scholarly journals NAGA IDENTITY POETICS IN CONTEMPORARY NAGA ENGLISH LITERATURE (A KALEIDOSCOPIC VIEW)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
Sankar Biswas
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
Central China ◽  
National Council ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Patriarchal Ideology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Literary Output ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Nagas originally a Sino-Mongoloid tribe are substantiated to have originated around 10th century B.C. in the plains between Huang Ho and Yangtze Ho in North Central China. As migration is a process which is reported to have been going on since time immemorial, the Nagas too could not have isolated themselves from being a part of the mass odyssey from their homeland with the anticipation of exploring and settling in naturally upgraded habitats. Hence today, the Nagas have been found to inhabit the banks of Chindwin and Irawaddy Rivers in Myanmar, and Nagaland in India. As far as their language is concerned, it is said to be an affiliate of the greater branch of Sino-Tibetan besides sharing certain similarities with Tibeto-Burman languages. As for the etymology of the word Naga is concerned, it is said to have been derived from either of the Sanskrit word namely Nagna or Nag with respective meanings ‘naked’ or ‘mountain. Frankly speaking both the etymons in question validate the universally recognized conception of Naga identity. Nagaland itself is dotted with multiple number of hills and a faction of people among all the Naga Tribes are said to have been still embracing primitivism. But what is most conspicuous about the Nagas is that though today we know Nagaland as a self-Governing state, the fact can never be contradicted that Nagas have never considered themselves part of India despite the state being taken over by India in 1952. Right from their partially being colonized by the British in the middle of the 19th century, to their strict resistance to both the British-Indian Government and then to the post-Independence Indian Government, the Nagas have shown that their assimilation to Indian mainstream is a daunting and cumbersome exercise. The origin of the Naga National Council, preceded by the armed resistance movement of Rani Gyindulu and that of the genesis of National Socialist Council of Nagaland simply bespeak that this prospect of wholesale assimilation into Indian Sense of Nationality will await the elapse of an elongated stretch of historical time. This very aspect has been enjoying international attention and the literary activists of Nagaland such as Dr Temsula Ao and Dr Easterine Kire have contributed a lot through their literary output in harnessing this aspect, throwing new critical insights into the same. This avouched denial cum resistance to be assimilated into the greater Indian National Fabric is one of the many facets of Naga Identity which also encompasses other cultural traits such as patriarchal ideology, Naga Heraka Practices, Animism, Mythogenesis and Head-Hunting Practices. Objective of this write-up: This write-up endeavours its best to foreground the very traits of Naga Identity Poetics by taking into consideration selective but relevant literary fabrications, the brainchilds of one of the two internationally recognized Naga Writers, Dr Easterine Kire with the other being Dr Temsula Ao. Methodology: This write-up is built upon the selective reading of the summary of the novels and poems of both the writers with selective perusal of secondary anecdotage in the form of critical essays, the Naga History of Independence and Naga Anthropology.

scholarly journals Effects of German Romanticism on National Socialist Education Policies: “Steely Romanticism”

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Murad Karasoy
Keyword(s):  
National Socialism ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
German Romanticism ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Foundations ◽  
The 19Th Century

National socialist education policies put into practice between 1933–1945 in Germany, has been under the influence of romanticism, which is one of the important currents in the history of German thought that began in the middle of the 19th century. Such “being under the influence” does not refer to a passive situation, but it rather means intentional “exposure” by Nazi ideologues. The meeting of Romanticism with National Socialism led to the most dramatic scenes of the history. Educational institutions, where the victims of war were trained, bipartitely fulfilled the task assigned to them regarding to ideological instrumentalism: to destroy and to be destroyed. Putting an end to both their lives own and the lives of others due to this romantic exposure, primary, secondary and higher education students have been the objects of the great catastrophe in the first half of the twentieth century. It will be possible to see the effects of German romanticism, through getting to the bottom of the intellectual foundations of the period’s tragic actions, such as burning books, redesigning the curriculum on the line of National Socialism, and preventing the dissemination of dissenting opinions by monopolizing the press. This historical research, which is conducted by examining sources like Arendt (1973), Fest (1973), Giles (1985), Bartoletti (2005), Herf (1998), Heidegger (2002), Hitler (1938), Huch (2005), Hühnerfeld (1961), Schirach (1967), Pöggeler (2002), Thomese (1923), Zimmerman (1990) aims to reveal in a scientific way that it is necessary to be careful against the extreme romantic elements in the practices of education.

