scholarly journals Precious framing of the bestowed royal figures during the time of Peter the Great

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-109
Author(s):  
Iuliia Igorevna Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Art Criticism ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Western European ◽  
Xix Century

The goal of this research is the comprehensive examination of precious framing of the bestowed royal figures in Russia during the reign of Peter the Great. The author explores the circumstances of emergence of such awards in Russia and creation of precious frames of this time, possible “prototypes” of the diamond frame pattern that are similar to Western European awards, the masters who design these frames, etc. The article is based on the combination of art criticism and historical-cultural approaches. The object of this research was the award badges – royal figures of the first quarter of the XVIII century (enamel and graphic miniature portraits of Peter the Great, as well as minted medals). The research employs the written (unpublished archival documents) and visual sources (portraits of the grandees of the Petrine period with such awards; images of the royal figures on lithographs of the mid XIX century). It is established that precious frames of the bestowed royal figures of the first quarter of the XVIII century had the same pattern. Most likely, in design of the framing of award badges in Russia, the masters relied on the appearance of the royal figures brought by Peter I from England and Holland after the Great Embassy. These Western examples, in turn, had the “design” characteristic to similar royal awards of the XVII century. The article list the names of the jewelers who manufactured diamond frames of the bestowed royal figures in Russia of that time. These are the "foreigners" J. Westfahl, K. Boldan, I. Jasper. A significant part of such frames (over a hundred) was created by J. Westfahl. The design of precious frame for the royal figures of the Petrine period remained in similar awards of the Russian rulers and in XVIII – XIX centuries.

scholarly journals ...To Remember Everything

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-28
Author(s):  
Ilya G. Lezhava
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Xix Century

The article is devoted to the problems of mutual influence of Russian and Western architecture. The study covers the period from the XVIII century to the present day. The following stages are considered: the end of the XVII century - the first half of the XIX century; in the XX century - from the 1919 to the 30-ies; further from the 30's to the 50's, from the 50's to the 60's, from the 60's to the 80's and, finally, the period of the beginning of the XXI century. The article is considered by the author not so much as a full-fledged research, but rather as a call to collect new data and publications relating to this topic.

scholarly journals ANCIENT RUSSIA AND XVIII CENTURY IN V. BRUSOV’S CREATIVE HERITAGE

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
IRINA ATAJANYAN
Keyword(s):  
Xviii Century ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Peter The Great

The paper’s author withholds her consent to the opinion that V. Brusov did not address XVIII century and Ancient Russia in his works. To substantiate the standpoint, the author analyzes V. Brusov’s works on Moscow history – «Moscow of XVII Century», «A Women’s Life in a Terem (a tower room»), «The Streets», his verses «Terem» (a tower room), as well as six verses devoted to Peter the Great. The analysis concludes that the writer was interested in the above-mentioned issue

scholarly journals Evolution of features of public service in Rus’ and in Russia in IX — the first quarter of XVIII century

2020 ◽  
pp. 164-169
Author(s):  
Dania Khairullina
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
State Service ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
State Administration ◽  
State Apparatus

The article is devoted to the study of the features of public service in the IX — first quarter of the XVIII century. The characteristic of the state service in the designated time interval is given, its main features and structural elements are analyzed. The author traces the features of successive transformational changes in the civil service, including the period of its early institutionalization. The most significant characteristics of public service in the context of various geopolitical conditions are evaluated. The main normative legal acts regulating the institution of public service, operating in specific historical stages, are analyzed. The author suggests, supported by relevant arguments, that it was during the reign of Peter the Great that the state service became one of the largest institutions, the most powerful centralized mechanism of state administration, a significant part of the state apparatus, and the existing specifics of the internal organization is approaching its modern appearance and purpose.

scholarly journals "Insza prostota szczera, cnotliwa, przystojna; insza prostota co ją głupstwem zowią". O rozwoju jednego ze znaczeń prostoty

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 21-42
Author(s):  
Beata Raszewska-Żurek
Keyword(s):  
Xviii Century ◽  
Religious Attitude ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Religious Aspect ◽  
The Way

The transformation of a meaning of prostotaThis article is dedicated to the evolution of one of prostota lexeme meaning (and prostoć, prostość as well) – its human mental sphere significance. The analysis (definitions and examples) expands over the Polish language dictionary since its beginning till modernity. There were two main meanings of a lexeme prostota from the Old Polish till the end of the XVII century – positively characterised straight meaning regarding morality, directly linked to religious attitude and the second one, referring to mental and intelectual ability of individual, negatively regarding its undernormative features.It transformed during the XVIII century – the disredarding meaning disappeared, the first, religious aspect expanded over morality, customs, the way of living, simultanously drifting away from its religious significance.Throught the history of the prostota lexeme there was a short period regarding to a lack of culture and misbehaviour but dissapeared quickly with uprising of a prostactwo lexeme. Since the XIX century the dominating feature of prostota lexeme is being natural in a positive way. Besides the modifications of the lexeme and the transformation of its meanings prostota was mostly referring to positive values, which are the only meanings now.

