scholarly journals Varicella disease after introduction of varicella vaccine in the US, 1995-2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Noah
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
The Us

Chickenpox is now one of the last of the infectious diseases of childhood that remain mostly uncontrolled. An effective vaccine has been available for many years but has not been used for routine immunisation in many countries. This is because the effect of giving the vaccine in early life on the subsequent development of herpes zoster is not known; high immunisation rates are important to ensure that the age distribution does not shift towards older age groups in whom the disease is more serious; and the disease is generally considered innocuous, especially in childhood when about 95% of infections occur.

scholarly journals Estimated varicella incidence on the basis of a seroprevalence survey

2001 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. MUÑOZ ◽  
A. DOMÍNGUEZ ◽  
L. SALLERAS
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Delta Method ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Seroprevalence Data

Varicella is a disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. It is transmitted via the respiratory route, is highly communicable and mainly affects young children. An effective vaccine is now available, whose routine use is advised by health authorities in the USA and which can prevent severe disease, although breakthrough infections do occur. In deciding whether or not to include a vaccine in the routine vaccination schedule, knowledge of the morbidity of the disease in question is fundamental. Although reporting of varicella is compulsory in Catalonia, doctors only have to report the weekly number of cases diagnosed, and not their age distribution. Given that recent data on the prevalence of the infection in Catalonia according to age groups is available, it was considered that, using these data, an estimation of age-related incidence could be made.The objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of varicella in Catalonia on the basis of the available seroprevalence data. A curve was fitted to the observed prevalence and point prevalence estimates for all ages were obtained. The incidence was derived by smoothed prevalence for each of these age groups. Estimated variance of the estimated incidence was obtained by the delta method. Predicted prevalence in the 0–4 years age group was calculated by the smoothed prevalence.The model that best fitted the sample prevalence was the exponential function. The estimated number of varicella cases in this study was 46419 (95% CI 40507–52270). As the population in Catalonia in 1996 was 6090040, the previous results give an incidence rate of 762·2 per 100000 persons/year with their 95% CI (666·1–858·3).The method described may be applied to the study of incidence rates in relation to the prevalence of diseases if we accept that the infection produces permanent immunity; the risk of mortality is the same for infected and non-infected subjects and that the disease incidence and population remain constant in time.

CDC suppression of deleterious data associated with the US universal varicella vaccination program: the effect of declining exogenous exposures on herpes zoster incidence rates (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Zoster ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
The Us ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Herpes Zoster Incidence

BACKGROUND A Research Analyst provides evidence that the Universal Varicella Vaccination Program dramatically altered the epidemiology of herpes zoster (HZ, or shingles) in the first decade following varicella vaccine licensure in March 1995, and describes how CDC misrepresented data to conceal the significance of exogenous (external) exposures in (1) augmenting varicella vaccine efficacy, and (2) helping to prevent or postpone reactivation of HZ. OBJECTIVE Provide data demonstrating the significant effect that the Universal Varicella Vaccination Program and concomitant decline in exogenous exposures had on augmenting varicella vaccine efficacy and on increasing herpes zoster incidence rates among children, adolescents, and adults with a history of varicella during the first decade following varicella vaccine licensure. METHODS The Varicella Active Surveillance Project (VASP) was one of three CDC-funded projects in the US whose mission was to monitor the effects of the varicella vaccine on the Antelope Valley (Los Angeles, California) population of 300,000 residents. In 1995, VASP started collecting baseline epidemiological data pertaining to varicella disease (excluding herpes zoster). Active surveilliance for HZ began in 2000. Since reporting sites consisted of schools and medical providers, two-source capture-recapture statistics were applied to determine reporting completeness of varicella and HZ cases among children and adolescents, and compute ascertainment-corrected incidence rates. RESULTS Deleterious trends in vaccine efficacy due to declines in exogenous exposures were masked by averaging varicella vaccine efficacy over several years instead of stratifying efficacy by year. High HZ incidence rates among children who previously had varicella were initially masked by reporting a crude HZ incidence rate that included varicella-vaccinated children. True rates in the population were approximately two-fold higher since capture-recapture estimated a reporting-completeness of 50%. VASP calculated a statistically significant increase of 56.1% in adult HZ case reports from 2000-2002. CONCLUSIONS CDC mainly published selective studies with misrepresented data to support universal varicella vaccination and aggressively blocked the Research Analyst’s attempt to publish deleterious trends or outcomes, prompting his resignation in protest against what he perceived was research fraud.

