scholarly journals Spotlight on measles 2010: Measles outbreak in Ireland 2009-2010

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Gee ◽  
S Cotter ◽  
D O’Flanagan ◽  
Collective on behalf of the national incident management team
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Measles Outbreak ◽  
Considerable Spread

Measles cases are increasing in Ireland, with 320 cases notified since August 2009. Nearly two-thirds of these cases (n=206) were unvaccinated. In the early stages of the outbreak a substantial number of cases were linked to the Traveller community with some cases also reported among the Roma community, other citizens from eastern Europe and children whose parents objected to vaccination. By February 2010, there had been considerable spread to the general population.

Limited Influence? The Role of the Party of European Socialists in Shaping Social Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Holmes ◽  
Simon Lightfoot
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Social Democracy ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
European Norm ◽  
Democratic Parties ◽  
Social Democratic Parties

AbstractThis article looks at the role of the Party of European Socialists (PES) in its attempts to shape social democratic parties in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) towards a West European norm. It discusses how existing views in the academic literature on the role of transnational parties are inadequate. We argue that the PES did not play a key role in encouraging the establishment and development of parties in the CEE states from the 2004 enlargement in the early stages of accession. We contend that the overall influence of party federations has been limited, and that these limitations were as much in evidence before enlargement took place as they were afterwards.

scholarly journals The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: a web-based survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-yao Wang ◽  
Qian Xia ◽  
Zhen-zhen Xiong ◽  
Zhi-xiong Li ◽  
Wei-yi Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
General Population ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Epidemic Outbreak ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Negative Coping ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
And Coping

AbstractBackgroundAs the epidemic outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), general population may experience psychological distress. Evidence has suggested that negative coping styles may be related to subsequent mental illness. Therefore, we investigate the general population’s psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak.MethodsA cross-sectional battery of surveys was conducted from February 1-4, 2020. The Kessler 6 psychological distress scale, the simplified coping style questionnaire and a general information questionnaire were administered on-line to a convenience sample of 1599 in China. Spearman’s correlation was used to measure the correlations among category variables.ResultsGeneral population’s psychological distress were significant differences based on age, marriage, epidemic contact characteristics, concern with media reports, and perceived impacts of the epidemic outbreak (all p <0.001) except gender (p=0.316). Those with a history of visiting Wuhan and a history of epidemics occurring in the community, more concern with media reports, perceived more severe impacts and negative coping style had a higher level of psychological distress, which was significantly positively correlated with a history of visiting Wuhan (r=0.548, p<0.001), a history of epidemics occurring in the community (r=0.219, p<0.001), and concern with media reports (r=0.192, p<0.001). Coping styles were significantly different across all category variables (all p <0.001), and negatively correlated with other category variables (all p<0.01) except age and marriage. Psychological distress was significantly negatively correlated with the coping style (r=-0.573, p<0.01).ConclusionsIn the early stages of COVID-19, general population with epidemic contact characteristics, excessive concern with media reports, and perceived more severe impacts have higher levels of psychological distress. Psychological distress was significantly negatively correlated with the coping style. Interventions should be implemented early, especially for those population with a high level of psychological distress and/or with a negative coping style.

scholarly journals Promoting diversity. The Polonia Book Fund, Ltd Transnational Network, 1958-1963

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Sowinski
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
East European ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

<p>This article discusses the history of the so-called “book program”—a joint effort by the U.S. government, the East European diaspora, and readers of prohibited books behind the Iron Curtain. Between 1956 and 1989 the program purchased some 10 million copies of publications and delivered them to people in Soviet–dominated Eastern Europe in order to undermine communist rule. Using the historical materials of the Polonia Book Fund, a U.S.–sponsored publishing project for Poland, this article contributes new insights on the transatlantic perspective of the cultural Cold War. This article focuses on the program’s early stages, and describes various elements of the transnational smuggling network. The program’s state-private partnership was a workable solution that helped to foster a diversity of opinions in post-Stalinist Poland.</p>

Genetic factors of predilection for habitual noncarrying of pregnancy at early stages

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
O. N. Bespalova ◽  
O. N. Arzhanova ◽  
T. E. Ivaschenko ◽  
M. V. Aseev ◽  
E. K. Ailamazyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
North West ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
West Region ◽  
Glutathione Binding

By means of the method of polimerase chain reaction the frequency of blank allele of genes GSTP1, GSTM1, and the frequency of polymorphous alleles of gene GSTP1 in 40 pairs with habitual noncarrying of pregnancy at early stages were studied. The results of the investigation testify to the high rate of gomozygotes GSTT1 0/0 in pairs with habitual noncarrying of pregnancy in comparison with indices in general population of North-West region of Russia (37,7% and 23,3% correspondingly). The genes GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 code enzymes, which take part in the second phase of xenobiotic detoxication system. Taking into consideration that protein products of these genes to significant extent determine the effectiveness of 2nd phase of detoxication (neutralization of xenobiotics by glutathione binding), we are to suppose that unfavorable environmental factorsplay the important role in etiology and genesis of habitual noncarrying of pregnancy at early stages.

