scholarly journals TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CHANDELIERS (SECOND HALF OF THE XVII CENTURY - THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY). PART 1. FRANCE, ENGLAND, VENICE

Articult ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 100-110
Author(s):  
Margarita A. Mitnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
2021 ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Karen Hovhannisyan

SANCTUARIES BEARING THE NAME OF ST. DAVID ON THE TERRITORY OF HISTORICAL ARMENIA A group of sanctuaries are known thus far bearing the name of St. David. There are about ten sanctuaries of the kind but often it is impossible to clear up who that St. David was, to whom the given sanctuary is devoted. The most prominent sanctuary of Western Armenia devoted to St. David (the monastery Apranits, XVII century, known as St. David of Dvin) was in the historical region Derjan, on the territory of which two well-known huge (5-6 m of height) khachkars were erected. Within the boundaries of the contemporary RA there are two most popular sanctuaries named St. David. One of them is situated in the vicinity of the village Getazat of Ararat region and is devoted to St. David of Dvin. This is one of the rare cases when it is certain who the saint of the sanctuary is. The second one is in the village Nor Armavir (Armavir region). That is a prominent pilgrimage site and is mentioned since the beginning of the XIX century. The both over mentioned sanctuaries are significant and beloved pilgrimage sites both for Armenians and for Assyrians of Armenia. The pilgrimage holiday for the both is the Sunday following Easter. In our days these sanctuaries maintain their mass pilgrimage in the frame of which versatile rites having special purposes are executed. A different case is the chapel Ardar (Righteous) David of the village Parpi, in the case of which it is not quite clear if it bears the name of the ogre described in legends. Nevertheless, in Parpi a different legend is told about the brave warrior Righteous David.


Author(s):  
Iuliia Igorevna Bykova

The goal of this research is the comprehensive examination of precious framing of the bestowed royal figures in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great. The author explores the circumstances of emergence of such awards in Russia and creation of precious frames of this time, possible “prototypes” of the diamond frame pattern that are similar to Western European awards, the masters who design these frames, etc. The article is based on the combination of art criticism and historical-cultural approaches. The object of this research was the award badges – royal figures of the first quarter of the XVIII century (enamel and graphic miniature portraits of Peter the Great, as well as minted medals). The research employs the written (unpublished archival documents) and visual sources (portraits of the grandees of the Petrine period with such awards; images of the royal figures on lithographs of the mid XIX century). It is established that precious frames of the bestowed royal figures of the first quarter of the XVIII century had the same pattern. Most likely, in design of the framing of award badges in Russia, the masters relied on the appearance of the royal figures brought by Peter I from England and Holland after the Great Embassy. These Western examples, in turn, had the “design” characteristic to similar royal awards of the XVII century. The article list the names of the jewelers who manufactured diamond frames of the bestowed royal figures in Russia of that time. These are the "foreigners" J. Westfahl, K. Boldan, I. Jasper. A significant part of such frames (over a hundred) was created by J. Westfahl. The design of precious frame for the royal figures of the Petrine period remained in similar awards of the Russian rulers and in XVIII – XIX centuries.


2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 299-314
Author(s):  
Marek Stępień

After the Council of Trent during the pontificate of the Pope Gregory XII (15721585), the numerous colleges, the seminaries for priests educating future clergy, were being established in Rome. During those times the established colleges were as follows: German-Hungarian in 1552, Greek in 1577, English in 1579, Marians in 1584 (marionickie). Polish college was established after receiving papal approval at 1 September 1582 by Philippe Nereusz and existed only by the end of 1586. In the middle of the XVII century Polish King Jan Kazimierz created with papal approval Polish-Swedish college. The new institution remaining under the Polish King supervision from Waza dynasty and was destined for Polish and Swedes. Unfortunately, after the death of Jan Kazimierz the college was supervised by the Swedish Queen Kristina, who decided that the college would be destined only for Swedes. Through the following two hundred years there were not any centre educating Polish clergy. In the middle of the XIX century Bogdan Jański together with his friends and monks Peter Semeneka and Hieronim Kajsiewicz, the founders of the Congregation of the Ressurectionist Fathers, started the efforts leading to reestablishing the Polish College in Rome, that would educate and prepare the candidates for priesthood. The funds were gathered remembering about convincing the Pope to this initiative.


