scholarly journals Silver Combined Weddes Evangel XVI-XVII centuries. From the State Russian Museum. Research and Attribution

Author(s):  
Валерий Викторович Игошев

В статье исследуется серебряный оклад Евангелия из собрания Государственного Русского музея с иконописным изображением Распятия на верхней деревянной крышке. Оклад Евангелия, происходящий из коллекции М. П. Боткина, выполнен в разнообразных техниках и имеет очень редко встречающуюся особенность - иконописное «Распятие» расположено в центральной части верхней крышки в заглублении (ковчеге). Аналогичные оклады Евангелий с иконописными изображениями нередко изготавливались псковскими мастерами в конце XIV- XVI вв. Исследуемый оклад состоит из разновременных серебряных деталей, которые свидетельствуют о его неоднократных переделках и «поновлениях». В центральной части верхней крышки Евангелия на гвоздиках крепятся серебряные золочёные пластины, украшенные надписями и растительным орнаментом, а также - семь узорчатых венчиков, выполненных псковским мастером в середине XVI в. Такие детали изготовлены в технике резьбы (оброна) и заполнены черной эмалью. В это же время сделаны литые детали двух застёжек с кожаными ремнями, скрепляющих деревянные крышки Евангелия. Все эти изящно и тонко исполненные серебряные детали по стилю и технике очень близки к работам псковских мастеров середины XVI в. Вероятно, к XVI в. следует отнести также гладкие накладные серебряные дробницы с гравированными изображениями символов евангелистов и святых. Разновременные дополнения оклада появились при его переделках. Обветшавшие, сломанные или утерянные детали изготавливались заново и заменяли оригинальные части оклада. Во второй половине XVII в. сделаны ажурные серебряные пластины со сканым растительным орнаментом и эмалью, закрывающие поля верхней крышки, выполненные псковским мастером в подражаниt тонким и изысканным образцам эмали по скани работы псковских мастеров XVI в. Во второй половине XVII в. было сделано утраченное иконописное изображение Распятия с фигурами предстоящих и летящими ангелами. В начале XVIII в. был заменён старый книжный блок на новый, а в XIX в. менялся бархат на нижней и верхней крышке Евангелия. Разнообразие деталей, сделанных в разных техниках на протяжении XVI-XVII-XVIII-XIX вв., свидетельствует о многочисленных ремонтах, и в то же время - бережном отношении к древнейшим деталям оклада книги, сохранившимся до нашего времени. The article reflects the research work of the silver oklad, laid on the Gospel book from the Russian Museum’s collection, with the iconographic depiction of the Crucifixion on the top. Originally, the Gospel cover came from the collection of M. P. Botkin and was made in a variety of techniques. It has a rarely encountered feature: the icon of “Crucifixion” is set in the recess, called “covchèg” (or “ark”) located on the top of a book cover. Similar oklads on the Gospel books with the iconographic images were often made by Pskov master jewelers at the end of the XIV-XVI centuries. This oklad consists of different silver parts of different time periods, which testify to its repeated alterations and “improvements.” The central part of the upper board is decorated with gilded silver plates, containing inscriptions, floral ornaments and seven patterned halos. They are made in the middle of 16th century by unknown Pskov jeweler in the technique of carving and decorated with a black enamel. The silver cast parts and pieces of two fasteners with a leather straps are made at the same time period. All these gracefully and finely made details are very similar in style and techniques to the works of the Pskov silversmiths active in the mid-16th century. The silver plaques with images and symbols of the evangelists and Saints engraved on them were made around the same time, but multiple additions and replacements, which were made at different periods appeared during its alterations. Broken or lost pieces were made anew, and they have replaced original, but worn out parts. The openwork silver plates and enameled filigree floral ornaments were made in the second half of the XVII century by the Pskov silversmith in imitation of subtle and exquisite enamel works of the 16th century Pskov masters. The Crucifixion with figures of Saints and flying angels was repainted in the second half of the XVII century. The old book block was replaced with a new one in the beginning of the XVIII century. The velvet, which is covering upper and lower book boards has been changed in the XIX century. Variety of parts were made in different technique styles during XVI - XVII - XVIII - XIX centuries; they show evidence of multiple repairs and, at the same time, show assiduous care for the most ancient pieces of the oklad and the book itself, preserved to our time.

