scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF WATER SANITATION FACILITIES UTILIZATION AMONG THE RURAL HOUSEHOLDS OF SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-308
Author(s):  
W.A. Adewole ◽  
A.R. Ayoade ◽  
O.A Olaniyi ◽  
O.E Oladapo
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Source Contamination ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Household Heads

The study examined the water sanitation facilities utilization among the rural households of south west Nigeria. The study specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the rural household heads; identified various sources of water supply and their providers; examined the rural household heads’ knowledge of water source contamination; examined respondents’ awareness of adequate water treatment methods and the awareness of waterborne disease. The population of the study comprised of all the rural households in Ondo and Oyo States in Southwestern of Nigeria. The sampling procedure employed was multistage sampling technique to select 355 household heads comprising a total of 167 rural household considered out of 278 rural households from the selected cells in Oyo state while a total of 188 rural household heads selected out of 314 rural household heads from the selected cells in Ondo State for the study. The data for the study were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation while inferential statistical tool such as logistic regression analysis model The mean age of the respondents from Ondo State was 47 years while that of respondents from Oyo State was 45 years. Rain water collection was the major source of improved water supply from Ondo State (87.4%) and Oyo State (86.7%). In both Ondo and Oyo States, the knowledge of water source contamination is still on moderate level. Households in Ondo State (WMS = 2.98) and Oyo State (WMS = 2.91) were more aware of boiling of water as the major adequate water treatment methods. In both states, the awareness of adequate water treatment methods is still on moderate level. In both States, the awareness of water-borne diseases is still on moderate level, majority had favourable attitude towards utilization of water sanitation facilities while the level of utilization of water sanitation facilities is still on moderate level. The result of the Regression analysis model indicated that years of schooling (t=-3.758***; p=0.000) and households’ size (t=-2.089**; p=0.037) were significantly related to utilization of water sanitation facilities.       It was therefore concluded that the utilization of water sanitation facilities was influenced by income level, knowledge of water source contamination, awareness of adequate water treatment methods, awareness of water-borne diseases, household size. The local council being the agency saddled with water provision, should be more empowered in terms of resources and facilities in order to be able to do their work of water provision and water sanitation information dissemination effectively

scholarly journals ATTITUDE OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS OF SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA TOWARDS UTILIZATION OF WATER SANITATION FACILITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-300
Author(s):  
W.A. Adewole ◽  
A.R. Ayoade ◽  
O.E Oladapo
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Household Heads

The study examined the Attitude of rural households of south west Nigeria towards utilization of water sanitation facilities the study specifically described the socio-economic characteristics of the rural household heads; identified various sources of water supply and their providers; determined the attitude of respondents to the utilization of water sanitation facilities and identified the constraints to water sanitation facilities utilization. The population of the study comprised of all the rural households in Ondo and Oyo States in Southwestern of Nigeria. The sampling procedure employed was multistage sampling technique to select 355 household heads comprising a total of 167 rural household considered out of 278 rural households from the selected cells in Oyo state while a total of 188 rural household heads selected out of 314 rural household heads from the selected cells in Ondo State for the study. The data for the study were analyzed with descriptive statistics such as frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation while inferential statistical tools such as logistic regression analysis model and Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis.       The result revealed a mean age of the respondents from Ondo State was 47 years while that of respondents from Oyo State was 45 years. Rain water collection was the major source of improved water supply from Ondo State (87.4%) and Oyo State (86.7%). Majority had favourable attitude towards utilization of water sanitation facilities while the level of utilization of water sanitation facilities is still on moderate level. The result of the Regression analysis model indicated that years of schooling (t=-3.758***; p=0.000) and households’ size (t=-2.089**; p=0.037) were significantly related to utilization of water sanitation facilities. It was therefore concluded that the utilization of water sanitation facilities was influenced by income level, household size and people’s attitude/disposition towards water sanitation facilities. Since income level is a strong determinant of utilization of water sanitation facilities, there is need to make credit available to the rural households in case of breakdown of the facilities to enable immediate repairs thereby enhancing their health and utilization level

