The proof of the pudding is in the eating: an outbreak of emetic syndrome after a kindergarten excursion, Berlin, Germany, December 2007

An outbreak of food poisoning (emetic syndrome) occurred in three kindergartens (A, B and C) in Berlin, Germany, on 3 December 2007 after an excursion during which food was served. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among the kindergarten children and personnel who participated in the trip. The overall attack rate among the 155 participants was 30%. It was 31% among the 137 children (aged two to six years) and 17% among adults (n=18). The consumption of rice pudding was significantly associated with disease. Among those who ate rice pudding, the attack rate was 36%, compared with 0% for non-eaters (relative risk: infinite, p<0.001, aetiological fraction: 100%), but differed significantly between kindergartens A (43%), B (61%) and C (3%), probably because groups were served from different pots. Bacillus cereus sensu stricto was identified from one vomit sample. The clinical and epidemiological characteristics suggest that B. cereus emetic toxin (cereulide) was the causative agent, although it could not be proven in the single vomit isolate. Inadequate food handling most probably led to the outbreak. Single-portion ready-to-eat rice pudding was recommended for subsequent excursions and no further cases of food poisoning occurred.

Download Full-text

Nonunion Rates in Hind- and Midfoot Arthrodesis in Current, Ex-, and Nonsmokers

Foot & Ankle International ◽

10.1177/1071100720971269 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107110072097126

Author(s):

Jack Allport ◽

Jayasree Ramaskandhan ◽

Malik S. Siddique

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Time Frame ◽

Modifiable Risk Factor ◽

Level Of Evidence ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Nonunion rates in hind or midfoot arthrodesis have been reported as high as 41%. The most notable and readily modifiable risk factor that has been identified is smoking. In 2018, 14.4% of the UK population were active smokers. We examined the effect of smoking status on union rates for a large cohort of patients undergoing hind- or midfoot arthrodesis. Methods: In total, 381 consecutive primary joint arthrodeses were identified from a single surgeon’s logbook (analysis performed on a per joint basis, with a triple fusion reported as 3 separate joints). Patients were divided based on self-reported smoking status. Primary outcome was clinical union. Delayed union, infection, and the need for ultrasound bone stimulation were secondary outcomes. Results: Smoking prevalence was 14.0%, and 32.2% were ex-smokers. Groups were comparable for sex, diabetes, and body mass index. Smokers were younger and had fewer comorbidities. Nonunion rates were higher in smokers (relative risk, 5.81; 95% CI, 2.54-13.29; P < .001) with no statistically significant difference between ex-smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers had higher rates of infection ( P = .05) and bone stimulator use ( P < .001). Among smokers, there was a trend toward slower union with heavier smoking ( P = .004). Conclusion: This large retrospective cohort study confirmed previous evidence that smoking has a considerable negative effect on union in arthrodesis. The 5.81 relative risk in a modifiable risk factor is extremely high. Arthrodesis surgery should be undertaken with extreme caution in smokers. Our study shows that after cessation of smoking, the risk returns to normal, but we were unable to quantify the time frame. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

Download Full-text

First norovirus outbreaks associated with consumption of green seaweed (Enteromorpha spp.) in South Korea

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268814001332 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 143 (3) ◽

pp. 515-521 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

J. H. PARK ◽

H. S. JEONG ◽

J. S. LEE ◽

S. W. LEE ◽

Y. H. CHOI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Green Seaweed ◽

Norovirus Gii ◽

Control Study

SUMMARYIn February 2012, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported in school A; a successive outbreak was reported at school B. A retrospective cohort study conducted in school A showed that seasoned green seaweed with radishes (relative risk 7·9, 95% confidence interval 1·1–56·2) was significantly associated with illness. Similarly, a case-control study of students at school B showed that cases were 5·1 (95% confidence interval 1·1–24·8) times more likely to have eaten seasoned green seaweed with pears. Multiple norovirus genotypes were detected in samples from students in schools A and B. Norovirus GII.6 isolated from schools A and B were phylogenetically indistinguishable. Green seaweed was supplied by company X, and norovirus GII.4 was isolated from samples of green seaweed. Green seaweed was assumed to be linked to these outbreaks. To our knowledge, this is the first reported norovirus outbreak associated with green seaweed.

Download Full-text

Association between Exposure to PM 2·5 and the Date-Based Secondary Attack Rate of COVID-19 in Guangzhou, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3859291 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mao Wang ◽

Qinlong Jing ◽

Ai-Li Jiang ◽

Meng Meng Ma ◽

Bi-Ling Wen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Attack Rate ◽

Retrospective Cohort

Download Full-text

Blepharochalasis:Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics, Surgical Strategy and Prognosis-- A Retrospective Cohort Study with 93 Cases

10.21203/rs.3.rs-236866/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jinqiong Zhou ◽

Jingwen Ding ◽

dongmei li

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Lacrimal Gland ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Acute Attack ◽

