scholarly journals On the Rise and Diffusion of New Intensifiers: This and That in Some Asian Varieties of English

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-67
Author(s):  
Javier Calle-Martín ◽  
Juan Lorente-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Outer Circle ◽  
Spoken English ◽  
The World ◽  
Degree Adverbs ◽  
And Diffusion

The intensifiers this and that acquired their intensifying function as a result of a grammaticalization process by means of which deictic demonstratives became degree adverbs with the meaning “to this or that extent, so much, so.” The phenomenon spread in the early nineteenth century as a typical resource of spoken English, and since then these intensifiers have found a niche in the written domain by imposing a scalar construal on adjectives for which scale is not the default. Even though these intensifiers are observed in practically all the varieties of English around the world, they predominate in American English, with its use in all the other inner circle varieties lagging well behind. In the outer circle varieties, the construction is also subject to some geographical preferences. The present article has two objectives: to evaluate the role and distribution of this and that as intensifiers in selected Asian varieties of English and to analyze the lexicosemantic structure of their right-hand collocates in terms of word class and mode of construal. The study demonstrates, firstly, the existence of different stages of grammaticalization of this and that, the latter having a wider repertoire of collocates; and secondly, an ongoing process of colloquialization and Americanization of the phenomenon, which is contributing to its growing diffusion in the outer circle varieties of English. The evidence comes from the Indian, Hong Kong, Singaporean and Philippines components of the Corpus of Global Web-based English.

Conditions for Web-Based Learning with Real Events

2000 ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theo J. Bastiaens ◽  
Rob L. Martens
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
The Other ◽  
Independent Learning ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Distance Training ◽  
Web Based Learning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Self Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Professional Context

This chapter presents two converging developments. Traditionally, learning at schools or universities and working in a professional context were relatively separated. Companies often complain that students know a lot ‘facts’ but are not ‘competent.’ On the other hand at schools and universities students often complain that they can’t see the relevance of a certain subject. This chapter deals with the two converging worlds: traditional distance training (such as employed at for instance open universities all over the world) and in company training. ICT and competence-based education are bringing the two together, resulting in a combined working/learning mode, which we will describe as learning with real cases. This leads to more self-study or independent learning. Figure 1 presents an overview of the different facets of the tendency to learn with real cases. This chapter will start with a description of distance education since many things can be learned from this. Then, developments in the business or professional context will be presented. We will stress that there is a convergence leading to ‘learning with real cases’. After a description of this development, learning with real cases, as well as pitfalls and recommendations will be discussed.

Missing me and Msing the other

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 8.1-8.17
Author(s):  
Joanne Winter ◽  
Anne Pauwels
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Language Change ◽  
First Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Outer Circle ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Address System

The introduction and spread ofMsas the courtesy address title for women is a cornerstone of feminist linguistic planning for English. Its introduction aimed to eradicate the discriminatory inequity in the address system that exposed women through their (non)marital relationship with men. The understanding, use and impact of the courtesy title are fairly well documented, particularly for Englishes of Australia (e.g. Pauwels 1987; 1998; 2001; 2003), US and Britain (Romaine 2001) and New Zealand (Holmes 2001). We have little knowledge of the form’s spread, impact and use by speakers for whom English is not the dominant language but forms part of their linguistic repertoire. Graddol (1997) argues that English-speaking bilinguals will outnumber first language speakers and, ‘increasingly will decide the global future of the language’ (p.10). Such contexts of English – second / third / foreign – usage loosely align with locales Kachru (1997) identified as ‘expanding circles’, and to some extent, many of the ‘outer circle’ Englishes, e.g. Hong Kong. In this paper we take up a new direction in feminist language planning: the exploration of courtesy title use and practices by English-speaking mono-/bi-/multilingual women around the world. We draw upon online survey data (available fromhttp://www.teagirl.arts.uwa.edu.au/) to probe respondents’ strategies for addressing unknown women, as well as women’s use of courtesy titles for themselves. Our mapping of practices associated withMsreveals an unexpected pattern of diffusion with implications for evaluating planned social language change. In relation toMs, the implementation of feminist linguistic policy does not cohere with a pattern of spread from inner to outer to expanding ‘circles’ of English or from ‘first language speaker’ to … ‘foreign language speaker’ diffusion. The locale and personal contexts associated with education, awareness and personal commitment to gender equity interact in complicating, and surprising ways. Indeed our research exposes a new directionality forMsas a preferred form for unknown women, without necessarily implicating its use in self-naming for many bilingual women resident in ‘outer circle’ locales.

scholarly journals Measuring analyticity and syntheticity in creoles

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Siegel ◽  
Benedikt Szmrecsanyi ◽  
Bernd Kortmann
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
American English ◽  
The Other ◽  
Word Class ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Token Frequency ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Hong Kong English