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Level of Rural Households Livelihood Diversification in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Wanno Wallole ◽  
Yishak Gecho ◽  
Tewodros Tefera
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Livelihood Diversification ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Household Livelihood ◽  
Household Heads

Livelihood diversification is enchanting a significant effect in generating household’s income. The livelihood diversification includes:on-farm, non-farm and off-farm strategies which are undertaken to get extra income and moderate hazard and insecurity. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting the level of rural household livelihood diversification in Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The study was conducted by using a cross-sectional research design. It is a quantitative dominant concurrent mixed research methodology where the qualitative research is complemented with interpretations and triangulation. By applying multi-stage random sampling technique, a sample size of 400 household heads from 6 sample villages was selected and data were collected using interview schedule and via key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Descriptive statistics were analyzed and presented by using tables, graphs and figures while chi-square-test and F-test were employed to make statistical inferences. Tobit model was employed to identify the intensity of factors affecting of rural household’s livelihood diversification. Out of the 14 hypothesized explanatory variables, 6 variables namely age, education, access to extension, media access, distance to urban centers and training were found to have significant effect in rural household livelihood diversification decision. Therefore, the findings of this imply that rural households’ development policies should consider these factors in designing rural household livelihood diversification strategy.

scholarly journals Influence of Socio-economic Factors of Rural Households on Fuelwood Consumption in Orlu Agricultural Zone of Imo State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Egwuonwu, H. A. ◽  
A. P. Nweke
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Household Heads ◽  
Fuelwood Consumption ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The study analysed the influence of socio-economic factors of rural household on fuelwood consumption in Orlu Agricultural Zone of Imo State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study described the socio-economic characteristics of the households; determined the quantity (kg) of fuel wood consumed by household per week; identified coping measure in fuelwood scarcity among household and determined the influence of socio-economic characteristics of households on the quantity (kg) of fuelwood consumed. Data for the study were collected using structured questionnaire from 60 rural households through multi-stage sampling technique. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical tools and multiple regression analysis. Greater proportions (68.33%) were females. Mean age was 43.00 years. Majority (73.33%) were married with an average household size of 6 persons. The major occupation was farming (51.67%). Average farm size and farming experience of the rural household were 1.30 ha and 19 years respectively. Majority (56.67%) had primary education. Average fuelwood consumed by households weekly was 30.20 kg. The main coping measures for increasing fuelwood scarcity in the area were extinguish firewood after cooking (96.67%) and shifting to saw dust (88.33%). Estimated multiple regression analysis revealed that there was significant relationship between household heads socio-economic characteristic and quantity of fuelwood consumed weekly. The major determinants of the fuelwood collection and consumption in the area were age, sex, farm size, marital status, main occupation and educational level of household heads. The F-ratio was 5.125, indicating the overall significant of the regression model at 1% level of probability.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals Removal from Water by Efficient Adsorbents

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 2659
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zaim Anaqi Zaimee ◽  
Mohd Sani Sarjadi ◽  
Md Lutfor Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Major Purpose ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Metals Removal ◽  
Harmful Effects

Natural occurrence and anthropogenic practices contribute to the release of pollutants, specifically heavy metals, in water over the years. Therefore, this leads to a demand of proper water treatment to minimize the harmful effects of the toxic heavy metals in water, so that a supply of clean water can be distributed into the environment or household. This review highlights several water treatment methods that can be used in removing heavy metal from water. Among various treatment methods, the adsorption process is considered as one of the highly effective treatments of heavy metals and the functionalization of adsorbents can fully enhance the adsorption process. Therefore, four classes of adsorbent sources are highlighted: polymeric, natural mineral, industrial by-product, and carbon nanomaterial adsorbent. The major purpose of this review is to gather up-to-date information on research and development on various adsorbents in the treatment of heavy metal from water by emphasizing the adsorption capability, effect of pH, isotherm and kinetic model, removal efficiency and the contact of time of every adsorbent.

