scholarly journals BREAST FEEDING; A BOON FOR INFANTS AS WELL AS FOR MOTHER -A REVIEW

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 176-180
Author(s):  
Nirmal Kaur ◽  
Neha Qumar ◽  
Mahima Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Maternal Body

Lactation is the process of synthesizing and secreting milk from the breasts to feed young ones. It is an integral part in the physiologic completion of the reproductive cycle of mammals including humans. Human milk ensures the infants‘systemic protection, growth and development; therefore breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure excellent child health and survival. Lactation is the result of well-coordinated effort of the hormones. Throughout pregnancy the placenta produces oestrogen and progesterone. In addition to performing various functions, these hormones prepare breasts physically for lactation and suppress prolactin during pregnancy. Towards the end of pregnancy, prolactin increases, ready for milk synthesis. The removal of the placenta at birth triggers the breast to respond to suckling by making milk. The maternal body prepares for lactation not only by developing the breast to produce milk but also by storing additional nutrients and energy.

Commentary on Breast-Feeding and Infant Formulas, Including Proposed Standards for Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness ◽  
Alvin M. Mauer ◽  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Arnold S. Anderson ◽  
Peter R. Dallman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Excess Lead ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Mineral Levels

This statement proposes recommendations toward increasing the practice of breast feeding. Specific recommendations made for standards of infant formulas as to calorie, protein, fat, vitamin, and mineral levels apply to both milk-based and milk-substitute infant formulas. Such formulas, when used in place of breast-feeding, must supply most or all of the nutrients infants require during the first weeks or months of life. The minimum levels of nutrients per 100 kcal recommended for formulas provide good growth and development in healthy, full-term infants; distinct hazards may be encountered at levels below these. However, no significant advantage is to be gained by providing levels in excess of these minima in normal infants. Recommendations for maximum levels are made only where quantities in excess lead to toxicity; generally, levels near the minima recommended are most desirable because they are the most likely to reflect the composition of human milk, and the least likely to result in any undesirable nutrient to nutrient interaction. The recommendations also can be used as reference standards for formulas for special dietary uses of "medical" formulas. The Committee recommends that "medical" formulas be classified by FDA into a special group under the paragraph dealing with infant formulas.

Drugs and Breast Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-148
Author(s):  
JOAN S. DORFMAN
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
American Academy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Maternal Medication ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Nonnarcotic Analgesics

To the Editor.— I have just reviewed the the article, "Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk," from the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs, which appeared in the November issue of Pediatrics.1 I would appreciate further information on a change that has appeared since the previous publication in the September, 1983 issue of Pediatrics.2 Naproxen has been deleted from the current table of maternal medication usually compatible with breast-feeding under the category "narcotics, nonnarcotic analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents."

Human Milk and Breast-Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 504-504
Author(s):  
BARBARA W. HUDSON
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Unique System

It was refreshing and reassuring to read an article on human milk and breast-feeding (Pediatrics, 34:837, 1964), after thumbing through eleven advertisements for artificial feeding in the same issue. The joy of breast-feeding is fast becoming a lost art in our modern culture. Breast-feeding is a natural and unique system of supply and demand which best serves mother and baby. Breast-feeding has not become complicated, only our attitudes toward it have created problems.

Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 924-936
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
New Information ◽  
Oral Analgesia

Since the first publication of this statement, much new information has been published concerning the transfer of drugs and chemicals into human milk. This information, in addition to other research published before 1983, makes a revision of the previous statement necessary. In this revision, lists of the pharmacologic or chemical agents transferred into human milk and their possible effects on the infant or on lactation, if known, are provided (Tables 1 to 7). The fact that a pharmacologic or chemical agent does not appear in the Tables is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into human milk or that it does not have an effect on the infant but indicates that there are no reports in the literature. These tables should assist the physician in counseling a nursing mother regarding breast-feeding when the mother has a condition for which a drug is medically indicated. The following questions should be considered when prescribing drug therapy to lactating women. (1) Is the drug therapy really necessary? Consultation between the pediatrician and the mother's physician can be most useful. (2) Use the safest drug; for example, acetaminophen rather than aspirin for oral analgesia. (3) If there is a possibility that a drug may present a risk to the infant (eg, phenytoin, phenobarbital), consideration should be given to measurement of blood concentrations in the nursing infant. (4) Drug exposure to the nursing infant may be minimized by having the mother take the medication just after completing a breast-feeding and/or just before the infant has his or her lengthy sleep periods.