The Abkhazian Principality and Abazins BETWEEN THE Turks and the Russian Empire

ANCIENT LAND ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 18-35
Author(s):  
Ярослав Валентинович Пилипчук ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Relationship Of

This paper is devoted to the history of the relationship of Abkhazians and Abazines with the Mingrels, Turkic world and the Russians. Abkhazian mtavarist developed on the basis of the Tskhum eristavarist. During the XV century - the first half of the XVII century. Abkhazia was an integral part of the Mingrel principalities of Sabediano and Odishi. The region was actually ruled by the Georgian Sharvashidze dynasty. During the XVII century. Abkhazians put pressure on the Mingrels and advanced their border to the Enguri River. They took an active part in the strife in Mingrelia. In the XVIII century. Abkhazians put pressure on the Ottoman possessions in Georgia.in XVIII cebtury. Abkhazia despite the formal vassalage from the Ottoman Empire was practically an independent principality, which at one time was divided into a number of destinies and free societies. The specific principality of Samurzakan had a mixed (Abkhazs and Mingrels) ethnic composition of the population. The most powerful Abkhaz ruler was Keleshbey, who maneuvered between the Ottomans and the Russian Empire in fact maintained independence. He combined several destinies into a single state. Seferbey (Giorgi Sharvashidze) and Hamutbey (Mikheil Sharvashidze) were in fact Russian demonstrators, who did not find support among the people. However, Mikheil Sharvashidze tried to pursue an independent policy. He fought with the Mingrel Dadiani for control of Samurzakano and strengthened power over the mountainous free societies of Abkhazia. During the Crimean War, he maneuvered between the Ottomans and the Romanovs. The disgraced Aslanbey and Hasanbey also enjoyed wide support among the people. The Abkhazian rebelled against the Russians several times in the XIX century. This was often associated with the offensive of the Russians on the rights of the Abkhazian princes and the mountain free societies. The main initiators of the confrontation with the Russians were the Tsebeldin princes Marshania. The mountain communities of Tsebelda, Pskhu and Dal became deserted as a result of Abkhazian mahajirism. Southern Abazins-Sadzes gravitated towards Abkhazia and depended on it. They supported Aslanbey in his struggle against the Russians. They were also strongly associated with the Ubykhs and the Circassian tribes who took part in the Caucasian war. Part of the Circassian tribes of the XVIII century were assimilated abazins. Northern Abaza made up free societies. The attempts of the Crimean Gherays to subjugate them to themselves were unsuccessful. The presence of Nogays and Turks in the Abazin lands was episodic. In the XVI - XVII centuries. The northern Abazins were subjects of Greater and Lesser Kabarda, and they also sent embassies to the Russians in Moscow and Tersky town. They were loyal to the Russian authorities and reacted to the infringement of rights migration to the mountains. Southern Abazins (Jigets) since the 40-ies of XIX century they became subjects of the Russian Empire. Key words: Abkhazian principality, Abkhazians, Abazins, Sharvashidze, Marshania, Turks, Ottoman Empire, Odishi, Sabeianom Mingrels, Russian Empire, Russians

scholarly journals Small crowns of Russian empresses in the XVIII – early XIX centuries: creation, presence, artistic attributes

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-29
Author(s):  
Iuliia Igorevna Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Art Criticism ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Stylistic Evolution ◽  
Cultural Approach ◽  
Comprehensive Method ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Artistic Image ◽  
Time Description ◽  
First Time

The object of this research is the small crowns of Russian empresses of the XVIII – early XIX century. The goal of this work consists in specification of circumstances of the creation and presence of small imperial crowns in Russia of that time, description of their artistic attributes, and analysis of these regalia as the works of jewelry art, considering stylistic evolution. For achieving the designated goal, the author applied comprehensive method of research based on the combination of art criticism and historical-cultural approach, referring to a range of sources: from unpublished archival documents and memoirs of contemporaries to visual material. The article clarifies the term “small” crown. Based on the archival documents, the author introduces into the scientific discourse the records on a number previously unknown small crowns, as well as specifies the circumstances of their creation along with names of the craftsmen. The artistic image of small Imperial crowns was analyzed for the first time. The conducted research demonstrates that in the XVIII century this image transformed under the influence of stylistic preferences in Russian artistic culture and due to the change of court jewelers who belonged to different schools of jewelry art. In the XIX century, influenced by the national ideas and according to the already established state ceremonial, which tends to traditionalism, the exterior of small crowns was fully oriented towards the small crown of 1797.

Orthodox arrangement of the Pochaiv Lavra in the second third of the XIX century.