Author(s):  
Валерий Викторович Игошев

В статье исследуется серебряный оклад Евангелия из собрания Государственного Русского музея с иконописным изображением Распятия на верхней деревянной крышке. Оклад Евангелия, происходящий из коллекции М. П. Боткина, выполнен в разнообразных техниках и имеет очень редко встречающуюся особенность - иконописное «Распятие» расположено в центральной части верхней крышки в заглублении (ковчеге). Аналогичные оклады Евангелий с иконописными изображениями нередко изготавливались псковскими мастерами в конце XIV- XVI вв. Исследуемый оклад состоит из разновременных серебряных деталей, которые свидетельствуют о его неоднократных переделках и «поновлениях». В центральной части верхней крышки Евангелия на гвоздиках крепятся серебряные золочёные пластины, украшенные надписями и растительным орнаментом, а также - семь узорчатых венчиков, выполненных псковским мастером в середине XVI в. Такие детали изготовлены в технике резьбы (оброна) и заполнены черной эмалью. В это же время сделаны литые детали двух застёжек с кожаными ремнями, скрепляющих деревянные крышки Евангелия. Все эти изящно и тонко исполненные серебряные детали по стилю и технике очень близки к работам псковских мастеров середины XVI в. Вероятно, к XVI в. следует отнести также гладкие накладные серебряные дробницы с гравированными изображениями символов евангелистов и святых. Разновременные дополнения оклада появились при его переделках. Обветшавшие, сломанные или утерянные детали изготавливались заново и заменяли оригинальные части оклада. Во второй половине XVII в. сделаны ажурные серебряные пластины со сканым растительным орнаментом и эмалью, закрывающие поля верхней крышки, выполненные псковским мастером в подражаниt тонким и изысканным образцам эмали по скани работы псковских мастеров XVI в. Во второй половине XVII в. было сделано утраченное иконописное изображение Распятия с фигурами предстоящих и летящими ангелами. В начале XVIII в. был заменён старый книжный блок на новый, а в XIX в. менялся бархат на нижней и верхней крышке Евангелия. Разнообразие деталей, сделанных в разных техниках на протяжении XVI-XVII-XVIII-XIX вв., свидетельствует о многочисленных ремонтах, и в то же время - бережном отношении к древнейшим деталям оклада книги, сохранившимся до нашего времени. The article reflects the research work of the silver oklad, laid on the Gospel book from the Russian Museum’s collection, with the iconographic depiction of the Crucifixion on the top. Originally, the Gospel cover came from the collection of M. P. Botkin and was made in a variety of techniques. It has a rarely encountered feature: the icon of “Crucifixion” is set in the recess, called “covchèg” (or “ark”) located on the top of a book cover. Similar oklads on the Gospel books with the iconographic images were often made by Pskov master jewelers at the end of the XIV-XVI centuries. This oklad consists of different silver parts of different time periods, which testify to its repeated alterations and “improvements.” The central part of the upper board is decorated with gilded silver plates, containing inscriptions, floral ornaments and seven patterned halos. They are made in the middle of 16th century by unknown Pskov jeweler in the technique of carving and decorated with a black enamel. The silver cast parts and pieces of two fasteners with a leather straps are made at the same time period. All these gracefully and finely made details are very similar in style and techniques to the works of the Pskov silversmiths active in the mid-16th century. The silver plaques with images and symbols of the evangelists and Saints engraved on them were made around the same time, but multiple additions and replacements, which were made at different periods appeared during its alterations. Broken or lost pieces were made anew, and they have replaced original, but worn out parts. The openwork silver plates and enameled filigree floral ornaments were made in the second half of the XVII century by the Pskov silversmith in imitation of subtle and exquisite enamel works of the 16th century Pskov masters. The Crucifixion with figures of Saints and flying angels was repainted in the second half of the XVII century. The old book block was replaced with a new one in the beginning of the XVIII century. The velvet, which is covering upper and lower book boards has been changed in the XIX century. Variety of parts were made in different technique styles during XVI - XVII - XVIII - XIX centuries; they show evidence of multiple repairs and, at the same time, show assiduous care for the most ancient pieces of the oklad and the book itself, preserved to our time.


Author(s):  
Ilya G. Lezhava

The article is devoted to the problems of mutual influence of Russian and Western architecture. The study covers the period from the XVIII century to the present day. The following stages are considered: the end of the XVII century - the first half of the XIX century; in the XX century - from the 1919 to the 30-ies; further from the 30's to the 50's, from the 50's to the 60's, from the 60's to the 80's and, finally, the period of the beginning of the XXI century. The article is considered by the author not so much as a full-fledged research, but rather as a call to collect new data and publications relating to this topic.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Olga V. Marchenko

