scholarly journals Gender gaps in Central Asia: A reassessment[1]

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-73
Author(s):  
Zvi Lerman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Women's Role

The article reviews the latest available statistical information on gender inequalities in labor markets and in access to financial institutions, social services, and education. After a general review of agricultural development, household food security and rural poverty, population structure, and labor outmigration in Central Asia, the article examines the women’s role in the labor market, including both formal and informal female employment, the feminization of agriculture in the region, gender gaps in education and wages, and constraints on women’s access to extension services and land ownership. It is observed that women’s asset ownership rights and their access to supply and product markets are constrained by social norms. The article concludes with some conclusions and policy recommendations. This reassessment is designed to strengthen the qualitative approaches of the gender literature with some quantitative approaches from agricultural and development economics.

scholarly journals What Explains Gender Gaps in Household Food Security? Evidence from Maize Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Girma Gezimu Gebre ◽  
Hiroshi Isoda ◽  
Yuichiro Amekawa ◽  
Dil Bahadur Rahut ◽  
Hisako Nomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Joint Decision ◽  
Household Food

AbstractUsing primary data collected from 560 farm households in Dawuro zone, southern Ethiopia, this study analyzes the gender gaps in food security among male, female, and joint decision-making farm households. It examines the factors inducing gender gaps among the households of those three categories. The results show that female decision-making households have a lower probability of ensuring food-security and a higher probability of being transitionally and chronically food-insecure. Joint decision-making households showed a higher probability of falling into the chronically food-insecure category. The decomposition results show significant gender gaps between male and female decision-making households in terms of food-secure, transitory food-insecure, and chronically food-insecure categories. Overall, both the endowment and return effects account for the gaps; however, the magnitude of the effect from the return is higher than from the endowment on significant gaps in the food-secure, transitory, and chronically food-insecure categories. Hence, there is a need for policies that not only ensure equal levels of productive resources but also help households build their capacity in order to improve both transitory and chronically food insecure situations.

The gender gap in sport event attendance in Europe: The impact of macro-level gender equality

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Lagaert ◽  
Henk Roose
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Impact

This paper studies the gender gap in sport event attendance – characterized by higher male and lower female participation – using a macro-sociological and cross-national comparative approach. We argue that because gender is produced and justified in the realm of sport, gender gaps in sport event attendance may be more pronounced in some societies than others, depending on the position women and men have in the particular context in which someone ‘does’ his/her gender. So, in addition to individual attributes, one has to consider the societal, macro-level gender equality in order to understand the individual-level gender inequalities in sport event attendance. Using multilevel analyses on Eurobarometer data (2007), we evaluate whether the size of the gender gap in sport event attendance varies across European Union (EU) countries and how this variation relates to societal gender equality, as measured by the Gender Equality Index of the European Institute for Gender Equality. We find higher male than female attendance in all EU countries, but also conclude that higher levels of macro-level gender equality are associated with smaller gender gaps in sport event attendance.

scholarly journals Connecting Public Policies for Family Farmers and Women’s Empowerment: The Case of the Brazilian Semi-Arid

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 5961
Author(s):  
Emily Aparecida Ferreira Brandão ◽  
Thiago da Rocha Santos ◽  
Stephan Rist
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Family Farmers ◽  
Sexual Division Of Labor ◽  
Semi Arid

The role played by women in worldwide food production and food security has reinvigorated debates about the recognition of women’s rights in the rural sector regarding better working conditions and the reduction of gender inequalities. In the 1980s, the social movement in Brazil restructured the politics in the agrarian sector by integrating farmers’ rights and women’s demands. Against this background, the objective of this study is to analyze, through the actors’ perspectives, whether and how the combination of public policies for family farmers affected the socio-economic and political empowerment of women. Our case study covers family farmers from traditional communities located in the Brazilian semi-arid. The results show that women achieved economic stability by participating in public food procurement programmes. In addition, access to cisterns released women from the daily work of collecting water. Women became more involved with political issues, increasing participation in institutions such as NGOs, associations and cooperatives. Among the negative aspects, the study found that the sexual division of labor increased within the household context, and, despite being fundamental for ensuring household food security, women still struggle to have access to the means of production.

scholarly journals Non-Contributory Benefits, Pension Re-Reforms and the Social Protection of Older Women in Latin America

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Arza
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Pension Systems ◽  
The Social ◽  
Latin American Countries

