First norovirus outbreaks associated with consumption of green seaweed (Enteromorpha spp.) in South Korea

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. PARK ◽  
H. S. JEONG ◽  
J. S. LEE ◽  
S. W. LEE ◽  
Y. H. CHOI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Green Seaweed ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Control Study

SUMMARYIn February 2012, an outbreak of gastroenteritis was reported in school A; a successive outbreak was reported at school B. A retrospective cohort study conducted in school A showed that seasoned green seaweed with radishes (relative risk 7·9, 95% confidence interval 1·1–56·2) was significantly associated with illness. Similarly, a case-control study of students at school B showed that cases were 5·1 (95% confidence interval 1·1–24·8) times more likely to have eaten seasoned green seaweed with pears. Multiple norovirus genotypes were detected in samples from students in schools A and B. Norovirus GII.6 isolated from schools A and B were phylogenetically indistinguishable. Green seaweed was supplied by company X, and norovirus GII.4 was isolated from samples of green seaweed. Green seaweed was assumed to be linked to these outbreaks. To our knowledge, this is the first reported norovirus outbreak associated with green seaweed.

Risk of Seizures After Measles-Mumps-Rubella Immunization

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-885
Author(s):  
Marie R. Griffin ◽  
Wayne A. Ray ◽  
Edward A. Mortimer ◽  
Gerald M. Fenichel ◽  
William Schaffner
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Febrile Seizures

To evaluate the risks of seizures and other neurologic events following measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) or measles-rubella (MR) immunization, a retrospective cohort study was conducted among 18 364 Tennessee children enrolled in Medicaid who received MMR or MR immunizations in their first 3 years of life. One hundred children had seizures at some time between immunization and 36 months; there were no encephalopathies during this period. Four children had febrile seizures in the 7 through 14 days following MMR or MR immunization compared with 72 in the interval 30 or more days following MMR or MR immunization yielding a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 2.1 (0.7 to 6.4). Although not statistically significant, this increase in febrile seizures in the 7- through 14-day interval following MMR immunization is coincident with the occurrence of fever following MMR immunization and is consistent with reports of other investigators.

Two Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis Associated with Monte Cristo Sandwiches

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 1568-1570 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENEE RIDZON ◽  
PATRICIA KLUDT ◽  
JOSEPH PEPPE ◽  
KHALIL SHARIFZADEH ◽  
SUSAN LETT
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Food Preparation ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Safe Food ◽  
Control Study

We report on two outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis which occurred in 1992; both were associated with Monte Cristo sandwiches. The first outbreak, which occurred in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, was investigated as a case-control study, and involved 74 persons. The second outbreak, investigated as a cohort study, occurred in Brewster, Massachusetts, and involved 32 persons. Monte Cristo sandwiches were strongly implicated in both outbreaks; the odds ratio in the case-control study was 43, and the relative risk in the cohort study was 13. Food-preparation procedures were reviewed and food handlers were educated about safe food-preparation practices. Because of the short grilling time for Monte Cristo sandwiches, (usually several minutes) the eggs used in the preparation may only be partially cooked. As a result, this food should be viewed as high risk for S. enteritidis. Pasteurized eggs should be used to prepare Monte Cristo sandwiches, especially in a commercial setting.

Sindrom Penyakit Tropis sebagai Prediktor Terjadinya Malnutrisi Balita di Daerah Pesisir

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
Swaidatul Masluhiya AF ◽  
Irma Irma
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Control Study

Masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang cukup seriuspada kelompok usia balita sampai saat ini adalah kejadian malnutrisi, hal iniberdampak pada gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan fisik balita. Malnutrisi juga dapat menyebabkan balita menjadi rentan terhadap penyakit infeksi. Beberapa faktor penyebab malnutrisi diantaranya faktor makanan dan penyakit infeksi yang mungkin diderita anak, faktor ketahanan pangan dikeluarga, pola pengasuhan anak, pelayanan kesehatan dan kesehatan lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui apakah sindrom penyakit tropis merupakan prediktor terjadinya gizi kurang pada balita. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan Case Control Study. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasangan ibu dan balita yang ada di daerah pesisir kecamatan Nambo Kota Kendari denganteknik simple randam sampling di dapatkan jumlah sampel  sebanyak 164 orang yang terdiri dari dua kelompok yaitu kelompok kasus dan kelompok kontrol dengan perbandingan 1:1. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji Chi square pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% (α=0,05) dengan mempertimbangkan nilai Odd Ratio dan nilai Confidence Interval. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa sindrom penyakit tropis (diare dengan р-value = 0,001 dan OR = 4,162, batuk – batuk dengan р-value = 0,001 dan OR = 3,552,ISPAnon pneumoni dengan р-value = 0,004 dan OR = 3,003) merupakan faktor prediktor terjadinya malnutrisi pada balita sedangkan infeksi cacing dengan р-value = 0,056 dan OR= 1,773 bukan merupakan faktor prediktor terjadinya malnutrisi pada balita di daerah pesisir Kecamatan Nambo Kota Kendari

Nonunion Rates in Hind- and Midfoot Arthrodesis in Current, Ex-, and Nonsmokers

2020 ◽  
pp. 107110072097126
Author(s):  
Jack Allport ◽  
Jayasree Ramaskandhan ◽  
Malik S. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factor ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Nonunion rates in hind or midfoot arthrodesis have been reported as high as 41%. The most notable and readily modifiable risk factor that has been identified is smoking. In 2018, 14.4% of the UK population were active smokers. We examined the effect of smoking status on union rates for a large cohort of patients undergoing hind- or midfoot arthrodesis. Methods: In total, 381 consecutive primary joint arthrodeses were identified from a single surgeon’s logbook (analysis performed on a per joint basis, with a triple fusion reported as 3 separate joints). Patients were divided based on self-reported smoking status. Primary outcome was clinical union. Delayed union, infection, and the need for ultrasound bone stimulation were secondary outcomes. Results: Smoking prevalence was 14.0%, and 32.2% were ex-smokers. Groups were comparable for sex, diabetes, and body mass index. Smokers were younger and had fewer comorbidities. Nonunion rates were higher in smokers (relative risk, 5.81; 95% CI, 2.54-13.29; P < .001) with no statistically significant difference between ex-smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers had higher rates of infection ( P = .05) and bone stimulator use ( P < .001). Among smokers, there was a trend toward slower union with heavier smoking ( P = .004). Conclusion: This large retrospective cohort study confirmed previous evidence that smoking has a considerable negative effect on union in arthrodesis. The 5.81 relative risk in a modifiable risk factor is extremely high. Arthrodesis surgery should be undertaken with extreme caution in smokers. Our study shows that after cessation of smoking, the risk returns to normal, but we were unable to quantify the time frame. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective cohort study.

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