The subject. The article reveals the main historical trends and legal problems concerning unification of documents used by Russian authorities during different historical periods. The purpose of the article is to identify the prerequisites for the origin of document unification, as well as to characterize the periods of development and main directions of document flow standardization in pre-revolutionary Russia. The methodology includes historical-legal method, formal-legal method, systematic approach, chronological method, analysis, synthesis. The main results of research. Scientific understanding of the historical and legal aspects of document flow standardization is closely related to the main stages of its development, and therefore the problem of periodization of document flow standardization in Russia for the purpose of systematization and scientific generalization of this field of knowledge comes to the fore. The chronological approach was chosen as the most appropriate criterion, which allows to trace the evolutionary development of document management standardization, link it with the general history of office work in Russia and state policy in this area. The research will help to determine ways to improve the current system of document management standardization in Russia. The research topic becomes especially relevant in connection with the activation of the processes of implementation of international standards, and the wide application of foreign practice in the field of documentation management over the past decade in Russia. Generalization and analysis of the historical experience of our country in this area makes it possible to identify the national specifics of document management and its standardization. It helps to determine the prospects for the implementation of international standards. Conclusions. The study of the history of documentation practice in Russia allows us to conclude that the issues of document flow rationalization were of great importance since the XVII century. Considerable experience was accumulated in the field of document unification in pre-revolutionary Russia. The beginnings of document unification arose at the dawn of the XVII century and developed gradually with the formation and complexity of the office system in Russia. At the first stage unification was manifested in the consolidation of spontaneously formed norms and rules for drawing up business papers, by the end of the XIX century it turned into an independent element in the field of document management. The gradual evolution of the form as well as the introduction of stamp paper led to the appearance of legally established forms of documents with permanent details in the XIX century, and the first unified documentation systems were created. The appearance of collections of business paper samples showed that government and Russian society understood the importance of using sustainable document models in order to streamline document flow.


2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (07) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Aygün İlham qızı Əliyeva ◽  

The article deals with the reasons for the need of studing creativity of Nizami Ganjavi on a global scale, analyzes the ideas and thoughts that cover all areas of life, that are relevant for all periods in his poems. Beginning from the first information described in the work of “Oriental Library”, which was written by Bartelemy d`Herbelo in the XVII century, the author investigated and analyzed the researches and works related to Nizami Ganjavi`s creativity such as translation of “Seven Beauties” by Clerombl in 1741, Silvestr de Sasi in the XIX century, Lucien Buva, Alfons Russo, Henry Masse, Louis Aragon in the XX century and commented on their studies. Key words: Nizami Ganjavi “Khamsa”, Definition of the Prophet, The Miraj of the Prophet Muhammed, Voltaire, Henri Masse, P. L.Krua, François- Bernard Charmoy


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
N. Zlenko ◽  
◽  
R. Mnozhynska ◽  
S. Lysenko ◽  
◽  
...  

The urgency of the research topic is necessity to understand the idea of humanism in Ukraine from its formation to development in new cultural and historical conditions. The purpose of the article is to study the formation and development of humanistic ideas in Ukrainian philosophical thought in the historical aspect. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: historical – to study the stages of development of humanistic ideas, analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, generalization and systematization – to formulate intermediate and final conclusions. The article highlights the meaning of the concept of "humanism". The preconditions for the formation of ideas of humanism are determined. It was found that the idea of humanism was preceded by the first moral rule of coexistence, which later in the history of philosophy was called talion. The main formation stages of humanistic ideas in the Ukrainian philosophical thought (the first – XIV-XVI centuries; the second – the second half of the XVI – the beginning of the XVII century; the third – the second half of the XVII century; the fourth – the second half of the XVII – the beginning of the XVIII century; fifth – XIX century, sixth – XX century, seventh – XXI century). Distinctive features of the humanistic ideas from talion and the "golden rule of morality" have been formed. Prospects for further scientific research in this area are seen in the study of the mechanisms of restoration of humanistic ideals in such social institutions as the family and school.


2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Janczewski

Individual and integral confession and absolution constitute the sole ordinary means by which a member of the faithful who is conscious of grave sin is reconciled with God and with the Church. Physical or moral impossibility alone excuses from such confession, in which case reconciliation may be attained by other means also (can. 960). The proper place for hearing sacramental confessions is a church or oratory. Except for a just reason, confessions are not to be heard elsewhere than in a confessional (can. 964). In the XVII century Holy See prohibited celebration of the sacrament of penance with the aid of letter. In the XIX century was the problem relative to confession by telephone. The opinion of Vatican Congregation s. Oficium to that question was not clear. Some authors think, that any priest can probably validly absolve by telephone in danger of death of penitent. In the beginning of the XXI century we ask about possibility confession by internet or mobile telephone 3G. This elaboration is a trial settlement the conditions of validly celebration of that sacrament by internet and mobile telephone in the future.


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