Visual Acuity Screening for early detection on Students Using Twin Cards Optotype

Myopia is seen as a benign condition which is a public health problem and must be given attention, concerning visual problems, quality of life, and economic consequences. Nearly half of the world's blindness has been caused by uncorrected refraction, with myopia occupying a high percentage of the group, meaning myopia is the beginning of blindness. Uncorrected disturbances of visual acuity should be screened This study aims to develop a method of screening for myopia in school children, resulting in twin card optotypes. The study was carried out by diagnostic tests to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of twin card optotypes in screening for visual impairment in schoolchildren using primary data from the visual test. The results of this study are twin card optotypes which can easily be used in almost any condition, without requiring access to electricity, not causing variables bullies in a row of questions on the same letter size. Faster time because it does not cause repeated questions one paper one object. Installation does not require encoding on the wall, avoid memorization and avoid factors from concerns about clinical validity and application accuracy. Conclusion Sensitivity of sharp vision screening method Optotip twin card when compared with snoten optotip vision sharpening method which is 83.33% while specificity is 71.43 %. Keywords: Screening, myopia, twin card optotypes

Depression in the Iranian Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Depression can lead to increased medical costs, impaired individual and social functioning, nonadherence to therapeutic proceeding, and even suicide and ultimately affect quality of life. It is important to know the extent of its prevalence for successful planning in this regard. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of depression in the Iranian elderly. This systematic review and meta-analysis study was done through Medline via PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, ProQuest, SID, Embase, and Magiran with determined keywords. Screening was done on the basis of relevance to the purpose of the study, titles, abstracts, full text, and inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the articles was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa standard scale. After primary and secondary screening, 30 articles were finally included in the study. According to the 30 articles reviewed, the prevalence of depression in the Iranian elderly was 52 percent based on the random-effects model (CI 95%: 46–58). According to the results of the present study, depression in the Iranian elderly was moderate to high. Therefore, more exact assessment in terms of depression screening in elderly people seems necessary. Coherent and systematic programs, including psychosocial empowerment counselling for the elderly and workshops for their families, are also needed. Researchers can also use the results of this study for future research.

The New FA₂ST Stroke Screening Score: An Expanding Recognition to Posterior Circulation Stroke

Background: Rapid screening and intervention are the keys to successful early treatment of stroke. Generally, the conventional FAST stroke screening score has been used by triage nurses to promptly detect acute stroke. However, the conventional FAST score has a limitation in detecting posterior circulation stroke, which results in high mortality rates. Previous studies have shown that adding ataxia could increase the sensitivity of posterior circulation stroke detection. Objective: To introduce and evaluate the diagnostic performance of a new stroke screening score, FA₂ST score, by adding ataxia to the conventional FAST score. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study. The new FA₂ST and conventional FAST scores were used by triage nurses in patients presented with acute neurological symptoms within seven days at the emergency department of three different types of hospitals in Thailand. Patients with Glasgow Coma Score less than 9 and those having unstable vital signs were excluded. Final diagnosis was made by a neurologist using clinical and neuroimaging information. The diagnostic performance of the new FA₂ST score was calculated using ROC curve in comparison to the conventional FAST score. The rate of posterior circulation stroke detection was calculated as percentage. Results: One hundred forty-six patients were studied. Of these, 127 (86%) had acute ischemic stroke and 19 (14%) had other diagnoses. The overall diagnostic performance of the new FA₂ST score was not statistically different with conventional FAST score in terms of area under the curve (0.642 versus 0.684, p=0.221). However, after in-depth analysis, the rate of posterior circulation stroke detection of the new FA₂ST score was higher compared with the conventional FAST score (94.12% versus 82.35%). Conclusion: The present study introduces the new FA₂ST stroke screening score and emphasizes the importance of posterior circulation stroke detection in acute stroke screening. Future studies should be considered before implementation of this score. Keywords: Screening score; Acute stroke treatment; Stroke; Emergency neurology

Screening for Alcohol Abuse among Indian Adolescents

The negative impact of alcohol is well documented and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) have become a significant public health burden. However, the epidemiological analysis of AUDs in the Indian setting is missing in the literature. The present review explored the prevalence of alcohol abuse among Indian adolescents based on available school or college based studies conducted in the Indian setting. The prevalence of AUDs in college students ranged from 6.9% to 19.2%. The current review provides a systematic summary of the alarming magnitude of alcohol consumption in India. Considering the changing trends of alcohol use in India, epidemiological data regarding the patterns of alcohol use forms the mainstay for proper health planning and to formulate further intervention strategies in this setting. Keywords: Screening, Alcohol abuse, Adolescents.

