scholarly journals METODA PENGHILANGAN ZAT BESI DAN MANGAN DI DALAM PENYEDIAAN AIR MINUM DOMESTIK

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nusa Idaman Said
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Manganese Removal ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Rock Formations ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Oxygen Oxidation ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Small amounts of iron and manganese are quite common in domestic water supply because of the presence of iron and manganese in the soil and rock formations through which the water passes in reaching the point of use. Iron and manganese is characterized by red-brown staining of bathroom fixtures and laundry, and cause taste and odor problems. Iron and manganese are brought into solution by biological reactions under anaerobic reducing conditions. When the water is exposed to air or oxygen, oxidation of iron and manganese occurs slowly, forming objectionable colloidal precipitates. The deposition of these precipitates will stain plumbing fixtures, interfere with laundering, and cause difficulties in water distribution systems by supporting growth of microorganisms such as clonotrix and crenotrix that can clog pipelines and cause taste and odor problems. Processes in which oxidation is followed by removal of suspended solids can effectively remove soluble iron and manganese from water. Three common processes for removing iron and manganese are: aeration-filtration, chlorination filtration, and potassium permanganate-manganese greensand filtration. This article describes these processes and present result from pilot’s studies of iron and manganese removal from water. Kata kunci : zat besi, mangan, aerasi, kkhlorinasi, filtrasi, mangan zeolit.

scholarly journals Disinfection by-products in desalinated and blend water: formation and control strategy

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakhawat Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Desalinated Water ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Product Water ◽  
And Control ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
By Products

Abstract Desalinated seawater is the major source of drinking water in many countries. During desalination, several activities including pretreatment, desalination, stabilization, mixing, storage and distribution are performed. Few disinfectants are used during these activities to control the biofouling agents and microbiological regrowth. The reactions between the disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM), bromide and iodide form disinfection by-products (DBPs) in product water. The product water is stabilized and mixed with treated freshwater (e.g., groundwater) to meet the domestic water demands. The DBPs in desalinated and blend water are an issue due to their possible cancer and non-cancer risks to humans. In this paper, formation and distribution of DBPs in different steps of desalination and water distribution systems prior to reaching the consumer tap were reviewed. The variability of DBPs among different sources and desalination processes was explained. The toxicities of DBPs were compared and the strategies to control DBPs in desalinated water were proposed. Several research directions were identified to achieve comprehensive control on DBPs in desalinated water, which are likely to protect humans from the adverse consequences of DBPs.

Tastes and Odors in Drinking Water Distribution Systems Related to the Use of Synthetic Materials

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rigal ◽  
J. Danjou
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Synthetic Materials ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
By Products

Plastic pipes, organic coatings and membranes, and epoxy relining products are progressively replacing existing traditional metallic or cementitious materials. Despite existing controls, and for different reasons, additives, solvents, or monomers can be leached into the drinking water. Until ten years ago, such problems frequently occurred. French regulations now oblige the manufacturers to obtain approvals for their products for contact with drinking water, and such problems now occur less and less. The objectives of this research were to investigate the causes of odor and flavor problems generated in distribution systems, water towers, and lined systems. Four case studies and an experimental study of taste and odor deterioration of water quality are presented to identify the responsible substances related to materials. In each case study, organic components which characterized the cause of the problems were measured experimentally. Components (e.g., styrene and chlorinated by-products) resulting in a high TON/TFN were identified as the chemicals responsible for the cause of odor and flavor problems.

scholarly journals Metals in Occluded Water: A New Perspective for Pollution in Drinking Water Distribution Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2849
Author(s):  
Huiyan Tong ◽  
Zhongyue Li ◽  
Xingshuai Hu ◽  
Weiping Xu ◽  
Zhengkun Li
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Chromium Concentration ◽  
Flowing Water ◽  
Total Chromium ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Corrosion Scales ◽  
Iron And Manganese

Occluded water is water that remains inside corrosion scales within deteriorating distribution pipes. The accumulation of iron and manganese in the occluded water is a potential risk for water quality. Thus, this study investigated the change in metal (iron, manganese, copper and chromium) concentration in occluded water, the effect of these metals on the flowing water, and the source of iron and manganese in the occluded water using a simulation device. The results showed that total iron and total manganese were enriched in the occluded water, while the concentrations of total copper and total chromium in the occluded water gradually decreased over time. The iron and manganese in the occluded water migrate to the flowing water causing pollution in the flowing water. Also, copper and chromium adsorb on the corrosion scales within the pipes. The iron and manganese in the occluded water mainly came from the corrosion of the metal pipes, and the corrosion scales had a certain obstructive effect on the outward migration of iron in the occluded water but had less hindrance to the migration of manganese. Occluded water plays a critical role in the pollution of drinking water, and additional work is needed to control metal accumulation and release.

scholarly journals Modeling the Formation and Propagation of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, a Dominant Taste and Odor Compound, in Water Distribution Systems

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 638
Author(s):  
Gopinathan R. Abhijith ◽  
Avi Ostfeld
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Reactive Transport ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Taste And Odor

2,4,6-trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) formation is often reported as a cause of taste and odor (T&O) problems in water distribution systems (WDSs). The biosynthesis via microbial O-methylation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is the dominant formation pathway in distribution pipes. This paper attempted to utilize the reported data on the microbial O-methylation process to formulate deterministic kinetic models for explaining 2,4,6-TCA formation dynamics in WDSs. The pipe material’s critical role in stimulating O-methyltransferases enzymatic activity and regulating 2,4,6-TCP bioconversion in water was established. The kinetic expressions formulated were later applied to develop a novel EPANET-MSX-based multi-species reactive-transport (MSRT) model. The effects of operating conditions and temperature in directing the microbiological, chemical, and organoleptic quality variations in WDSs were analyzed using the MSRT model on two benchmark systems. The simulation results specified chlorine application’s implication in maintaining 2,4,6-TCA levels within its perception limit (4 ng/L). In addition, the temperature sensitivity of O-methyltransferases enzymatic activity was described, and the effect of temperature increase from 10 to 25 °C in accelerating the 2,4,6-TCA formation rate in WDSs was explained. Controlling source water 2,4,6-TCP concentration by accepting appropriate treatment techniques was recommended as the primary strategy for regulating the T&O problems in WDSs.