Colorectal cancer screening: a minireview

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Mohamed Zaki ◽  
Mahmoud Abdallah Abdel said ◽  
Mahmoud Mohamed Ali Mohamed ◽  
Mahmoud Fayez abdelrasheed ◽  
Mahmoud Adel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
General Population ◽  
Colorectal Cancer Screening ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Keywords Screening

Background: Colorectal cancer is increasing worldwide, especially in young populations. Objective: In this minireview, we discussed the different methods used in the screening of colorectal cancer in the general population. Conclusions: screening of colorectal cancer by different methods is an effective way to diagnose colorectal cancer in the early stages. Keywords: screening, colorectal cancer, minireview

scholarly journals Promoting diversity. The Polonia Book Fund, Ltd Transnational Network, 1958-1963

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawel Sowinski
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Iron Curtain ◽  
Joint Effort ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
East European ◽  
Historical Materials ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

<p>This article discusses the history of the so-called “book program”—a joint effort by the U.S. government, the East European diaspora, and readers of prohibited books behind the Iron Curtain. Between 1956 and 1989 the program purchased some 10 million copies of publications and delivered them to people in Soviet–dominated Eastern Europe in order to undermine communist rule. Using the historical materials of the Polonia Book Fund, a U.S.–sponsored publishing project for Poland, this article contributes new insights on the transatlantic perspective of the cultural Cold War. This article focuses on the program’s early stages, and describes various elements of the transnational smuggling network. The program’s state-private partnership was a workable solution that helped to foster a diversity of opinions in post-Stalinist Poland.</p>

Negotiations leading to the Anglo-Polish agreement of 31 March 1939

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (37) ◽  
pp. 59-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Desmond Williams
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Personal Relations ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Second World

The second World War was to find Germany and Italy as allies in a conflict in which their initial opponents were Britain, France and Poland. Italy did not immediately enter the war, but by the terms of the ‘pact of steel’ of 22 May 1939 she was to become a belligerent. The war broke out over the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. The circumstances under which it arose were peculiar in one particular point, namely in that Great Britain entered the conflict directly and immediately as an ally of a power in eastern Europe. She had entered the wars of 1914 and of 1793 in a secondary manner—as an ally of powers already at war and over commitments which related primarily to western and central Europe. It was novel therefore that she should have become involved directly in a conflict relating to eastern Europe.If one had tried to predict, in 1919, the circumstances under which Britain would fight another war with Germany, few would have hazarded the opinion that she would choose the crossing of the Polish frontier as a casus belli. In addition, if one had, in 1938, tried also to predict Britain’s ally in an eventual conflict, Poland would have come towards the end of the list. Since 1934, Poland had generally been regarded as a power which was endeavouring to keep out of conflicts between Germany and the western powers—at least in the early stages of such a war. The relations between Berlin and Warsaw were, as from their agreement of 26 January 1934, surprisingly cautious; and the personal relations between leading Germans and Poles reflected—or so it appeared—the existence of such friendly relations. However, within a very short period after the Munich agreement of 30 September 1938, Britain was to become deeply involved in the defence of a frontier which British public opinion had previously regarded as the most open to criticism and revision of all the arrangements concluded at Versailles.

scholarly journals 1724. Characteristics of the Ongoing Measles Outbreak in Greece in the Context of the Recent European-wide Epidemic and Public Health Measures

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S54-S54
Author(s):  
Theano Georgakopoulou ◽  
Elina Horefti ◽  
Helena Maltezou ◽  
Kassiani Gkolfinopoulou ◽  
Alexandra Vernardaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
General Population ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Molecular Testing ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Roma Population ◽  
Measles Outbreak

Abstract Background Measles is a highly contagious disease which still remains a cause of severe complications, including deaths worldwide, despite the existence of safe and effective vaccines. In the last 3 decades, the incidence of measles in Greece has constantly declined with only sporadic clusters or outbreaks (last outbreak in 2010–2011). We describe the characteristics of the ongoing measles outbreak and the Public Health response. Methods All measles cases are reported through the mandatory notification system (EU case definition 2012) to the Department of Surveillance and Intervention of the Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. For laboratory confirmation patient sera were tested for IgM antibodies and pharyngeal swabs for the presence of measles virus RNA with RT-PCR. Sequencing of the measles nucleoprotein gene was applied in positively tested serological samples. Results From 9 May 2017 to 26 April 2018, 2,659 cases were reported in all 13 regions in Greece; 1,605 (60.4%) were laboratory confirmed. Most cases (n = 1,595; 60%) were Roma (73% children &lt;10 years) followed by nonminority Greek nationals (n = 781; 29.4%, of whom 57% young adults 25–44 years), highlighting the immunity gap in Roma population. The vast majority of cases (80.5%) were unvaccinated. Ninety-four (3.5%) cases were healthcare workers (HCW); all were partially or not vaccinated. Genotype B3 was identified by molecular testing in all 88 cases tested. Severe complications were reported in 429 (16.1%) patients, most frequently pneumonia (43.8%) and hepatitis (21.2%). Three deaths were recorded in an 11-month-old immunocompromised Roma infant, a 17-year-old unvaccinated Roma, and a 35 year olds partially vaccinated individual from the general population. Extensive vaccination in refugee/migrant hosting sites prevented the emergence of a large number of cases. Mitigation efforts focused on closing the immunization gap in Roma population through emergency vaccination and raising awareness among HCWs to prevent further spread. Conclusion The current outbreak highlights the need to achieve high vaccination coverage with 2 doses of MMR vaccine in the general population (children, adolescents, and young adults) and in hard-to-reach vulnerable populations like Roma and refugees. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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