scholarly journals Investigation of the spread of brucellosis among human and animal populations in southeastern Bulgaria, 2007

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Tzaneva ◽  
S Ivanova ◽  
M Georgieva ◽  
E Tasheva
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
And Control ◽  
Positive Results

Three human cases of brucellosis were reported in summer 2007 in the region of Haskovo in southeastern Bulgaria. Subsequently, the regional veterinary and public health authorities carried out investigations to determine the spread of infection in domestic animals and in the human population. As a result, over 90,000 animals were tested, and 410 were found infected with brucellosis. The screening of 561 people believed to have been at risk of infection yielded 47 positive results. The majority of these persons had direct contact with domestic animals or had consumed unpasteurised dairy products. The investigations revealed evidence of disease among animals in the region and a considerable risk to humans, thus emphasising the need for effective prevention and control programmes.

scholarly journals Challenges and Opportunities Developing Mathematical Models of Shared Pathogens of Domestic and Wild Animals

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Huyvaert ◽  
Robin Russell ◽  
Kelly Patyk ◽  
Meggan Craft ◽  
Paul Cross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Transmission Pathways ◽  
And Control

Diseases that affect both wild and domestic animals can be particularly difficult to prevent, predict, mitigate, and control. Such multi-host diseases can have devastating economic impacts on domestic animal producers and can present significant challenges to wildlife populations, particularly for populations of conservation concern. Few mathematical models exist that capture the complexities of these multi-host pathogens, yet the development of such models would allow us to estimate and compare the potential effectiveness of management actions for mitigating or suppressing disease in wildlife and/or livestock host populations. We conducted a workshop in March 2014 to identify the challenges associated with developing models of pathogen transmission across the wildlife-livestock interface. The development of mathematical models of pathogen transmission at this interface is hampered by the difficulties associated with describing the host-pathogen systems, including: (1) the identity of wildlife hosts, their distributions, and movement patterns; (2) the pathogen transmission pathways between wildlife and domestic animals; (3) the effects of the disease and concomitant mitigation efforts on wild and domestic animal populations; and (4) barriers to communication between sectors. To promote the development of mathematical models of transmission at this interface, we recommend further integration of modern quantitative techniques and improvement of communication among wildlife biologists, mathematical modelers, veterinary medicine professionals, producers, and other stakeholders concerned with the consequences of pathogen transmission at this important, yet poorly understood, interface.

scholarly journals Recent classification of diabetes mellitus

2018 ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Tiwari ◽  
Dinesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fundus Photography ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Recent Classification ◽  
The Right ◽  
Point Of Intersection ◽  
And Control

The right classification for diabetes mellitus (DM) allows a more adequate treatment and comprises four categories: type 1 DM, type 2 DM, other types, and gestational diabetes. Assigning a type of diabetes to an individual often depends on the circumstances present at the time of diagnosis, and many diabetic individuals do not easily fit into a single class. Diabetes mellitus and lesser forms of glucose intolerance, particularly impaired glucose tolerance, can now be found in almost every population in the world and epidemiological evidence suggests that, without effective prevention and control programmes, diabetes will likely continue to increase globally. These findings were confirmed in a similar study in India, in which the FPG and 2-h PG were each strongly and equally associated with retinopathy. For both the FPG and the 2-h PG, the prevalence of retinopathy was markedly higher above the point of intersection of the two components of the bimodal frequency distribution (FPG = 129 mg/dl [7.2 mmol/l] and 2- h PG = 207 mg/dl [11.5 mmol/l]). In the NHANES III, 2,821 individuals aged 40-74 years received an OGTT, a measurement of HbAlc, and an assessment of retinopathy by fundus photography.

scholarly journals Risk factors assessment of bovine tuberculosis among abattoir personnel in Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria: A One-Health approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. Mohammed ◽  
Adamu Saleh Saidu ◽  
S. M. Jajere ◽  
P. Tomar ◽  
A. M. Wakil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Unpasteurized Milk ◽  
Zoonotic Risk ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cooked Meat

Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important milk-borne zoonosis that affects cattle production and poses serious threat to public health. This study aimed at assessing the risk factors as well as the level of awareness, attitude, and practices of abattoir personnel toward bTB in Gombe Township Abattoir, Gombe State. Materials and Methods: A prospective survey was conducted between October 2015 and December 2015. During the survey, a total of 112 close-ended structured questionnaires were administered to the abattoir personnel to assess their level of awareness of bTB. Results: Of these respondents, the majority were males (79%), butchers (49%) and about 40% were under the productive age brackets of 26-35 years. Majority of the respondents (85.7%) were aware of the zoonotic nature of the disease. However, only a few of the respondents (44.6%) wear personal protective equipments (PPEs) clothes while handling or in contact with carcasses during the slaughtering process. Only a few among the respondents (24.1% and 31.2%) consumed unpasteurized milk and unaware of eating of improperly cooked meat as a risk factor of bTB, respectively. About 75.7% of the respondents believed that the habit of eating and drinking inside the abattoir and during slaughtering operations has no any significant effects on their health. The results obtained show a statistically significant association between respondents' awareness of bTB and their occupational status, duration of exposure to cattle carcasses, and knowledge about the disease (p<0.05); and the odds of being aware of bTB was 10.0, 5.07, and 4.2, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the need for public health authorities to intervene in bTB prevention and control through the creation of avenues for enlightenment on the zoonotic risk associated with bTB. The risk factors associated with bTB transmission as indicated by the personnel's practice and awareness levels in Gombe township abattoir are preventable through the use of PPEs clothing.