scholarly journals How Gut Microbiota Supports Immunity, Growth and Development of Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1SP) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Ariani Dewi Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Full Enteral Feeding ◽  
Lower Morbidity

ABSTRACTBackground: Gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem consisting of abundant microorganisms, plays a role in preterm infants’ immunity, growth, and development. Dysbiosis or disruption of the gut microbiota can precipitate various diseases, such as allergy or autoimmune disorders in premature infants. Purpose: This study aimed to review gut microbiota in preterm infants and its role in supporting the infants’ immunity, growth, and development. Discussion: Bifidobactericeae is the predominant microbiota in GI tract of preterm infants. However, various factors can influence this gut microbiota e.g., genetics, lifestyle of the mothers (smoking, diet, use of antibiotic, obesity), birth mode, type of feeding, and environmental factors. Gut dysbiosis can result in impaired immune system which predisposes the preterm infants to infections, even fatal adverse event. Furthermore, the growth and development might be affected as well as lead to various neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Human milk is a prebiotic source which can stimulate the growth of Baifidobactericeae and Bacteroidetes. If the human milk is inadequate or unavailable, the recommended interventions for gut dysbiosis in premature infants are probiotics, prebiotics, or both supplementations (synbiotics). The administration of prebiotics and probiotics associates with lower morbidity and death rates in preterm infants, as well as shorter duration of hospital stay and duration to achieve full enteral feeding. Conclusions: Immunity as well as growth and development of preterm infants are affected greatly by gut microbiota The less diverse microbiota in preterm infants’ gut predispose them to various health problems. Hence, this problem should be managed properly, one of which is prebiotic and probiotic supplementation Keywords: Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Premature, Immunity, Growth, Development

scholarly journals Vitamin A Concentration in Cord and Maternal Serum and its Relation to Birth Weight

1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Dipi Barua ◽  
TA Chowdhury ◽  
Ashim Ranjan Barua
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
And Child Health ◽  
Training Institute

Low birth weight (LBW) is a common problem in Bangladesh associated with poor survival, growth and development. Among many factors, Vitamin A deficiency is thought to be associated with LBW. To investigate this relation a study was conducted at Maternity and Child Health Training Institute at Azimpur, Dhaka during January 2000 - July 2002. One hundred pregnant women (38-40 wks of gestation) with their newborns were included. Weights of the newborns were recorded within 20 - 30 minutes of delivery. Vitamin A level was estimated in maternal and cord serum. The newborns having weight <2500gm showed Vitamin A level of 49.40 ± 3.04μg/dl in their maternal serum while those weighing ≥2500gm had a Vitamin A level of 60.18 ± 2.03μg/dl in their maternal serum. A trend of increased maternal serum Vitamin A level was observed with increasing birth weight. Thus neonates with higher birth weights were found to be associated with higher values of maternal serum Vitamin A, though not being statistically significant. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 9-12 Key words: LBW, Vitamin A, cord blood, neonates     doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2911

Relationship Between Iron Status and Incidence of Infection in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-250
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Iron Fortification ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Immunologic Properties

At present, there is no evidence to warrant modification of the recent recommendations of the Committee for the prevention of iron deficiency in infancy.1 The benefits of supplementation seem to outweigh the possibility of iron excess during a period of development characterized by marginal iron stores. Except for the first two months of life, iron stores in children are proportionately much lower than in the adult, and iron balance may be more precarious. Unless carefully controlled clinical studies provide evidence to the contrary, iron fortification of formula and foods seems to provide safe and effective methods for maintaining iron stores and preventing iron deficiency18,35 in infancy. The benefits of prolonged breast-feeding are emphasized not only for the prevention of iron deficiency but also because of the nutritional and immunologic properties of human milk.

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