scholarly journals Waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic countries, 1998 to 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Guzman-Herrador ◽  
A Carlander ◽  
S Ethelberg ◽  
B Freiesleben de Blasio ◽  
M Kuusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
Household Water

A total of 175 waterborne outbreaks affecting 85,995 individuals were notified to the national outbreak surveillance systems in Denmark, Finland and Norway from 1998 to 2012, and in Sweden from 1998 to 2011. Between 4 and 18 outbreaks were reported each year during this period. Outbreaks occurred throughout the countries in all seasons, but were most common (n = 75/169, 44%) between June and August. Viruses belonging to the Caliciviridae family and Campylobacter were the pathogens most frequently involved, comprising n = 51 (41%) and n = 36 (29%) of all 123 outbreaks with known aetiology respectively. Although only a few outbreaks were caused by parasites (Giardia and/or Cryptosporidium), they accounted for the largest outbreaks reported during the study period, affecting up to 53,000 persons. Most outbreaks, 124 (76%) of those with a known water source (n = 163) were linked to groundwater. A large proportion of the outbreaks (n = 130/170, 76%) affected a small number of people (less than 100 per outbreak) and were linked to single-household water supplies. However, in 11 (6%) of the outbreaks, more than 1,000 people became ill. Although outbreaks of this size are rare, they highlight the need for increased awareness, particularly of parasites, correct water treatment regimens, and vigilant management and maintenance of the water supply and distribution systems.

Effectiveness of non-farm diversification on rural household income – evidence and policy implications from India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreya Kapoor ◽  
Sanjeev Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Rural Household ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Farm Diversification ◽  
Household Incomes

Purpose Doubling farming households’ income through occupational diversification to the non-farm sector has been advocated to be of paramount importance in an agrarian economy such as India. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effects of non-farm activities on rural household incomes in four different Indian states by using a propensity score matching technique and developing an endogenous switching model. Design/methodology/approach The research is based on secondary data taken from four quinquennial rounds of employment and unemployment surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Organization. Findings The matching results indicate a maximum monthly rise in per capita income of Rs. 60 in Gujarat and a minimum increase of Rs. 18 in Rajasthan among rural households employed in the non-farm sector as compared to the farm sector. The findings confirm that rural non-farm structural diversification cannot be viewed as a blueprint for increasing rural household incomes in different states. Further, it suggests the need to segmenting the different states on the basis of agricultural development for increasing rural incomes. Research limitations/implications The study argues that Indian states with a strongly developed farm sector i.e. Gujarat and Punjab are not ideally suited to undergo structural changes in their economic pursuit. The estimates suggest that the transition of rural households from farm to non-farm-sector activities is a very weak strategy in agriculturally developed states of Gujarat and Punjab, whereas non-farm diversification becomes a pivotal strategy for increasing rural household incomes in less agriculturally developed states such as Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. A contrasting point that arises from these evidence is that although diversification to the non-farm sector leads to higher income, but the resultant figures are very scanty. Originality/value The present study contributes to the existing literature by providing evidence and policy implications on rural non-farm diversification in India and its impact on the rural household income. The study can help the policymakers in framing policies aiming at increasing the income of the rural household through the structural transition of the rural economy.

Effectiveness of home water treatment methods in Dschang, Cameroon

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentine Katte ◽  
Mathias F Fonteh ◽  
Geoffrey Guemuh
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Methods

scholarly journals Rural Households’ Willingness to Accept Compensation Standards for Controlling Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution: A Case Study of the Qinba Water Source Area in Northwest China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoping Li ◽  
Wenxin Liu ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Gongyuan Fan ◽  
Minjuan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Point Source Pollution ◽  
Ecological Benefits ◽  
Source Areas ◽  
Compensation Standard ◽  
Non Point Source Pollution ◽  
Willingness To Accept Compensation

