uses a type of quantitative research with research design used the researcher is descriptive. This research was conducted at Inpatient Room of Petala Bumi Hospital Riau Province. The sample of this research is the participant of BPJS who visited the inpatient room of Petala Bumi Hospital Riau Province. The sample technique used was accidental sampling, with two weeks' working time. The research instrument used for this research is a questionnaire. Data processing includes editing, coding, processing, cleaning, and tabulating. The data analysis is done gradually including univariate analysis. The result of the research shows that patient satisfaction of BPJS inpatients is not satisfied as much as 22 respondents (55%). It is expected that this research can provide motivation to the hospital to improve the quality of service in treating BPJS patients without discriminating. Key word : BPJS, Satisfaction ABSTRAK, Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) merupakan lembaga penyelenggara jaminan sosial sehingga dengan adanya jaminan sosial, risiko keuangan yang dihadapi seseorang,baik itu karena memasuki usia produktif, mengalami sakit, mengalami kecelakaan, dan bahkan kematian, akan diambil alih oleh lembaga yang menyelenggarakan jaminan sosial. Kepuasan pelanggan adalah indikator utama dari standar suatu fasilitas kesehatan dan merupakan suatu ukuran mutu pelayanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kepuasan pasien peserta BPJS RSUD Petala Bumi Provinsi Riau Tahun 2016. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian yang digunakan peneliti yaitu deskriptif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Ruang rawat inap RSUD Petala Bumi Provinsi Riau. Sampel penelitian pada penelitian ini adalah pasien peserta BPJS yang berkunjung di ruang rawat inap RSUD Petala Bumi Provinsi Riau. Teknik sampel yang digunakan adalah accidental sampling, dengan waktu pengerjaan selama dua minggu. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah berupa kuisioner. Pengolahan data meliputi editing, coding, processing, cleaning, dan tabulating. Analisa data dilakukan secara bertahap yang meliputi analisis univariat. Hasil penelitian didapat kan adalah kepuasan pasien peserta BPJS diruang rawat inap adalah tidak puas sebanyak 22 responden (55%). Diharapkan dengan penelitian ini dapat memberikan motivasi kepada rumah sakit agar meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dalam merawat pasien BPJS tanpa membeda-bedakannya. Kata Kunci : BPJS, Kepuasan

scholarly journals Institutional Design and Incentives for Migrant Workers to Participate in Social Insurance in China: Evidence from a Policy Experiment in Chengdu City

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihao Tian ◽  
Yuxiao Chen ◽  
Mei Zhou ◽  
Shaoyang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
National Bureau ◽  
Social Insurance System ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Policy

Abstract Background: Rural-to-urban migration has increased rapidly in China since the early 1980s, with the number of migrants reaching 376 million in 2020 (National Bureau of Statistics [NBS], 2020). Despite this sharp trend and the significant contributions that the migrants have made to urban development, migrant workers have had very limited access to the social insurance that the majority of urban workers have enjoyed. Methods: Based on the background of the social insurance system adjustment in Chengdu in 2011, we establish a difference-in-differences (DID) model to empirically test the impacts of change in social insurance policy contribution rates on migrant workers' social insurance participation rates, using the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) data from 2009-2016.Results: The social insurance participation rate of migrant workers was significantly reduced after they are incorporated into the urban worker insurance system. Meanwhile, there is no significant change in the wages of migrant workers, but the working hours became longer and the consumption level turned lower. That is to say, simply changing the social insurance model of migrant workers from "comprehensive social insurance" to "urban employee insurance" reduces the incentives for migrant workers to participate in the insurance and harm the overall welfares of migrant workers.Conclusion: The design of the social security policy is an important reason for lower participation rate of migrants. Therefore, it is necessary to solve the problem of insufficient incentives through targeted social security policies. Specifically, the first is to formulate a social security policy contribution rate suitable for the migrants. The second is to establish a comprehensive social security policy and gradually integrate the social security system.

scholarly journals Fundamentos constitucionais da proteção social: continuidades e ruturas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Ferreira ◽  
Daniel Carolo ◽  
Mariana Trigo Pereira ◽  
Pedro Adão e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Political Action ◽  
The Political ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Right

This article discusses the ways in which the Constitution of the Portuguese Republic has embodied to the political choices made during the process of creating and defining a democratic welfare state and how the various constitutional principles are reflected in the architecture of the system and have gradually changed over the years. The authors argue that when Portugal transitioned to democracy, unlike other areas of the country’s social policies the social security system retained some of its earlier organising principles. Having said this, this resilience on the part of the Portuguese system’s Bismarckian template has not prevented social protection from expanding here in accordance with universal principles, and has given successive governments manoeuvring room in which to define programmatically distinct policies and implement differentiated reformist strategies. The paper concludes by arguing that while the Constitution has not placed an insurmountable limit on governments’ political action, it has served as a point of veto, namely by means of the way in which the Constitutional Court has defended the right to social protection, be it in the form of social insurance, be it in the imposition of certain social minima.