scholarly journals Differential Effect of Vaccine Effectiveness and Safety on COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance across Socioeconomic Groups in an International Sample

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1010
Author(s):  
Stefania Kerekes ◽  
Mengdi Ji ◽  
Shu-Fang Shih ◽  
Hao-Yuan Chang ◽  
Harapan Harapan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
The Us ◽  
Over Time

Controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 will require high vaccination coverage, but acceptance of the vaccine could be impacted by perceptions of vaccine safety and effectiveness. The aim of this study was to characterize how vaccine safety and effectiveness impact acceptance of a vaccine, and whether this impact varied over time or across socioeconomic and demographic groups. Repeated cross-sectional surveys of an opt-in internet sample were conducted in 2020 in the US, mainland China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. Individuals were randomized into receiving information about a hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine with different safety and effectiveness profiles (risk of fever 5% vs. 20% and vaccine effectiveness 50% vs. 95%). We examined the effect of the vaccine profile on vaccine acceptance in a logistic regression model, and included interaction terms between vaccine profile and socioeconomic/demographic variables to examine the differences in sensitivity to the vaccine profile. In total, 12,915 participants were enrolled in the six-country study, including the US (4054), China (2797), Taiwan (1278), Malaysia (1497), Indonesia (1527), and India (1762). Across time and countries, respondents had stronger preferences for a safer and more effective vaccine. For example, in the US in November 2020, acceptance was 3.10 times higher for a 95% effective vaccine with a 5% risk of fever, vs a vaccine 50% effective, with a 20% risk of fever (95% CI: 2.07, 4.63). Across all countries, there was an increase in the effect of the vaccine profile over time (p < 0.0001), with stronger preferences for a more effective and safer vaccine in November 2020 compared to August 2020. Sensitivity to the vaccine profile was also stronger in August compared to November 2020, in younger age groups, among those with lower income; and in those that are vaccine hesitant. Uptake of COVID-19 vaccines could vary in a country based upon effectiveness and availability. Effective communication tools will need to be developed for certain sensitive groups, including young adults, those with lower income, and those more vaccine hesitant.

scholarly journals Impact of the routine varicella vaccination programme on varicella epidemiology in Germany

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Siedler ◽  
U Arndt
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Sentinel Surveillance System

Routine varicella vaccination with one dose for children of 11 to 14 months was recommended in Germany in 2004 to reduce disease incidence and severe complications. A country-wide varicella sentinel surveillance system was initiated in 2005 to detect trends of disease frequency and vaccine uptake and to evaluate the vaccination programme. A convenient sample of about 1,000 paediatricians and general practitioners was recruited to report on a monthly basis on varicella cases by age groups seen in their practice, and on varicella vaccine doses administered. Sentinel data from April 2005 to March 2009 show a reduction of 55% of varicella cases in all ages; 63% in the age group 0-4 years and 38% in 5-9 year-olds. The number of vaccine doses per reporting unit in all regions and physician groups increased during the same period. The number of reported cases as well as administered vaccines differed between physician groups and regions with different reimbursement policies. Where reimbursement was settled early and vaccine doses were increasing varicella cases started to decrease early as well. Besides reimbursement policies the availability and vaccination schedules influenced vaccine uptake. Sentinel surveillance provided valid data on trends for varicella associated morbidity, vaccine uptake and the age distribution of cases. The results confirm that following the introduction of routine varicella vaccination, varicella morbidity started to decline in Germany.

scholarly journals Improving surveillance of varicella in Europe in response to increasing availability of varicella vaccine