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-41
Author(s):  
Ella Volodymyrivna Bystrytska
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
The Political ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Political Motivation ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

Abstract: A series of imperial decrees of the 1820s ordering the establishment of a Greco-Uniate Theological Collegium and appropriate consistories contributed to the spread of the autocratic synodal system of government and the establishment of control over Greek Uniate church institutions in the annexed territories of Right-Bank Ukraine. As a result, the Greco-Uniate Church was put on hold in favor of the government's favorable grounds for the rapid localization of its activities. Basilian accusations of supporting the Polish November Uprising of 1830-1831 made it possible to liquidate the OSBM and most monasteries. The transfer of the Pochaiv Monastery to the ownership of the Orthodox clergy in 1831 was a milestone in the liquidation of the Greco-Uniate Church and the establishment of a Russian-style Orthodox mono-confessionalism. On the basis of archival documents, the political motivation of the emperor's decree to confiscate the Pochayiv Monastery from the Basilians with all its property and capital was confirmed. The transfer to the category of monasteries of the 1st class and the granting of the status of a lavra indicated its special role in strengthening the position of the autocracy in the western region of the Russian Empire. The orders of the Holy Synod outline the key tasks of ensuring the viability of the Lavra as an Orthodox religious center: the introduction of continuous worship, strengthening the personal composition of the population, delimitation of spiritual responsibilities, clarifying the affiliation of the printing house. However, maintaining the rhythm of worship and financial and economic activities established by the Basilians proved to be a difficult task, the solution of which required ten years of hard work. In order to make quick changes in the monastery, decisions were made by the emperor and senior government officials, and government agencies were involved at the local level, which required the coordination of actions of all parties to the process.

Ս. ԴԱՎԻԹ ԱՆՈՒՆԸ ԿՐՈՂ ՍՐԲԱՎԱՅՐԵՐԸ ՊԱՏՄԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆԻ ՏԱՐԱԾՔՈՒՄ

2021 ◽  
pp. 291-304
Author(s):  
Karen Hovhannisyan
Keyword(s):  
Xvii Century ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Village

SANCTUARIES BEARING THE NAME OF ST. DAVID ON THE TERRITORY OF HISTORICAL ARMENIA A group of sanctuaries are known thus far bearing the name of St. David. There are about ten sanctuaries of the kind but often it is impossible to clear up who that St. David was, to whom the given sanctuary is devoted. The most prominent sanctuary of Western Armenia devoted to St. David (the monastery Apranits, XVII century, known as St. David of Dvin) was in the historical region Derjan, on the territory of which two well-known huge (5-6 m of height) khachkars were erected. Within the boundaries of the contemporary RA there are two most popular sanctuaries named St. David. One of them is situated in the vicinity of the village Getazat of Ararat region and is devoted to St. David of Dvin. This is one of the rare cases when it is certain who the saint of the sanctuary is. The second one is in the village Nor Armavir (Armavir region). That is a prominent pilgrimage site and is mentioned since the beginning of the XIX century. The both over mentioned sanctuaries are significant and beloved pilgrimage sites both for Armenians and for Assyrians of Armenia. The pilgrimage holiday for the both is the Sunday following Easter. In our days these sanctuaries maintain their mass pilgrimage in the frame of which versatile rites having special purposes are executed. A different case is the chapel Ardar (Righteous) David of the village Parpi, in the case of which it is not quite clear if it bears the name of the ogre described in legends. Nevertheless, in Parpi a different legend is told about the brave warrior Righteous David.

scholarly journals Początki Kolegium Polskiego w Rzymie w XVI i XVII w. oraz działania zmierzające do jego utworzenia w XIX w.

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 299-314
Author(s):  
Marek Stępień
Keyword(s):  
Council Of Trent ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
Xix Century

After the Council of Trent during the pontificate of the Pope Gregory XII (15721585), the numerous colleges, the seminaries for priests educating future clergy, were being established in Rome. During those times the established colleges were as follows: German-Hungarian in 1552, Greek in 1577, English in 1579, Marians in 1584 (marionickie). Polish college was established after receiving papal approval at 1 September 1582 by Philippe Nereusz and existed only by the end of 1586. In the middle of the XVII century Polish King Jan Kazimierz created with papal approval Polish-Swedish college. The new institution remaining under the Polish King supervision from Waza dynasty and was destined for Polish and Swedes. Unfortunately, after the death of Jan Kazimierz the college was supervised by the Swedish Queen Kristina, who decided that the college would be destined only for Swedes. Through the following two hundred years there were not any centre educating Polish clergy. In the middle of the XIX century Bogdan Jański together with his friends and monks Peter Semeneka and Hieronim Kajsiewicz, the founders of the Congregation of the Ressurectionist Fathers, started the efforts leading to reestablishing the Polish College in Rome, that would educate and prepare the candidates for priesthood. The funds were gathered remembering about convincing the Pope to this initiative.

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