Prosody and Meter: Early Modern to 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Martin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
Irish Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Terminological Confusion

Both of the terms prosody and meter have shifting and contested definitions in the history of English literature. Historically, prosody was a grammatical term adopted from early translations of Greek and then Latin grammatical models, forming part of an overarching structure: orthometry, etymology, syntax, prosody. In this structure, meter was not always named, but versification covered “the measure of language” and was a subsection of prosody, after “pronunciation, utterance, figures, versification” (or some variation on these) in most 19th-century grammar books. Therefore, prosody contains within it changing approaches to the study of pronunciation and versification. In the 20th century, prosody has become synonymous in linguistics with pronunciation, and in literary study with versification. Scholars of the history of versification are legion. The versification manual or poetic forms handbook is a genre unto itself. The beginning of these books usually accounts for inadequate predecessors; consequently, many manuals are also bibliographies. Historical discourse about versification is not limited to the manual or handbook, however, and is found in studies of poetry, school textbooks, grammar books, introductions to collected works by individual poets, addendums to dictionaries, articles and reviews of poetry in periodicals and newspapers, pronunciation guides, histories of language, and studies of translation. Because the history of the study of pronunciation in English and Irish studies is so vast, this bibliography will only consider a few key texts that consider pronunciation and versification together as prosody. The development of historical linguistics in the 19th century is concurrent with the largest proliferation of studies of prosody-as-versification, and therefore is an important context for the narrative of prosody’s dual fate in the 20th century, hovering between literary study and the science of linguistics. To provide a history of even the ways that these terms themselves have shifted is outside the scope of this bibliography. As T. V. F. Brogan rightly claimed in 1981, “In studies of the structure of verse the use of terms such as poetry, verse, accent, quantity, Numbers, Measure, rhythm, meter, prosody, versification, onomatopoeia, and rhyme/rime/ryme historically and consistently has been nothing short of Pandemonium.” (Brogan 1981, p. ix, cited under Histories of Prosodic Criticism) Indeed, any modern attempt to define prosody must wrestle with the terminological confusion that Brogan narrates. Following Brogan, this bibliography will highlight the confusion without attempting to correct it. Here, I consider both prosody and versification in their widest sense to mean “verse-theory” and not solely “linguistic prosody,” and will discuss texts that have been considered “canonical” as well as texts that consider prosody in all of its historical and cultural valences.

scholarly journals Russian Reception by James Hogg (Mid-19th — Early 20th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
D. N. Zhatkin ◽  
A. A. Ryabova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
English Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
James Hogg ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Of Information

The article continues a series of works devoted to the Russian reception of the Scottish writer James Hogg (1770—1835), a famous interpreter of folk ballads and author of “The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner” (1824). The facts and materials related to the perception of J. Hogg in Russia in the middle of the XIX — early XX century are collected and summarized. It is noted that during the period under review, no new translations of J. Hogg's poetry and prose into Russian were created, however, in the articles of leading literary critics (N. G. Chernyshevsky, M. L. Mikhailov, A. V. Druzhinin) when analyzing the works of N. V. Gogol, T. Goode, the translation activity of I. S. Turgenev expressed opinions on certain aspects of the biography and work of the Scottish author. It has been established that the main source of information about J. Hogge and his work was for the Russian reader of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries translated publications on the history of English literature and culture, other books by Western European researchers published in Russia. The manifestations of interest of Russian researchers and popularizers of English literature in the work of J. Hogg are comprehended, with special attention paid to the article by N. A. Solovyov-Nesmelov “James Hogg”, which was a literary sketch about the childhood of the writer, and the essay by K. F. Tiander the novel of the first quarter of the 19th century, which offers a different assessment from the predecessors of the Scottish author’s activities as a continuer of the traditions of M. Edgeworth. 