Creoles (here including expanded pidgins) are commonly viewed as being more analytic than their lexifiers and other languages in terms of grammatical marking. The purpose of the study reported in this article was to examine the validity of this view by measuring the frequency of analytic (and synthetic) markers in corpora of two different English-lexified creoles — Tok Pisin and Hawai‘i Creole — and comparing the quantitative results with those for other language varieties. To measure token frequency, 1,000 randomly selected words in each creole corpus were tagged with regard to word class, and categorized as being analytic, synthetic, both analytic and synthetic, or purely lexical. On this basis, an Analyticity Index and a Syntheticity Index were calculated. These were first compared to indices for other languages and then to L1 varieties of English (e.g. standard British and American English and British dialects) and L2 varieties (e.g. Singapore English and Hong Kong English). Type frequency was determined by the size of the inventories of analytic and synthetic markers used in the corpora, and similar comparisons were made. The results show that in terms of both token and type frequency of grammatical markers, the creoles are not more analytic than the other varieties. However, they are significantly less synthetic, resulting in much higher ratios of analytic to synthetic marking. An explanation for this finding relates to the particular strategy for grammatical expansion used by individuals when the creoles were developing.

Missing me and Msing the other

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 8.1-8.17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Winter ◽  
Anne Pauwels
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Language Change ◽  
First Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Outer Circle ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Address System

The introduction and spread of Ms as the courtesy address title for women is a cornerstone of feminist linguistic planning for English. Its introduction aimed to eradicate the discriminatory inequity in the address system that exposed women through their (non)marital relationship with men. The understanding, use and impact of the courtesy title are fairly well documented, particularly for Englishes of Australia (e.g. Pauwels 1987; 1998; 2001; 2003), US and Britain (Romaine 2001) and New Zealand (Holmes 2001). We have little knowledge of the form’s spread, impact and use by speakers for whom English is not the dominant language but forms part of their linguistic repertoire. Graddol (1997) argues that English-speaking bilinguals will outnumber first language speakers and, ‘increasingly will decide the global future of the language’ (p.10). Such contexts of English – second / third / foreign – usage loosely align with locales Kachru (1997) identified as ‘expanding circles’, and to some extent, many of the ‘outer circle’ Englishes, e.g. Hong Kong. In this paper we take up a new direction in feminist language planning: the exploration of courtesy title use and practices by English-speaking mono-/bi-/multilingual women around the world. We draw upon online survey data (available from http://www.teagirl.arts.uwa.edu.au/) to probe respondents’ strategies for addressing unknown women, as well as women’s use of courtesy titles for themselves. Our mapping of practices associated with Ms reveals an unexpected pattern of diffusion with implications for evaluating planned social language change. In relation to Ms, the implementation of feminist linguistic policy does not cohere with a pattern of spread from inner to outer to expanding ‘circles’ of English or from ‘first language speaker’ to … ‘foreign language speaker’ diffusion. The locale and personal contexts associated with education, awareness and personal commitment to gender equity interact in complicating, and surprising ways. Indeed our research exposes a new directionality for Ms as a preferred form for unknown women, without necessarily implicating its use in self-naming for many bilingual women resident in ‘outer circle’ locales.

Early Canadiana on the World Wide Web: Preliminary Analysis of Usage Patterns and Usage Feedback

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Cherry ◽  
Wendy M. Duff ◽  
Gerry Oxford
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The Other ◽  
User Survey ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The World ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Software Monitoring

Early Canadiana Online (ECO) is a full-text, Web-based collection of pre-1900 documents which were published in Canada, or which were published in other countries but written by Canadians or about Canada. This paper reports preliminary findings from two studies of this collections- one involving software monitoring of usage of the collection; the other involving a Web-based user survey.

scholarly journals On the native/nonnative speaker notion and World Englishes: Debating with K. Rajagopalan

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-611
Author(s):  
John Robert SCHMITZ
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
American English ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Indian English ◽  
British English ◽  
Nonnative Speaker ◽  
The World ◽  
Australian English

ABSTRACT In a series of three articles published in the Journal of Pragmatics (1995, henceforth JP), the purpose of the papers is to question the division of English spoken in the world into, on one hand, "native" varieties (British English, American English. Australian English) and, on the other, "new/nonnative" varieties (Indian English, Singaporean English, Nigerian English). The JP articles are indeed groundbreaking for they mark one of the first interactions among scholars from the East with researchers in the West with regard to the growth and spread of the language as well as the roles English is made to play by its impressive number of users. The privileged position of prestige and power attributed to the inner circle varieties (USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) is questioned. Rajagopalan (1997, motivated by his reading of the JP papers, adds another dimension to this questioning by pointing to the racial and discriminatory stance underlying the notions "native speaker" and "nonnative speaker" (henceforth, respectively NS and NNS). Rajagopalan has written extensively on the issue of nativity or "nativeness"; over the years, Schmitz has also written on the same topic. There appears, in some cases, to be a number of divergent views with regard to subject on hand on the part of both authors. The purpose of this article is to engage in a respectful debate to uncover misreading and possible misunderstanding on the part of Schmitz. Listening to one another and learning from each another are essential in all academic endeavors.