Utility quick test for analyzing materials for drinking water distribution systems for effect on taste-and-odor

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Schweitzer ◽  
P. Tomboulian ◽  
K. Atasi ◽  
T. Chen ◽  
D. Khiari
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Sensory Analyses ◽  
European Standards

A workshop of international drinking water experts was convened in Sedona, Arizona, March 26-27, 2001 for the purpose of developing a method for testing drinking water system components for their potential to contribute to taste-and-odor problems in drinking water. The workshop participants derived a method using provisions from European Standards as well as newly developed approaches. It is intended that this method can serve as a temporary procedure for water utilities, as well as a recommended template to derive an official standard. Materials to be tested may include pipes, fittings, ancillaries, joints, lubricants, tanks, and reservoirs. The recommended method includes a migration (leaching) test with chlorinated water, followed by sensory analysis of the samples from the migration test after dechlorination. Sensory analyses use both statistical (e.g., triangle test) and descriptive (e.g. Flavor Profile Analysis) techniques. A decision tree for the results is provided.

scholarly journals Environmental Management of Legionella in Domestic Water Systems: Consolidated and Innovative Approaches for Disinfection Methods and Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 577
Author(s):  
Emanuele Luigi Sciuto ◽  
Pasqualina Laganà ◽  
Simona Filice ◽  
Silvia Scalese ◽  
Sebania Libertino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Disinfection Methods

Legionella is able to remain in water as free-living planktonic bacteria or to grow within biofilms that adhere to the pipes. It is also able to enter amoebas or to switch into a viable but not culturable (VBNC) state, which contributes to its resistance to harsh conditions and hinders its detection in water. Factors regulating Legionella growth, such as environmental conditions, type and concentration of available organic and inorganic nutrients, presence of protozoa, spatial location of microorganisms, metal plumbing components, and associated corrosion products are important for Legionella survival and growth. Finally, water treatment and distribution conditions may affect each of these factors. A deeper comprehension of Legionella interactions in water distribution systems with the environmental conditions is needed for better control of the colonization. To this purpose, the implementation of water management plans is the main prevention measure against Legionella. A water management program requires coordination among building managers, health care providers, and Public Health professionals. The review reports a comprehensive view of the state of the art and the promising perspectives of both monitoring and disinfection methods against Legionella in water, focusing on the main current challenges concerning the Public Health sector.

Iron and manganese removal from textile effluents in anaerobic attached-growth bioreactor filled with coirfibres

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.W. Jayaweera ◽  
P.I.A. Gomes ◽  
S.L.J. Wijeyekoon
Keyword(s):  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Textile Effluents ◽  
Manganese Removal ◽  
Coir Fibre ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Fe And Mn ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Reducing Bacteria ◽  
Iron And Manganese

A laboratory scale study on Fe and Mn removal in upflow anaerobic bioreactor of a working volume of 20 L with coir fibre as the filter medium was investigated for a period of 312 days. The maximum Fe and Mn levels considered were 10 and 5 mg/L respectively, which are the typical average values of textile effluents subsequent to the primary and secondary treatments. Ten sub-experimental runs were conducted with varying HRTs (5 days to 1 day), ratios of COD:SO2−4 (20 to 3.5), Fe levels (0.005 to 10 mg/L) and Mn levels (0 to 5 mg/L). COD:SO2−4 of 3.5 was identified as the optimum point at which sulphate reducing bacteria (SRBs) out competed methane producing bacteria (MPBs) and further reduction of this ratio caused total and/or significant inhibition of MPBs, thus building sulphate reducing conditions. The effluent contained Fe and Mn below the permissible levels (1.6 and 1.1 mg/L for Fe and Mn, respectively) stipulated by US National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for inland surface waters at HRTs higher than 3 days. Results of the mass balance showed more Fe accumulation (60%) in sediments whereas 27% in the filter media. An opposite observation was noticed for Mn.

Materials used in drinking water distribution systems: contribution to taste-and-odor

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tomboulian ◽  
L. Schweitzer ◽  
K. Mullin ◽  
J. Wilson ◽  
D. Khiari
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution Systems ◽  
Taste And Odor ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Water Taste

In order to assist drinking water utilities with identifying the possible sources and causes of taste-and-odor conditions associated with materials used in distribution systems, we evaluated information from case studies and a database from the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), International. This database identified chemicals that had leached from drinking water system components during testing of materials under ANSI/NSF Standard 61, which provides information to water utilities on potential taste-and-odor and health concerns from the use of new materials. The data were arranged to provide a process for locating the potential source of a taste-and-odor event. After a sensory analysis is conducted on the drinking water samples, the descriptor can be matched with categories on the "Drinking Water Taste and Odor Wheel 2000" in order to suggest the candidate material.

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