Agricultural non-point source pollution (ANSP) has become one of the main sources of pollution in water source areas. An effective solution to this problem is the use of ecological compensation to encourage rural households to adopt agricultural pollution control measures. This study aims to answer two questions: How much compensation should be given to encourage rural households in water source areas to participate in ANSP control? What factors will influence their participation? In this study, paddy rice planting in water source area has been used as an example aiming to answer these questions. This study used the random parameter logit (RPL) model with survey data from 632 rural households in the Qinba water source area to empirically analyze rural households’ willingness to accept compensation for ANSP control and the influencing factors of this willingness. From this information, the compensation standards for ANSP control in a water source area were calculated. The results show that (1) compensation had a significant incentive effect on rural households’ willingness to control ANSP. The marginal compensation standard for reducing the use of fertilizer and pesticide was $3.40/ha and $2.00/ha, respectively. The compensation standard for not applying chemical fertilizer and pesticide at all was $540.23/ha. (2) There was heterogeneity in rural households’ preference for ANSP control compensation policies. Rural households characterized by younger residents, higher family income, higher perception of the ecological benefits, and higher perception of government policy were more willing to participate in the compensation policy. It is suggested that rural households showed a strong preference for ANSP control policies by considering both of their economic losses and ecological benefits. Our study contributes to the literature by enriching the evaluation method in providing references for the compensation of ANSP control policies

scholarly journals Sodium hypochlorite dosage for household and emergency water treatment: updated recommendations

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Wilhelm ◽  
Anya Kaufmann ◽  
Elizabeth Blanton ◽  
Daniele Lantagne
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Household water treatment with chlorine can improve the microbiological quality of household water and reduce diarrheal disease. We conducted laboratory and field studies to inform chlorine dosage recommendations. In the laboratory, reactors of varying turbidity (10–300 NTU) and total organic carbon (0–25 mg/L addition) were created, spiked with Escherichia coli, and dosed with 3.75 mg/L sodium hypochlorite. All reactors had >4 log reduction of E. coli 24 hours after chlorine addition. In the field, we tested 158 sources in 22 countries for chlorine demand. A 1.88 mg/L dosage for water from improved sources of <5 or <10 NTU turbidity met free chlorine residual criteria (≤2.0 mg/L at 1 hour, ≥0.2 mg/L at 24 hours) 91–94% and 82–87% of the time at 8 and 24 hours, respectively. In unimproved water source samples, a 3.75 mg/L dosage met relaxed criteria (≤4.0 mg/L at 1 hour, ≥0.2 mg/L after 24 hours) 83% and 65% of the time after 8 and 24 hours, respectively. We recommend water from improved/low turbidity sources be dosed at 1.88 mg/L and used within 24 hours, and from unimproved/higher turbidity sources be dosed at 3.75 mg/L and consumed within 8 hours. Further research on field effectiveness of chlorination is recommended.

Arsenic waste from water treatment systems: characteristics, treatments and its disposal

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 939-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tien Vinh Nguyen ◽  
Paripurnanda Loganathan ◽  
Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran ◽  
Srirama Krupanidhi ◽  
Thi Thu Nga Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Treatment And Disposal ◽  
Harmful Effects

As with other water treatment systems, arsenic treatment creates not only quality water but arsenic waste as well. Management of arsenic waste is now becoming a major public concern due to its harmful effects on the surrounding environment, including serious health problems such as skin cancers and various internal carcinomas. The main aim of this paper is to review: (i) the characteristics of arsenic waste produced by arsenic treatment systems; and (ii) the treatment and disposal methods of this waste. Arsenic waste type or its characteristics play an important role in choosing the best method of treatment and disposal. Currently, encapsulation of arsenic waste through solidification/stabilization (S/S) techniques is considered to be the most attractive solution and this method is the focus of this review. A number of studies have used cement by itself and in combination with additives such as lime, iron, silicates, or fly ash in the S/S process. Although there is a lack of systematic investigations and differing procedures for testing the effectiveness of the treatment methods, it was agreed that incorporating additives could increase the effectiveness of the S/S process depending on the type and dose of additives.

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