Pitching and the Other International Practices of Innovation Competitions

2017 ◽  
pp. 124-150
Author(s):  
Rauno Rusko ◽  
Katja Härkönen ◽  
Sofia Petäjäniemi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The World ◽  
Youth Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Web

This chapter focuses on the international practices of innovation competitions. Pitching is a truly global phenomenon in the education and youth entrepreneurship, which has similar structures and contents all over the world. Thus, this international practice follows the ideas of Ohmae (1990) about the borderless world. In other words, the micro-activities and the practices of innovation events are following the joint global macro-level frameworks and practices. However, there seems to be slight differences of these events basing on how these events are named or marketed in the Web. Some of these events are web-based while others involve face-to-face happenings. All these forms of pitching events provide important channel for young entrepreneurship. This chapter focuses on the international practices of innovation competitions. Pitching is a truly global phenomenon in the education and youth entrepreneurship, which has similar structures and contents all over the world. Thus, this international practice follows the ideas of Ohmae about the borderless world. In other words, the micro-activities and the practices of innovation events are following the joint global macro-level frameworks and practices. However, there seems to be slight differences of these events basing on how these events are named or marketed in the Web. Some of these events are web-based while others involve face-to-face happenings. All these forms of pitching events provide important channel for young entrepreneurship.

Greenland whalers and life on a Wadden Sea Island in the eighteenth century

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 680-695
Author(s):  
Christina Folke Ax
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Older People ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Wadden Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The World ◽  
Maritime Community

Focusing on the Danish island Rømø, this article explores how the local community was influenced by the fact that, from the late seventeenth until the early nineteenth century, most of the men migrated every year to the big European cities to work as captains or crew on whaling and sealing ships bound for Arctic waters. This way of living brought the men from Rømø into contact with the cultural and financial centres of Europe. Several aspects of life and practices on Rømø were influenced by the annual migration of labour. While the men were away, women had to take responsibility for running both farms and households. Due to the men’s absence, farming became part of the women’s sphere to such a degree that it was almost the norm that older people would hand over the farm to a daughter and not a son. Farming was, however, marginal and the main incomes of families were earned at sea. Because the men were paid in money and not in kind, the island was permeated by an economy based on the exchange and investment of money. The material culture on the island was influenced by a growing wealth among the islanders and their connections to the world beyond. This was shown through both the cotton shirts of the women and the buildings richly decorated with Dutch tiles. On one hand, certain practices were practical solutions to specific problems connected to the conditions in a maritime community, rather than being inspired by life and practices seen elsewhere. On the other hand, living and behaving in this manner may have been a premise for upholding a connection to the networks that bound the men to communities in the European harbours.

scholarly journals Facilitating Study and Item Level Browsing for Clinical and Epidemiological COVID-19 Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Oliver Schmidt ◽  
Johannes Darms ◽  
Aliaksandra Shutsko ◽  
Matthias Löbe ◽  
Rajini Nagrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The Other ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Metadata Model ◽  
Item Level ◽  
Hl7 Fhir ◽  
The World ◽  
Cdisc Odm ◽  
Access To Documents ◽  
Epidemiology And Public Health

COVID-19 poses a major challenge to individuals and societies around the world. Yet, it is difficult to obtain a good overview of studies across different medical fields of research such as clinical trials, epidemiology, and public health. Here, we describe a consensus metadata model to facilitate structured searches of COVID-19 studies and resources along with its implementation in three linked complementary web-based platforms. A relational database serves as central study metadata hub that secures compatibilities with common trials registries (e.g. ICTRP and standards like HL7 FHIR, CDISC ODM, and DataCite). The Central Search Hub was developed as a single-page application, the other two components with additional frontends are based on the SEEK platform and MICA, respectively. These platforms have different features concerning cohort browsing, item browsing, and access to documents and other study resources to meet divergent user needs. By this we want to promote transparent and harmonized COVID-19 research.

Indonesian Literature’s Position in World Literature

TEKNOSASTIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dina Amelia
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Voice

There are two most inevitable issues on national literature, in this case Indonesian literature. First is the translation and the second is the standard of world literature. Can one speak for the other as a representative? Why is this representation matter? Does translation embody the voice of the represented? Without translation Indonesian literature cannot gain its recognition in world literature, yet, translation conveys the voice of other. In the case of production, publication, or distribution of Indonesian Literature to the world, translation works can be very beneficial. The position of Indonesian literature is as a part of world literature. The concept that the Western world should be the one who represent the subaltern can be overcome as long as the subaltern performs as the active speaker. If the subaltern remains silent then it means it allows the “representation” by the Western.

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