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-211
Author(s):  
Георгий Сергеевич Дмитриев

Целью настоящей статьи является изучение этапов и условий формирования вотчинного фонда Троице-Сергиевой Лавры в Переславль-Залесском уезде (юго-западной его окраины). С помощью нарративного, сравнительно-аналитического, историко-биографического, источниковедческого и других научных методов был определён состав земельного монастырского фонда, специфика его формирования, крупные вкладчики и история передачи их вотчин обители. В ходе исследования было установлено, что незначительные земельные сделки в Рождественском стане начались уже в 1520-х гг., это были деревни: Семенцово, Язвицево, Монастырище, Грозилово (позже часть из них превратилась в пустоши). Более крупными вкладами была отмечена вторая половина ХVI в.: Троицкий монастырь получил от Бутурлиных часть села Богороцкого (позже вторую часть пожаловал царь Феодор I), от опричников Ловчиковых - село Махру с пустошами, от Баима Воейкова - деревню Дмитровскую. Деревня Чернцы (Ченцы) была окончательно присоединена к владениям монастыря в 1631 г. Вклады 1570-80-х гг. носили экстренный характер, обусловленный опричным террором и царскими опалами. Жертвователи стремились отдать свои земли святой обители, принять там постриг и погребение. К концу ХVI в. большая часть Рождественской волости принадлежала троицким властям. В 1650 г. царь Алексей Михайлович обменял дворцовые земли в Серебожье: с. Константиновское с 14 деревнями на половину с. Мытищи и с. Толоконцево. Таким образом, формирование земельного фонда Лавры происходило поэтапно в Рождественской волости и единовременно - в Серебожье. К середине ХVII в. Троице-Сергиев монастырь являлся крупнейшим феодалом не только в Переславском уезде, но и во всём центральном регионе Московского государства. The article is devoted to the history and conditions of formation of the feudal complex of the Trinity-Sergius monastery in the Pereslavl district, namely in the South-Western edge of it - Rozhdestvensky and Serebuzhsky fields. Minor land deals in the Rozhdestvensky district started in the 1520s, these are villages: Sementsova, Iyzvitsy, Monastyryshche, Grosilovo. Later, some of them turned into wastelands. Larger contributions were made in the second half of the 16th century: Trinity monastery received from the famous Buturlins part of the village of Bogorodsky (later the second part was granted by Tsar Fyodor I), from the oprichniks Lovchikovs - Mahra village, with the badlands, from Baim Voeykov - the village of Dmitrovskaya. The village of Cherntsi was finally annexed to the monastery's possessions in 1631. The contributions of the 1570s and 80s were of the immediate type, due to the oprichnina terror and the king's wrath. Сontributions sought to give their land to the Holy monastery (and not to the tsar), take monastic vows and burial there. By the end of the XVI century, most of the Rozhdestvenskaya district belonged to the Trinity authorities. In 1650, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich exchanged the Palace of the earth in Sereboje - v. Konstantinovskoe with 14 villages, half the village of Mytishchi and v.Tolokontsevо. Thus, by the middle of the XVII century, the Trinity-Sergius monastery became the largest f feudalist not only in the Pereslavl district, but also in the entire Central region of the Moscow state.


2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Janczewski

Individual and integral confession and absolution constitute the sole ordinary means by which a member of the faithful who is conscious of grave sin is reconciled with God and with the Church. Physical or moral impossibility alone excuses from such confession, in which case reconciliation may be attained by other means also (can. 960). The proper place for hearing sacramental confessions is a church or oratory. Except for a just reason, confessions are not to be heard elsewhere than in a confessional (can. 964). In the XVII century Holy See prohibited celebration of the sacrament of penance with the aid of letter. In the XIX century was the problem relative to confession by telephone. The opinion of Vatican Congregation s. Oficium to that question was not clear. Some authors think, that any priest can probably validly absolve by telephone in danger of death of penitent. In the beginning of the XXI century we ask about possibility confession by internet or mobile telephone 3G. This elaboration is a trial settlement the conditions of validly celebration of that sacrament by internet and mobile telephone in the future.