Skrining Isolat Bakteri Asam Laktat Penghasil Bakteriosin yang Diisolasi dari Asinan Rebung Bambu Tabah dan Ketahanannya terhadap Panas

The aim of this study to determine the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from pickled tabah bamboo shoots can produce bacteriocins and the resistance to heat. This research was conducted in two stages, namely: 1) Screening of LAB isolates producing bacteriocin and 2) Testing the effect of heating temperatures of 80°C, 100°C and 121°C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes and without heating to bacteriocin resistance activity. In this study, the screening stage was carried out in two stages, namely: 1) antibacterial test with cell free supernatant and 2) antibacterial test with neutralized cell free supernatant. The resulting clear zone is observed then followed by calculating the value of Arbitrary Units (AU). The bacteria used as an indicator is Lactobacillus plantarum which is Gram positive bacteria. The results of this study indicated that of 88 LAB isolates there were 27 isolates that were able to produce bacteriocin. From 27 isolates, there were three isolates with the most potential to produce bacteriocins, namely isolate PR.6.10.5 with an inhibition zone of 17.67 mm and a bacteriocin activity value of 264.81 mm2/ml, isolate PR.6.15.2 with an inhibition zone of 17.33 mm and the bacteriocin activity value of 259.57 mm2/ml and isolate PR.3.15.1 with an inhibition zone of 17.00 mm and a bacteriocin activity value of 254.34 mm2/ml. Bacteriocins from LAB isolates isolated from pickled tabah bamboo shoots were able to withstand heating to a temperature of 121°C for 15 minutes. Bacteriocin activity decreased by an average of 27.75% after heating at 80°C, 100°C and 121°C for 5,10 and 15 minutes with a bacteriocin activity value from 141.82 mm2/ml to 254.34 mm2/ml. The smallest decrease in activity value occurred in PR.6.10.5 isolates with an average decrease of 22.98%. Keywords: Screening, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), bacteriocin, heat.

Effect of occupational exposure to petrol and gasoline components on liver and renal biochemical parameters among gas station attendants, a review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesKidney and liver are of the most affected organs during permanent exposure to petrol and gasoline components in gas stations. This study aims to investigate the renal and liver involvements in these workers using meta-analysis.MethodsPubMed, Scopus, Science direct, ISI web of science, and Google scholar motor engine were searched using Mesh terms of the relevant keywords. Screening of titles, abstracts and full texts was continued until the eligible articles meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were selected. Quality assessment was conducted using NOS (Newcastle–Ottawa Quality score). The pooled standard mean difference of the renal and liver indices between exposed/unexposed groups was estimated using Stata ver. 11 software.ResultsIn this systematic review, 22 papers were entered. The pooled standard mean difference (95% confidence interval) between exposed and unexposed groups was estimated as of 0.74 (0.28, 1.21) for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 2.44 (1.80, 3.08) for aspartate transaminase (AST), 2.06 (1.42, 2.69) for alanine transaminase (ALT), 0.10 (−0.09, 0.29) for total Bilirubin (TB), 0.74 (−0.42, −1.90) for total protein (TP), −0.49 (−0.82, −0.15) for albumin, 0.88 (−0.10, 1.87) for uric acid, 1.02 (0.45, 1.59) for creatinine and 1.44 (0.75, 2.13) for blood urea nitrogen (BUN).ConclusionOur meta-analysis showed that the serum AST, ALT, ALP, total protein, total bilirubin, BUN, uric acid and creatinine levels were higher among workers exposed to petrol and gasoline than control group, while albumin was lower in the serum of the exposed workers. Therefore, occupational exposure to gasoline stations can create adverse effects on kidney and liver function.

Major CYP450 polymorphism Among Saudi Patients

Background: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) contributes to a huge collection of medicinal products' Phase I metabolization. We aimed to summarize and investigate the current evidence regarding the frequency of CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, MDR1 in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A computerized search in four databases was done using the relevant keywords. Screening process was done in two steps; title and abstract screening and full-text screening. Data of demographic and characteristics of included studies and patients was extracted and tabulated. Results: Ten studies were eligible for our criteria and were included in this systematic review. Age of participants ranged between 17-65 years. Only two subjects showed PM phenotype of CYP2C19 in Saudi population. The most frequent alleles were CYP2C19*1 (62.9%), CYP2C19*2 (11.2%-32%), and CYP2C19*17 (25.7%). The CYP2C19m1 was observed in 97 cases of extensive metabolizing (EM) phenotype CYP2C19. Concerning the CYP2C9, the most frequent alleles were CYP2C9*1 and CYP2C9*2, and the most frequent genotype was CYP2C9*1*1. The CYP2D6*41 allele and C1236T MDR1 were the most frequent allele in this population. Conclusion: The current evidence suggests that Saudi Arabians resembled European in the frequency of CYP2C19, Caucasians in both the incidence of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19m1 and absence of CYP2C19m2. The CYP2D6*41 allele frequency in Saudi Arabians is relatively high. We recommend a further research to evaluate the basic and clinical relevance of gene polymorphism in such ethnicity.