Surgical Strategy ◽

Lacrimal Gland Prolapse ◽

The Mean ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: Blepharochalasis is a rare eyelid disorder but eventually leading to destructive eyelid deformation. Until now the clinical and epidemiological data is unavailable. This study aimed o report the manifestations, epidemiological characteristics and surgical strategy of a large series of blepharochalasis patients with long-term follow up, the prognosis of different clinical deformities was also investigated. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study, included consecutive patients diagnosed with blepharochalasis in a single center. Blepharoplasty and other surgical approaches were scheduled according to the various manifestations, after a 2-year quiescent period with no recurrent attacks and exacerbation of lesions. Prognosis after surgery was recorded.Results: A total of 93 patients, with a mean follow-up of 5.29±2.07 (range: 3-10) years before surgery, and 2(range:1-4) years follow-up after surgery were included. Of all those 93 patients, 72.04% were females (67, P=0.02 ). The mean age of onset of blepharochalasis symptoms was 10.09±3.32 (range: 5-16) years, mostly (83.87%) consisted with the onset of the puberty. With the average of 5 times per year, the mean duration of each acute attack was 28.12±1.01 (rang: 2-192)hours. The mean duration from the onset of acute attack to the quiescent stage lasted for 7.33 ± 2.05 (range: 4-10) years. Most of the cases (88, 94.62%) had more than one manifestation at the end of the last follow-up before surgery. Ptosis (48.39%) was the most common deformity. Followed by lacrimal gland prolapse (44.09%), canthal angle deformity(29.04%), lower eyelid retraction(17.20%). After surgery, the functional and cosmetically acceptable results were achieved in all patients except for overcorrection in 5 (11.90%) patients with ptosis. The lacrimal gland prolapse recurred in two (4.00%) patients at 29 and 36 months after surgery. Conclusions: Blepharochalasis is rare but mostly occurred in adolescent females. The process from the onset to the stable stage usually lasted for about 7 years, might be associated with the onset of puberty. Surgical management of clinical manifestations after at least 2-year follow-up period of quiescence would be appropriate in order to observe a great plastic effect, low overcorrection and recurrence rate.

Download Full-text

The relative risk of second primary cancers in Queensland, Australia: a retrospective cohort study

BMC Cancer ◽

10.1186/1471-2407-11-83 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Danny R Youlden ◽

Peter D Baade

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Second Primary ◽

Second Primary Cancers

Download Full-text

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Children and Adolescents

10.1101/2020.10.10.20210492 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victoria T. Chu ◽

Anna R. Yousaf ◽

Karen Chang ◽

Noah G. Schwartz ◽

Clinton J. McDaniel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Confidence Interval ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Attack Rate ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Household Contacts ◽

Council Of State

AbstractA better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from children and adolescents is crucial for informing public health mitigation strategies. We conducted a retrospective cohort study among household contacts of primary cases defined as children and adolescents aged 7⍰19 years with laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection acquired during an overnight camp outbreak. Among household contacts, we defined secondary cases using the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists definition. Among 526 household contacts of 224 primary cases, 48 secondary cases were identified, corresponding to a secondary attack rate of 9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7%–12%). Our findings show that children and adolescents can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to adult contacts and other children in a household setting.

Download Full-text

Incidence and relative risk factors in posttransplant diabetes mellitus patients: a retrospective cohort study

Korean Journal of Transplantation ◽

10.4285/kjt.20.0026 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 231-237

Author(s):

Ching-Yao Cheng ◽

Yu-Tung Feng ◽

Hue-Yu Wang

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort

Download Full-text

Secondary attack rate of COVID-19 among contacts and risk factors, Tamil Nadu, March–May 2020: a retrospective cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. e051491

Author(s):

Kolandaswamy Karumanagoundar ◽

Mohankumar Raju ◽

Manickam Ponnaiah ◽

Prabhdeep Kaur ◽

Vidhya viswanathan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Retrospective Cohort Study ◽

Attack Rate ◽

Retrospective Cohort ◽

Tamil Nadu ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Primary Case ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Household Contacts ◽

Increased Risk

ObjectiveTo describe the characteristics of contacts of patients with COVID-19 case in terms of time, place and person, to calculate the secondary attack rate (SAR) and factors associated with COVID-19 infection among contacts.DesignA retrospective cohort studySetting and participantsContacts of cases identified by the health department from 14 March 2020to 30 May 2020, in 9 of 38 administrative districts of Tamil Nadu. Significant proportion of cases attended a religious congregation.Outcome measureAttack rate among the contacts and factors associated with COVID-19 positivity.ResultsWe listed 15 702 contacts of 931 primary cases. Of the contacts, 89% (n: 14 002) were tested for COVID-19. The overall SAR was 4% (599/14 002), with higher among the household contacts (13%) than the community contacts (1%). SAR among the contacts of primary cases with congregation exposure were 5 times higher than the contacts of non-congregation primary cases (10% vs 2%). Being a household contact of a primary case with congregation exposure had a fourfold increased risk of getting COVID-19 (relative risk (RR): 16.4; 95% CI: 13 to 20) than contact of primary case without congregation exposure. Among the symptomatic primary cases, household contacts of congregation primaries had higher RR than household contacts of other cases ((RR: 25.3; 95% CI: 10.2 to 63) vs (RR: 14.6; 95% CI: 5.7 to 37.7)). Among asymptomatic primary case, RR was increased among household contacts (RR: 16.5; 95% CI: 13.2 to 20.7) of congregation primaries compared with others.ConclusionOur study showed an increase in disease transmission among household contacts than community contacts. Also, symptomatic primary cases and primary cases with exposure to the congregation had more secondary cases than others.

Download Full-text