2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gutnyk

The state of metallurgical industry of the Russian empire at the end of XIX century is analyzed. The reasons of intensification of researches in technical sciences are determined. It is presented the information about creation of technological higher educational establishment in Kharkiv city; in particular, it is shown the help in this question given by authoritative residents of Kharkiv, public of other provinces, representatives of the South of Russian Empire mining industry. It is proven that in the Kharkiv practical technological institute the first in Ukraine specialized department from training of specialists in the field of metallurgy was created. It is given the information about the first scientifically pedagogical staff of KhPTI in the field of metallurgy and attention is accented, that teachers were experienced specialistspractitioners. Basic directions of leading scientists-metallurgists scientific work by A.F Mevius, V.S. Knabbe, T.M. Ber are illustrated. Main directions of scientific interests of these scientists are found out; value of their fundamental works is shown. Provision of course of metallurgy in KhPTI by equipment for realization of research work, and also by scientific and educational literature is illustrated. Using materials of Archives, the information about opening and financing of the first industrial metallurgical laboratory is given. It is shown that the material and technical base of institute allowed carrying out researches not only for scientific and educational purposes but also by the orders of industry. The conclusion is done, that staffing at the beginning of XX century was carried out due to the graduating students of institute, but not due to invitation of graduating students of West European establishments, as it was from the beginning of KhPTI activity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin-Cristian Topriceanu ◽  
James C. Moon ◽  
Rebecca Hardy ◽  
Nishi Chaturvedi ◽  
Alun D. Hughes ◽  
...  

AbstractA frailty index (FI) counts health deficit accumulation. Besides traditional risk factors, it is unknown whether the health deficit burden is related to the appearance of cardiovascular disease. In order to answer this question, the same multidimensional FI looking at 45-health deficits was serially calculated per participant at 4 time periods (0–16, 19–44, 45–54 and 60–64 years) using data from the 1946 Medical Research Council (MRC) British National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD)—the world’s longest running longitudinal birth cohort with continuous follow-up. From these the mean and total FI for the life-course, and the step change in deficit accumulation from one time period to another was derived. Echocardiographic data at 60–64 years provided: ejection fraction (EF), left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area (LVmassi, BSA), myocardial contraction fraction indexed to BSA (MCFi) and E/e′. Generalized linear models assessed the association between FIs and echocardiographic parameters after adjustment for relevant covariates. 1375 participants were included. For each single new deficit accumulated at any one of the 4 time periods, LVmassi increased by 0.91–1.44% (p < 0.013), while MCFi decreased by 0.6–1.02% (p < 0.05). A unit increase in FI at age 45–54 and 60–64, decreased EF by 11–12% (p < 0.013). A single health deficit step change occurring between 60 and 64 years and one of the earlier time periods, translated into higher odds (2.1–78.5, p < 0.020) of elevated LV filling pressure. Thus, the accumulation of health deficits at any time period of the life-course associates with a maladaptive cardiac phenotype in older age, dominated by myocardial hypertrophy and poorer function.


2020 ◽  
pp. 135245852091049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsi A Smith ◽  
Sarah Burkill ◽  
Ayako Hiyoshi ◽  
Tomas Olsson ◽  
Shahram Bahmanyar ◽  
...  