Sebuah Reviu terhadap Kajian Partikel Pragmatik dalam Beberapa Bahasa Daerah di Indonesia

This paper aims to demonstrate studies of pragmatic particles in Indonesian vernacular languages. Given the fact that Indonesia ranked second most populated language in the world after New Guinea, we would expect a huge number of studies discussing Indonesian local languages. Review to studies of pragmatic particles in Indonesian language is therefore considered salient to carry out to shed light on how different authors examine different particles, what kind of method they employ to describe meaning and functions, and what potential implication this study could contribute in this field. Besides, it also enriches the cross-linguistic study of pragmatic particles in general. Following Macaro et al’s. (2017) guideline of systematic review, this study employed linear process of procedure by deciding keywords, screening title, reviewing abstract, examining full text, and drawing conclusion. The corpus of pragmatic particles employed in reviewed studies ranges from colloquial, spoken, dialogue, and monologue data. Some approaches were used to reveal the pragmatic meanings, such as conversation analysis approach, pragmatics, morpho-syntactic, and even phonological approach. This discussion in the present paper may be fruitful for researchers who are working on pragmatic particles or vernacular languages and suggests that more studies in local languages should be outstripped to sustain national linguistic identity in the global arena. AbstrakThis paper aims to demonstrate studies of pragmatic particles in Indonesian vernacular languages. Given the fact that Indonesia ranked second most populated language in the world after New Guinea, we would expect a huge number of studies discussing Indonesian local languages. Review to studies of pragmatic particles in Indonesian language is therefore considered salient to carry out to shed light on how different authors examine different particles, what kind of method they employ to describe meaning and functions, and what potential implication this study could contribute in this field. Besides, it also enriches the cross-linguistic study of pragmatic particles in general. Following Macaro et al’s. (2017) guideline of systematic review, this study employed linear process of procedure by deciding keywords, screening title, reviewing abstract, examining full text, and drawing conclusion. The corpus of pragmatic particles employed in reviewed studies ranges from colloquial, spoken, dialogue, and monologue data. Some approaches were used to reveal the pragmatic meanings, such as conversation analysis approach, pragmatics, morpho-syntactic, and even phonological approach. This discussion in the present paper may be fruitful for researchers who are working on pragmatic particles or vernacular languages and suggests that more studies in local languages should be outstripped to sustain national linguistic identity in the global arena.

Screening coagulation tests in normal pregnancy

The objective: to evaluate the performance of screening coagulation tests in normal pregnancy. Materials and methods. A study of screening coagulation tests was conducted with the participation of 124 patients with normal pregnancy in terms of 12–14, 20–22, 28–30 and 37–40 weeks of gestation. The control group consisted of 82 patients who were at the pregravid stage of pregnancy planning. Coagulation tests were determined on a HELENA 2000 coagulometer. Namely, the activated partial thromboplastin time, the percentage of prothrombin by Quick and fibrinogen were examined. Results. During normal pregnancy, a dynamic, statistically significant increase in plasma fibrinogen level was determined. This indicator during full-term pregnancy differed from that of non-pregnant women by 1.8 times. During all normal pregnancies, there was no statistically significant dynamics of the activated partial thromboplastin time and the percentage of prothrombin by Quick, but there was a tendency towards these indicators increase in coagulation potential with an increase in the gestation term. Conclusion. When assessing a screening coagulation tests, pregnancy term should be taken into account first of all, rather than comparing the obtained values with reference indices for non-pregnant women. Keywords: screening coagulation tests, hemostatic system, fibrinogen level, prothrombin percentage by Quick, activated partial thromboplastin time.

SCHOOL PRINCIPALS AND 21ST CENTURY LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background and Purpose: This systematic review article focuses on leadership challenges encountered by school principals in the 21st century. International evidence indicates principal leadership affects school and student performance. However, little systematic review has been carried out on the issue. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the existing literature on leadership challenges faced by school principals in the 21st century. Methodology: Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a systematic review was done on two main databases, Web of Science and Scopus. There were three main stages in the process: identification of keywords, screening of articles, and determination of the articles. This resulted in a final database of 16 eligible documents. Findings: The review of these documents resulted in three main themes – personal challenges, school context, and stakeholders, and 11 sub-themes. There were three subthemes for personal challenges such as lack of knowledge and skills, while school context challenges can be divided into six sub-themes such as lack of trained staff and inadequate facilities and resources. The two subthemes for stakeholders challenges are negative attitudes of parents and interventions from the Ministry. Contributions: This systematic review expands the literature of principalship in the 21st Century by highlighting the challenges faced in the context of North American, African, European, and Australian schools. Further work on the challenges faced by school principals in other continents should be carried out to achieve a better understanding on the issue. Keywords: 21st century, challenges, principal leadership, school leadership, systematic review. Cite as: Adams, D., & Muthiah, V. (2020). School principals and 21st century leadership challenges: A systematic review. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 5(1), 189-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol5iss1pp189-210