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (32) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Edmunds
Keyword(s):  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Routine Immunisation ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Shed Light

Last week, the United Kingdom received its first licensed varicella (chickenpox) vaccine. Despite the availability of the new vaccine there are currently no plans to introduce it into the routine immunisation schedule in the UK (currently the vaccine is licensed only for susceptible individuals over the age of 12 years and younger individuals who may be in contact with high risk patients). Indeed, European countries have been slow to introduce widespread chickenpox vaccination, despite the apparent success of the programme in reducing chickenpox incidence in the United States (1). This may be due to a lack of perceived need for chickenpox vaccine among parents and healthcare professionals as observed in Canada, along with concerns regarding the safety of the vaccine when used in routine programmes (2). There are two safety concerns: first, that an inadequate chickenpox vaccination programme will lead to an increase in adult cases (which are generally more severe); and second, that vaccination will lead to an increase in zoster (shingles) in the medium term. What is the basis for these concerns and what surveillance data are available from countries that have introduced the vaccine (notably the US) that may shed light on these issues?

Haemophilia Registry of the Medical Committee of the Swiss Haemophilia Society

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S16-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Brand ◽  
N. von der Weid
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Mutation Analysis ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Severity Of The Disease

SummaryThe Swiss Haemophilia Registry of the Medical Committee of the Swiss Haemophilia Society was established in 2000. Primarily it bears epidemiological and basic clinical data (incidence, type and severity of the disease, age groups, centres, mortality). Two thirds of the questions of the WFH Global Survey can be answered, especially those concerning use of concentrates (global, per capita) and treatment modalities (on-demand versus prophylactic regimens). Moreover, the registry is an important tool for quality control of the haemophilia treatment centres.There are no informations about infectious diseases like hepatitis or HIV, due to non-anonymisation of the data. We plan to incorporate the results of the mutation analysis in the future.

Seroprevalence of specific antibodies during pregnancy and risk for early life infectious diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Albrecht ◽  
G Gabriel ◽  
H Jacobsen ◽  
G Hansen ◽  
H Becher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Specific Antibodies

Results of Surveillance Studies of Infectious Fish Diseases in Freshwater Aquaculture of Ukraine

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Matvienko ◽  
A. Vashchenko ◽  
I. Tsiganok ◽  
L. Buchatsky
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus ◽  
Test System ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Freshwater Aquaculture ◽  
Pancreatic Necrosis Virus

Aim. To investigate the epizootic state of fi sheries in Ukraine; to study the biological specifi cities of viral and bacterial isolates of fi sh in freshwater aquaculture. Methods. The epizootic state of fi sheries was defi ned ac- cording to the surveillance plan for fi sheries, virological (biosampling of sensitive fi sh species, virus isolation on sensitive passaged cell cultures), serological (enzyme immunoassay, virus neutralization test using sensitive passaged cell cultures) and molecular-biological (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction − RTPCR) methods of investigation were used. The pathogenicity of the isolated bacteria was studied in the biosample. The identifi cation was performed using Bergey’s Manual. The express-identifi cation of bacteria was performed using the standardized test-system API 20E Bio Merieux (France). Results. The IPNV isolates of rainbow trout were fi rst isolated in the fi sheries of different forms of ownership in the western regions of Ukraine (Volyn, L’viv, Transcarpathian, Chernivtsi regions). It was demonstrated that different age groups of carp are infested with the virus in the fi sheries of L’viv, Donetsk, Chernihiv, Kyiv, and Odesa regions which testifi es to a wide spread of the virus in Ukraine. Out of fi sh infectious diseases the red spot-like disease and the swim bladder infl ammation of carp, the diseases of young trout and sturgeon were detected in the investigated fi sheries of Ukraine. Conclusions. The epizootic data were used to estimate the condition of the fi sheries in Ukraine in terms of fi sh infectious diseases. An infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, new for Ukraine, was revealed. It was found to affect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss , Walbaum, 1792) and the spread of SVCV in carp fi sheries was demonstrated. As for bacterial fi sh diseases, the decrease in the epizootic situation was described along with considerable extension of the range of species of bacterial pathogens of fi sh. Annual systematic monitoring and measures of preventing the introduction of the agents of infectious diseases are the guarantee of protection of the specialized fi sheries of Ukraine.

scholarly journals Updated Incidence of Thyroid Cancer in the North East Region of Romania after 35 Years of Chernobyl Fallout. Is There a Link between?