scholarly journals Reduction of the nosocomial meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus incidence density by a region-wide search and follow-strategy in forty German hospitals of the EUREGIO, 2009 to 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Jurke ◽  
R Köck ◽  
K Becker ◽  
S Thole ◽  
R Hendrix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Screening Strategy ◽  
Incidence Density ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
And Control ◽  
Successful Prevention ◽  
Regional Surveillance

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) disseminates between hospitals serving one patient catchment area. Successful prevention and control requires concerted efforts and regional surveillance. Forty hospitals located in the German EUREGIO have established a network for combating MRSA. In 2007 they agreed upon a synchronised strategy for screening of risk patients and a standard for transmission-based precautions (search and follow). The same year, the hospitals started synchronised MRSA prevention and annually reporting MRSA-data to the public health authorities. The median rate of screening cultures per 100 patients admitted increased from 4.38 in 2007 to 34.4 in 2011 (p<0.0001). Between 2007 and 2011, the overall incidence density of MRSA (0.87 MRSA cases/1,000 patient days vs 1.54; p<0.0001) increased significantly. In contrast, both the incidence density of nosocomial MRSA cases (0.13 nosocomial MRSA cases/1,000 patient days in 2009 vs 0.08 in 2011; p=0.0084) and the MRSA-days-associated nosocomial MRSA rate (5.51 nosocomial MRSA cases/1,000 MRSA days in 2009 vs 3.80 in 2011; p=0.0437) decreased significantly after the second year of the project. We documented adherence to the regional screening strategy resulting in improved detection of MRSA carriers at admission. Subsequently, after two years the nosocomial MRSA-incidence density was reduced. Regional surveillance data, annually provided as benchmarking to the regional hospitals and public health authorities, indicated successful prevention.

scholarly journals Improving Notifiable Disease Case Reporting Through Electronic Information Exchange–Facilitated Decision Support: A Controlled Before-and-After Trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-410
Author(s):  
Brian E. Dixon ◽  
Zuoyi Zhang ◽  
Janet N. Arno ◽  
Debra Revere ◽  
P. Joseph Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Notifiable Disease ◽  
Disease Reporting ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
And Control ◽  
Reporting Rates

Objective Outbreak detection and disease control may be improved by simplified, semi-automated reporting of notifiable diseases to public health authorities. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an electronic, prepopulated notifiable disease report form on case reporting rates by ambulatory care clinics to public health authorities. Methods We conducted a 2-year (2012-2014) controlled before-and-after trial of a health information exchange (HIE) intervention in Indiana designed to prepopulate notifiable disease reporting forms to providers. We analyzed data collected from electronic prepopulated reports and “usual care” (paper, fax) reports submitted to a local health department for 7 conditions by using a difference-in-differences model. Primary outcomes were changes in reporting rates, completeness, and timeliness between intervention and control clinics. Results Provider reporting rates for chlamydia and gonorrhea in intervention clinics increased significantly from 56.9% and 55.6%, respectively, during the baseline period (2012) to 66.4% and 58.3%, respectively, during the intervention period (2013-2014); they decreased from 28.8% and 27.5%, respectively, to 21.7% and 20.6%, respectively, in control clinics ( P < .001). Completeness improved from baseline to intervention for 4 of 15 fields in reports from intervention clinics ( P < .001), although mean completeness improved for 11 fields in both intervention and control clinics. Timeliness improved for both intervention and control clinics; however, reports from control clinics were timelier (mean, 7.9 days) than reports from intervention clinics (mean, 9.7 days). Conclusions Electronic, prepopulated case reporting forms integrated into providers’ workflow, enabled by an HIE network, can be effective in increasing notifiable disease reporting rates and completeness of information. However, it was difficult to assess the effect of using the forms for diseases with low prevalence (eg, salmonellosis, histoplasmosis).

scholarly journals Public Health Implications and Risk Factors Assessment of Mycobacterium bovis Infections among Abattoir Personnel in Bauchi State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Sa’idu ◽  
E. C. Okolocha ◽  
A. A. Dzikwi ◽  
A. A. Gamawa ◽  
S. Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Protective Clothing ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Prospective Survey ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Abattoir Workers