scholarly journals Institutional Design and Incentives for Migrant Workers to Participate in Social Insurance in China: Evidence From a Policy Experiment in Chengdu City

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihao Tian ◽  
Yuxiao Chen ◽  
Mei Zhou ◽  
Shaoyang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Social Insurance System ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Policy

Rural-to-urban migration has increased rapidly in China since the early 1980s, with the number of migrants has reached 376 million by 2020. Despite this sharp trend and the significant contributions that migrants have made to urban development, the migrant workers have had very limited access to the social insurance that the majority of urban workers enjoy. Against the background of the social insurance system adjustment in Chengdu in 2011, this study uses a difference-in-differences (DID) model to empirically test the impacts of changes in the social insurance policy contribution rates on the social insurance participation rates of migrant workers, using the China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS) data for 2009–2016. We find that the social insurance participation rate of migrant workers was significantly reduced after they were incorporated into the urban worker insurance system. There was no significant change in the wages of migrant workers, but the working hours were increased and their consumption level decreased. In other words, simply changing the social insurance model of migrant workers from “comprehensive social insurance” to “urban employee insurance” reduces the incentives for migrant workers to participate in insurance and harms the overall welfare of migrant workers. Our study indicates that the design of the social security policy is an important reason for the lower participation rate of migrants. It is necessary to solve the problem of insufficient incentives through the targeted social security policies; primarily, the formulation of a social security policy contribution rate suitable for the migrants, and the establishment of a comprehensive social security policy and the gradual integration of the social security system.

The Social Security Program of the United States

1936 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Social Security Program ◽  
Unemployment Compensation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Old Age Assistance ◽  
State Unemployment

The Federal Social Security Act, which may be regarded as the central core of the social security program, is an omnibus act, containing the following features: (1) a national, compulsory oldage insurance plan, covering all employees except certain exempted groups; (2) two measures designed to stimulate the states to enact state unemployment compensation laws, namely, (a) a uniform nation-wide tax upon employers, against which a credit is allowable for contributions made to approved state unemployment compensation plans, and (b) subsidies to the states to cover the administrative costs of unemployment compensation; and (3) grants-in-aid to the states for old-age assistance, pensions for the blind, aid to dependent children, child welfare, maternal and child health, vocational rehabilitation, and public health activities. It is estimated that each of the two forms of social insurance will apply to about 25,000,000 wage-earners, and, when the maximum rates become effective in 1949, will involve annual contributions of nearly $3,000,000,000. This amount is approximately equal to the normal annual expenditure of the federal government prior to 1930. In addition, the grants-in-aid to the states were estimated by the actuaries of the President's Committee on Economic Security to reach a total of a half-billion dollars annually within a few years.History of the Federal ActWhen, in a message to Congress on June 8, 1934, the President indicated that he would submit a program of social insurance for consideration at the following session, the Wagner-Lewis unemployment insurance bill and the Dill-Connery old-age assistance bill were pending. Shortly afterwards, the President, by executive order, created the Committee on Economic Security, consisting of the Secretaries of Labor (chairman), Treasury, and Agriculture, the Attorney-General, and the Federal Emergency Relief Administrator. This committee appointed Professor Edwin E. Witte, of the University of Wisconsin, as executive director, and proceeded to build up a staff of actuaries and experts to study the whole problem of economic insecurity, and to prepare recommendations.

Chasing Informality: Evidence from Increasing Enforcement in Large Firms in Peru

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Bosch ◽  
Stephanie González ◽  
María Teresa Silva Porto
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Labor Control ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
One Year ◽  
Labor Market Regulations ◽  
Proactive Monitoring

Evasion of labor market regulations in middle income countries is systemic. This is generally known as informality. In Latin America, where less than 50% of workers are registered with social security, this is a permanent phenomenon and encompasses a variety of economic realities ranging from subsistence self-employment to evasion of certain regulations including social security contributions. In this study we analyze the role of enforcement in curbing informality in large formal firms in Peru, where informality levels are around 70%. Through the Peruvian National Labor Control Superintendence (SUNAFIL) we randomly sent 697 letters to formal Peruvian firms of more than 50 workers, indicating their obligation to enroll workers in social insurance systems (health and pensions). Two types of letters were sent, one with a deterrence message and one emphasizing the benefits of formalization. One year after the letters were sent, we found a positive and statistically significant effect on the number of workers enrolled in social security (9.8% on average). Only strict deterrence messages had a significant impact, and only in very large firms. This evidence suggests that there is room for improvement in compliance with labor regulations through more proactive monitoring and behavioral tools such as reminders, but effects could be concentrated in the largest firms.

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