Background: People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) have increased comorbid disease (CMD) risk. Most previous studies have not considered overall CMD burden. Objective: To describe lifetime CMD burden among pwMS. Methods: PwMS identified using Swedish registers between 1968 and 2012 ( n = 25,476) were matched by sex, age, and county of residence with general-population comparators ( n = 251,170). Prevalence, prevalence ratios (PRs), survival functions, and hazard ratios by MS status, age, and time period compared seven CMD: autoimmune, cardiovascular, depression, diabetes, respiratory, renal, and seizures. Results: The magnitude of the PRs for each CMD and age group decreased across time, with higher PRs in earlier time periods. Before 1990, younger age groups had higher PRs, and after 1990, older age groups had higher PRs. Male pwMS had higher burden compared with females. Overall, renal, respiratory, and seizures had the highest PRs. Before 2001, 50% of pwMS received a first/additional CMD diagnosis 20 years prior to people without MS, which reduced to 4 years after 2001. PwMS had four times higher rates of first/additional diagnoses in earlier time periods, which reduced to less than two times higher in recent time periods compared to people without MS. Conclusion: Swedish pwMS have increased CMD burden compared with the general population, but this has reduced over time.


2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 9253-9269 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Angelbratt ◽  
J. Mellqvist ◽  
D. Simpson ◽  
J. E. Jonson ◽  
T. Blumenstock ◽  
...  

Abstract. Trends in the CO andC2H6 partial columns ~0–15 km) have been estimated from four European ground-based solar FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed) stations for the 1996–2006 time period. The CO trends from the four stations Jungfraujoch, Zugspitze, Harestua and Kiruna have been estimated to −0.45 ± 0.16% yr−1, −1.00 ± 0.24% yr−1, −0.62 ± 0.19 % yr−1 and −0.61 ± 0.16% yr−1, respectively. The corresponding trends for C2H6 are −1.51 ± 0.23% yr−1, −2.11 ± 0.30% yr−1, −1.09 ± 0.25% yr−1 and −1.14 ± 0.18% yr−1. All trends are presented with their 2-σ confidence intervals. To find possible reasons for the CO trends, the global-scale EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model has been used in a series of sensitivity scenarios. It is shown that the trends are consistent with the combination of a 20% decrease in the anthropogenic CO emissions seen in Europe and North America during the 1996–2006 period and a 20% increase in the anthropogenic CO emissions in East Asia, during the same time period. The possible impacts of CH4 and biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) are also considered. The European and global-scale EMEP models have been evaluated against the measured CO and C2H6 partial columns from Jungfraujoch, Zugspitze, Bremen, Harestua, Kiruna and Ny-Ålesund. The European model reproduces, on average the measurements at the different sites fairly well and within 10–22% deviation for CO and 14–31% deviation for C2H6. Their seasonal amplitude is captured within 6–35% and 9–124% for CO and C2H6, respectively. However, 61–98% of the CO and C2H6 partial columns in the European model are shown to arise from the boundary conditions, making the global-scale model a more suitable alternative when modeling these two species. In the evaluation of the global model the average partial columns for 2006 are shown to be within 1–9% and 37–50% of the measurements for CO and C2H6, respectively. The global model sensitivity for assumptions made in this paper is also analyzed.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Francisco Pinto Anaruma ◽  
Jorge Henrique Caldeira de Oliveira ◽  
Francisco Anaruma Filho ◽  
Wesley Ricardo de Souza Freitas ◽  
Adriano Alves Teixeira

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze and map the main areas of the Circular Economy literature of the first two decades of 21st century, offering a broad vision about the growth of the theme during these years.Design/methodology/approachThe research was divided into two stages: the first was a systematic review of literature and the second consisted on generation and analysis of bibliographic maps.FindingsThe publication indicates the prominence of China and European Union countries in the production of articles about Circular Economy. Furthermore, the topic is restricted to academic area, and that research on Circular Economy is still very focused on theory studies, even with exponential growth in the number of published articles about the theme since 2015. Finally, it also provides a collection of information as the principal authors, the most cited publications, citations, co-citations and countries that have most published beyond which are the most discussed topics.Research limitations/implicationsA possible limitation of the research is that it was performed only in the Scopus database. It may be suggested as future searches that other databases are included as well, and another suggestion is to reduce the time period between research samples due to the exponential increase in the number of publications and topics discussed lately.Practical implicationsThe results of this paper can guide future researches about the development of Circular Economy during the next decades or years and serve as a facilitator for researchers and for managers that want to know more about the topic.Originality/valueA mapping of the principal players and main discussions about Circular Economy made in the first two decades of the 21st century and an analysis about the growth and changes about the theme.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-329
Author(s):  
N. Zubova ◽  
H. Loshmanova ◽  
V. Somov