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious and contagious zoonotic disease of domestic animals, wild animals, and humans. It poses a public health threat and economic losses due to abattoir condemnation of infected carcasses during meat inspection of slaughtered animals. Bovine tuberculosis is widespread in Africa including Nigeria affecting both cattle and humans, particularly Northern Nigeria. A prospective survey was conducted from June to August 2013 in the three Zonal abattoirs of Bauchi State, Nigeria. A total of 150 structured close-ended questionnaires were administered to abattoir personnel to assess their level of awareness of bTB. This study was aimed at determining the level of public health awareness, attitude, and practices of abattoir workers of bTB in Bauchi State, Nigeria. There was a statistically significant association between respondents’ awareness of bTB and their occupational status, age, and duration of exposure to cattle carcasses (P<0.05); the odds of being aware of bTB were 9.4, 7.3, and 2.1, respectively. In conclusion, these demonstrate the urgent need for public health authorities to intervene in bTB control. The risk of bTB transmission as indicated by the personnel’s practices and awareness levels in Bauchi State could be prevented through the use of protective clothing (PPEs).

scholarly journals Widespread activity of multiple lineages of Usutu virus, western Europe, 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Cadar ◽  
Renke Lühken ◽  
Henk van der Jeugd ◽  
Mutien Garigliany ◽  
Ute Ziegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Usutu Virus ◽  
Dead Bird ◽  
Outbreak Area ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
And Control

In the summer of 2016, Belgium, France, Germany and the Netherlands reported widespread Usutu virus (USUV) activity based on live and dead bird surveillance. The causative USUV strains represented four lineages, of which two putative novel lineages were most likely recently introduced into Germany and spread to other western European countries. The spatial extent of the outbreak area corresponded with R0 values > 1. The occurrence of the outbreak, the largest USUV epizootic registered so far in Europe, allowed us to gain insight in how a recently introduced arbovirus with potential public health implications can spread and become a resident pathogen in a naïve environment. Understanding the ecological and epidemiological factors that drive the emergence or re-emergence of USUV is critical to develop and implement timely surveillance strategies for adequate preventive and control measures. Public health authorities, blood transfusion services and clinicians in countries where USUV was detected should be aware of the risk of possible USUV infection in humans, including in patients with unexplained encephalitis or other neurological impairments, especially during late summer when mosquito densities peak.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of Taxonomy, Genetics, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosra A. Helmy ◽  
Mohamed Fawzy ◽  
Ahmed Elaswad ◽  
Ahmed Sobieh ◽  
Scott P. Kenney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
And Control ◽  
Bat Coronavirus

A pneumonia outbreak with unknown etiology was reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, associated with the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified by the WHO as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), producing the disease named coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The virus is closely related (96.3%) to bat coronavirus RaTG13, based on phylogenetic analysis. Human-to-human transmission has been confirmed even from asymptomatic carriers. The virus has spread to at least 200 countries, and more than 1,700,000 confirmed cases and 111,600 deaths have been recorded, with massive global increases in the number of cases daily. Therefore, the WHO has declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The disease is characterized by fever, dry cough, and chest pain with pneumonia in severe cases. In the beginning, the world public health authorities tried to eradicate the disease in China through quarantine but are now transitioning to prevention strategies worldwide to delay its spread. To date, there are no available vaccines or specific therapeutic drugs to treat the virus. There are many knowledge gaps about the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2, leading to misinformation. Therefore, in this review, we provide recent information about the COVID-19 pandemic. This review also provides insights for the control of pathogenic infections in humans such as SARS-CoV-2 infection and future spillovers.

scholarly journals Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuefei Jin ◽  
Haiyan Yang ◽  
Wangquan Ji ◽  
Weidong Wu ◽  
Shuaiyin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Current State ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Present Understanding

The outbreak of emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China has been brought to global attention and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Scientific advancements since the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002~2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012 have accelerated our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the development of therapeutics to treat viral infection. As no specific therapeutics and vaccines are available for disease control, the epidemic of COVID-19 is posing a great threat for global public health. To provide a comprehensive summary to public health authorities and potential readers worldwide, we detail the present understanding of COVID-19 and introduce the current state of development of measures in this review.

Cronobacterspp. (« Enterobacter sakazakii » sensu lato) : implication dans la contamination des préparations en poudre pour nourrissons et enfants en bas âge

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Proudy
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Neonatal Meningitis ◽  
Enterobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
And Control ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Species of the Cronobacter genus (“ Enterobacter sakazakii ” s. l.) are emergent food-borne pathogens that can cause rare but severe neonatal meningitis, bacteriaemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Preterm, low-birth-weight, and immuno-compromised infants exposed to these bacterial species are at particular risk. Over the last 50 years, the literature has reported, mainly in newborn children, more than one hundred cases of infection due to these pathogens. The objective of this review was to synthesize the recent advances in knowledge of species of the Cronobacter genus, in particular with regards to taxonomy, physiology, pathogenicity, clinical cases, the methods for detection, isolation, and characterization, and their presence in powdered formulae for infants and young children, which were identified as the main infection vector. Researchers and international public health authorities have explored the ways contamination occur to better control the risks of pathogen development. Appropriate analysis and control measures were implemented in areas processing powdered formulae for infants and young children, and caregivers and families were informed to undertake good hygienic practices.

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