scholarly journals A zágrábi Tudományegyetem hungarológiai tanszékének története

Gerundium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-81
Author(s):  
István Lőkös
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
National Council ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Representative Volume ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hungarian Language ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author gives an overview on the history of a quarter of a century of the youngest foreign workshop of Hungarian studies, namely, Department of Hungarian Language and Literature of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Zagreb. The education on Hungarian studies started in Zagreb in 1944 and was precedented. At the University of Zagreb the Hungarian Language Department was functioning as early as the second half of the 19th century. Form 1904 to 1918, for almost one and a half century at the same place Hungarian language and literature was educated with the direction of professor Dr. Kázmér Greska. After the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy the representatives of the Croatian National Council radically put out professor Greska from the university and closed down the department. It was impossible to reorganize it in Yugoslavia between the two world wars. A new possibility came only after the independence of Croatia in 1994. The work in the department restarted on the basis of an interstate contract under the leadership of professor Dr. Milka Jauk-Pinhak and with the partnership of visiting teachers from Hungary. Today, under the management of Orsolya Žagar-Szentesi, 25-30 students start their studies at the department in each year. The function of the special college of translation of poetic works is outstanding. The department in 2002 celebrated the 900 years jubilee of the coronation of Kálmán Könyves as Croatian king with the representative volume of essays entitled Croato-Hungarica. The department was introduced in the „Hungarian issue” of the journal Književna smotra, the Zagreb journal of world literature in 2014 on the 20th jubilee of the department. Their latest publication is With heart and Soul/ Dušom i srcem Hungarian-Croatian Somatic Phraseology/ Mađarsko-hrvatski rječnik somatskih frazema (2018).

Africa in the World: History and Historiography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esperanza Brizuela-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Far East ◽  
Western World ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

Since antiquity and through the modern era African societies maintained contacts with peoples in Europe, the Near and Far East, and the Americas. Among other things, African peoples developed local forms of Christianity and Islam, contributed large amounts of gold to European medieval economies, and exported millions of slaves through the Sahara, and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Despite this, by the 19th century historians and philosophers of history thought Africa was a continent without major civilizations, whose peoples passively rested at the margins of history. These ideas persisted into the 20th century when historians undertook the challenge of writing histories that explained how communities around the world were connected to one another. In their early iterations, however, these “world narratives” were little more than histories of the Western world; Africa continued to be largely absent from these stories. After World War II, increasing interest in the history of African societies and a more generalized concern with the study of communities that were both mis- and under-represented by historical scholarship called for a revision of the goals and methods of world historians. Among the most important critiques were those from Afrocentric, African American, and Africanist scholars. Afrocentric writers argued that Africa had in fact developed an important civilization in the form of Egypt and that Egypt was the foundation of the classical world. African American and Africanist writers highlighted the contributions that peoples of African descent had made to the world economy and many cultures around the globe. Africanists also questioned whether world historical narratives, which meaningfully accounted for the richness and complexity of African experiences, could be achieved in the form of a single universal narrative. Instead, historians have suggested and produced new frameworks that could best explain the many ways in which Africa has been part of the world and its history.

Historical perspectives in clinical pathology: a history of glucose measurement

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nareshni Moodley ◽  
Unathi Ngxamngxa ◽  
Magdalena J Turzyniecka ◽  
Tahir S Pillay
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Glucose Measurement ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Enzymatic Methods

This is the second in the series of historical articles dealing with developments in clinical pathology. As one of the most commonly measured analytes in pathology, the assessment of glucose dates back to the time of the ancient Egyptians. It was only in the 19th century that advances in chemistry led to the identification of the sugar in urine being glucose. The following century witnessed the development of more chemical and enzymatic methods which became incorporated into the modern analysers and point-of-care instruments which are as ubiquitous as the modern day cellphones. Tracking the milestones in these developments shows the striking paradigms and the many parallels in the development of other clinical chemistry methods.

scholarly journals Spekulationsfeber. Finansielle fiktioner i Émile Zolas "Penge"

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (71) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Høxbro Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Stock Market ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Financial Capitalism ◽  
Gyorgy Lukacs ◽  
Insight Into

Michael Høxbro Andersen: “Speculation Fever. Financial Fiction in Émile Zola’s Money”One of the many French novels from the latter half of the 19th century that describes the stock exchange is Émile Zola’s Money from 1899. This article focuses on the two stylistic devises that Zola uses to describe stock market speculation: long, elaborated descriptions and metaphors. The article suggests that these devices cannot simply be read as Zola’s inability to grasp the abstract reality of financial capitalism. Against such a classical Marxist reading, expressed in different ways by György Lukács and Theodor W. Adorno, the article argues that Zola’s metaphors express an insight into the cyclic and entropic history of financial capitalism.