Seals and stamps, as well as their impressions, have been the objects of forensic identification for many decades, and although there are legal grounds for refusing to use seals by economic entities at present, documents are still certified with seal impressions. Recently, a great number of documents have been received for examination to address the issues as to the time period for document production. The forensic task on establishing the time period for document production is relevant. Only in the 80-s of the last century research regarding the possibilities of determining the time period for document production by impressions made by seals (stamps) clichés, produced with the help of vulcanizing rubber using movable types or typewriter composition was initiated. Over the past forty years, cliché manufacturing processes and the materials used in this process have significantly changed. At present, clichés produced with the use of new technologies are widespread, namely: laser engraving of rubber made by using photopolymer technology or flash technology. Changes in the technology of making clichés, production of new materials have led to the emergence of features that are formed in the cliché while its using. These features are displayed in the impressions of seals and stamps clichés. The article outlines the characteristic features of seals (stamps )clichés, considers the conditions for the occurrence of features in the process of their use, shows the evolution of their change, outlines the time periods for the existence of features, defines the criteria for attributing features to identically significant temporal features of the cliché. The mentioned temporal features appearing in the cliché of seals and stamps in general (taking into account handles) and in impressions over a certain period of time, allows to determine the time period of applying the impression on a document. In this case, free samples of impressions that have been made over the time period of examination and meet certain requirements should be provided for comparative analysis. For the categorical conclusion that the impression of a seal (stamp) was made in a specific period of time, it is needed to establish a set of persistent individual features that appeared in the studied impression and its copy over a certain period of time.


2008 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
R S Bridger

AbstractThe Naval Service has been actively involved in research on occupational stress for almost 10 years. Three cross-sectional studies have been completed during this time period. It has been shown that the prevalence rate of psychological strain amongst personnel is relatively constant at 31-34%. Several smaller studies, of personnel at sea and of the availability of support services have also been completed. In general, the research has shown that the prevalence rate of strain is higher in the NS than in the general population and is comparable to that found in similar uniformed service organisations, such as the Police.Recognising the limitations of crosssectional research methods, the decision was made, in 2006, to follow a cohort of personnel over a 6-year period in order to gain better understanding of the processes by which work demands impact on psychological health and to determine whether psychological ill-health has an adverse impact on factors such as premature voluntary retirement and medical downgrading.The paper presents the history of the research and some of the work in progress.‘Disease is a pathological process that, at least in theory, is amenable to objective, external verification. Illness, on the other hand, is by definition, a subjective state’. D. Coggan 2006(1).


Author(s):  
TSELISHCHEVA M. ◽  
◽  
SLUCKII M. ◽  

On the ground of archival and bibliographic materials, the author has prepared a historical certificate for the Biysk merchant dwelling mansion within the development of the draft of the territory boundaries and the land-use regime for the object of cultural heritage. This article provides information about the history and first owner ofthe building, as well as the further use of this object from the end of the XIX century and to the present. There is also information about another estate property of entrepreneur V.A. Krichevtsev and his relatives, located in Biysk, as well as about the type of activity of the owner of the mansion, who traded with North-Western Mongolia with various goods, was engaged in cattle- and horse-breeding. The building consists of several one-, two-story volumes of one height, has a basement, and a complex attic roof. The pronounced angular facade composition is richly decorated along the street and part of the courtyard facade and at the front entrance. The object has value as an urban building with eclectic decoration, also has urban planning significance, formalizing the intersection of streets. Keywords: merchant mansion, dwelling house, brick building, cultural heritage object, architectural monument


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