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 907
Author(s):  
Laura Teodoriu ◽  
Maria Christina Ungureanu ◽  
Letitia Leustean ◽  
Cristina Preda ◽  
Delia Ciobanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chernobyl Fallout ◽  
Statistical Correlations ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Radioactive Cloud ◽  
The Moment

Thyroid cancer (TC) represents a worldwide problem, the consistent growth of the incidence increment issues about management of risk factors and curative treatment. Updated statistical data are not complete in the North East region of Romania and need to be improved. Therefore, through this study, we aim to renew the existing data on thyroid cancer. We conducted a retrospective study covering a period of 10 years. Data were collected from a hospital information system (InfoWorld) between 2009 and 2019. Patients’ age groups were stratified in relation with the age at the moment of the Chernobyl event. A database was obtained (Microsoft Excel) and statistical correlations were applied. In the studied period, 1159 patients were diagnosed: 968 females and 191 males, distributed by region, with the highest addressability in Iasi (529), followed by neighboring counties. Age distribution displayed that most of the thyroid cancers were in the range 4060 years old (50.94%), followed by 60–80 years old (32.41%). Most patients were diagnosed with papillary carcinoma 63.10%, then follicular 14.7%, medullary 6.74% and undifferentiated 1.02%. Romania was in the vicinity of the radioactive cloud at Chernobyl fallout, so we must deliberate whether the increased incidence of thyroid cancer in the age group 40–60 years is associated with radiogenicity (iodine 131) given the fact that over has 35 years and the half-life of other radioisotopes like Caesium-137 and Strontium -90 is completed.

scholarly journals The UPTAKE study: implications for the future of COVID-19 vaccination trial recruitment in UK and beyond

Trials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonika Sethi ◽  
Aditi Kumar ◽  
Anandadeep Mandal ◽  
Mohammed Shaikh ◽  
Claire A. Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Trial Recruitment ◽  
Trial Management ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Future

Abstract Background Developing a safe and effective vaccine will be the principal way of controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. However, current COVID-19 vaccination trials are not adequately representing a diverse participant population in terms of age, ethnicity and comorbidities. Achieving the representative recruitment targets that are adequately powered to the study remains one of the greatest challenges in clinical trial management. To ensure accuracy and generalisability of the safety and efficacy conclusions generated by clinical trials, it is crucial to recruit patient cohorts as representative as possible of the future target population. Missing these targets can lead to reduced validity of the study results and can often slow down drug development leading to costly delays. Objective This study explores the key factors related to perceptions and participation in vaccination trials. Methods This study involved an anonymous cross-sectional online survey circulated across the UK. Statistical analysis was done in six phases. Multi-nominal logistic models examined demographic and geographic factors that may impact vaccine uptake. Results The survey had 4884 participants of which 9.44% were Black Asian Minority Ethnic (BAME). Overall, 2020 (41.4%) respondents were interested in participating in vaccine trials; 27.6% of the respondents were not interested and 31.1% were unsure. The most interested groups were male (OR = 1.29), graduates (OR = 1.28), the 40–49 and 50–59 age groups (OR = 1.88 and OR = 1.46 respectively) and those with no health issues (OR = 1.06). The least interested groups were BAME (OR = 0.43), those from villages and small towns (OR = 0.66 and 0.54 respectively) and those aged 70 and above (OR = 1.11). Conclusions In order to have a vaccination that is generalisable to the entire population, greater work needs to be done in engaging a diverse cohort of participants. Public health campaigns need to be targeted in improving trial recruitment rates for the elderly, BAME community and the less educated rural population.

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