scholarly journals Educação e identidade nacional argentina (1884-1913)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Vitor Hugo Silva Néia
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
National Council ◽  
Educational History ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Patriotic Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Keywords Education ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Symbolic Formation

Na segunda metade do século XIX, a educação pública passou a desempenhar papel central para o fortalecimento institucional do Estado argentino e a consolidação da identidade nacional. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo é discutir a relação entre escola e nacionalidade, tendo como recorte dois temas fundamentais para a história educacional do país: a promulgação da Lei de Educação Comum, em 1884, e o projeto de educação patriótica capitaneado pelo Conselho Nacional de Educação durante a gestão de Ramos Mejía (1908-1913). Partindo da análise de seus significados e desdobramentos, pretende-se demonstrar como as políticas públicas educacionais contribuíram para selecionar e difundir os elementos mais convenientes à formação simbólica da nação, inviabilizando aspectos culturais e sujeitos sociais vistos à margem da verdadeira “argentinidade”.Education and Argentinian national identity (1884-1913). Abstract: In the second half of the 19th century, public education started to play a vital role to Argentinian State institutional strengthening and national identity consolidation. This article aims to discuss relation between school and nationality, by means of two central subjects on educational history of the country: Common Education Law of 1884 and patriotic education project, headed by National Council of Education during Ramos Mejía administration (1908-1913). Based on analyses of its meanings and deployments, it seeks to demonstrate how public policies contributed to select and disseminate most convenient elements to symbolic formation of the Nation, making invisible cultural aspects and social individuals seen as apart from the truly “Argentinity”. Keywords: education; Argentina; national identity; History of Education.

The Yakupoğlu Konak: An Old Turkish House at Sürmene Kastil

1960 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
D. Winfield ◽  
M. Q. Smith ◽  
Selina Ballance ◽  
Ann Powell
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Country House ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Country Houses ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century

Ottoman town houses of the later 19th century still exist in considerable numbers throughout the bounds of the Empire, and a number of them have received the attention of students. Remains of houses of an earlier date are much less common, and the development of the country house or konak in the years succeeding the age of castles is as yet imperfectly understood.Although the rich and fertile lands of the Empire of Trebizond had been firmly under Ottoman control since the end of the 15th century, many castles were still inhabited in the 19th century. The majority of the many country houses that remain along the shore of the Black Sea near Trebizond (Trabzon) axe no more than seventy-five years old. Not far from Trebizond itself are the foundations and slight ruins of a 16th or 17th century konak, the proper study of which would entail excavation. The members of the 1958 Walker Trust Expedition had, however, the opportunity of visiting a konak older than most of the rest, built at about three miles east of Sürmene in the village of Sürmene Kastıl. (Kastıl is not a word of Turkish origin, and is perhaps derived from “castello”, a memorial of Genoese and Venetian trading interests in the middle ages.) The exact history of the konak is unknown, but the villagers agree that it was built by a member of the family of Yakupoğlu (a surname borne by the present occupants, and by many others in the area) about 150 years ago.

Historical documentation of lead toxicity prior to the 20th century in English literature

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 775-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
ME Jonasson ◽  
R Afshari
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Lead Contamination ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Lead is a heavy metal that remains a persistent environmental toxin. Although there have been a substantial number of reviews published on the health effects of lead, these reviews have predominantly focused on recent publications and rarely look at older, more historical articles. Old documents on lead can provide useful insight in establishing the historical context of lead usage and its modes of toxicity. The objective of this review is to explore historical understandings and uses of lead prior to the 20th century. One hundred eighty-eight English language articles that were published before the year 1900 were included in this review. Major themes in historical documentation of lead toxicology include lead’s use in medical treatments, symptoms of lead poisoning, treatments for lead poisoning, occupational lead poisonings, and lead contamination in food and drinking water. The results of this review indicate that lead’s usage was widespread throughout the 19th century, and its toxic properties were well-known. Common symptoms of lead poisoning and suggested treatments were identified during this time period. This review provides important insight into the knowledge and uses of lead before the 20th century and can serve as a resource for researchers looking at the history of lead.

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