Gender inequalities are a key issue for most pension systems in Latin America. Contributory pension schemes that link benefit entitlements to work and earnings tend to reflect in the benefits they offer the gender gaps that prevail in the labour market. This deepened with the implementation of individual private accounts as part of structural pension reforms in a number of countries. This article evaluates how recent pension policies, including measures geared to coverage expansion and so-called pension ‘re-reforms’, have addressed gender gaps in pensions in four Latin American countries. It shows that the expansion of non-contributory pensions and a greater emphasis on redistribution are important for the protection of older women in a context of gendered labour markets and the unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work between women and men. Looking at the cases of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile, the article identifies progress but also the persistence of gender gaps in pensions and emphasises the need for further measures to promote adequate social protection for older women.

scholarly journals FOOD SECURITY AND PERFORMANCE OF RICE AGRIBUSINESS INSTITUTIONAL IN COASTAL AREAS OF SELUMA REGENCY

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-84
Author(s):  
Sriyoto Sriyoto ◽  
Irnad Irnad ◽  
Bambang Sumantri ◽  
Basuki Sigit Priyono
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
National Development ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Institutional Performance ◽  
Regional Food ◽  
Household Food ◽  
And Performance ◽  
National Food Security

Food security in Indonesia has become a central issue in agricultural development and national development. The problem of food and food security cannot be separated from the context of rice. This is because rice is a staple food consumed by almost all Indonesians. Thus, the availability of rice is an important factor in strengthening national food security. The level of national food security, regional food security must be followed by the achievement of the level of resilience of villages, households and individuals. The role and performance of rice agribusiness institutions are important in the effort to achieve household food security for rice farmers. The objectives of this research are: 1) to analyze the food security level of farmers household; 2) to identify the determinants of food security level; 3) identifying the level of food security with the institutional performance of rice agribusiness. The results of this study indicate that the level of household food security is categorized as food resistance, the determinants of the level of food security are influenced by the number of family members and the income of rice farming. The food resistance category was followed by the institutional performance of PT. Pusri is very good, PT. Pertani is good, Bank of BRI is good, and farmer group institutions are moderate.

scholarly journals The International Fund for Agricultural Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 807-848
Author(s):  
Uma Lele ◽  
Brian C. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Bottom Of The Pyramid ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
International Fund

The International Fund for Agricultural Development’s (IFAD’s) vision for the post-2015 rural world is one in which extreme rural poverty is eliminated through inclusive and sustainable agriculture and rural development, and in which poor rural people and communities, including those who live in remote areas, are empowered to build prosperous and sustainable livelihoods. IFAD is focused on rural people at the bottom of the pyramid, women, and marginalized people. External evaluations have shown that IFAD, a small and agile organization, has been effective in addressing its declared mission. Its dilemma going forward is whether to assist poor people in only poor countries, or even in low middle-income countries and middle-income countries, as it has done in the past. An assessment is needed of whether the current paradigm of average per capita country income is sufficiently robust to support IFAD’s mandate, particularly in countries with acute per capita income inequality. Demonstrating impacts has been a challenge, but then IFAD is not alone in that regard. A vigorous program of impact assessments is underway but generalizing beyond findings of individual impact evaluations has been a challenge. The Eleventh Replenishment (IFAD11, 2019–21) may barely reach US$1.1 billion of the US$1.2 billion replenishment target over a three-year period. The ongoing IFAD12 Replenishment (2022–4) needs to exceed that to secure IFAD’s financial future, including market-based borrowing at rates that MICs will find expedient to borrow at for rural development programs where, traditionally, highly concessional and/or grant funding has been available.

scholarly journals Social Services Planning in Rural Areas: A Theoretical Review

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Djarot S. Widyatmoko
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Social Service ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
National Development ◽  
Service Planning ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Development Concept ◽  
The Right

Nowadays, the comprehensive and integrated rural development concept has been considered as the right approach in order to combat the root of rural poverty. By its main concern on area planning, i. e. the availability of planning apparatus at local (regional) level, comprehensive local (rural) resource analysis, and multi-disciplinary approach, it is expected that the weakneses of centralized planning which, among others, concentrates on economic growth can be reduced or even eliminated. This paper tries to explain the place of social service planning in the rural development concept above. The approach used is by discussing the place of service planning in the national development policies; collective decision making system, especially related to planning procedure and process; and social service problems in rural areas. 

scholarly journals Understanding the Rural–Rural Migration of Health Workers in Two Selected Districts of Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Nathanael Sirili ◽  
Daudi Simba
Keyword(s):  
Social Services ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Migration ◽  
District Health ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Working And Living Conditions

Globally, rural–urban migration has been the focus in addressing the question of availability of health workers in rural areas. Often, the rural–rural migration of health workers, another important dimension is neglected. This study aimed to analyze the magnitude and the underlying factors for rural–rural migration of health workers in two rural districts of Tanzania. An exploratory comparative cross-sectional study adopting both quantitative and qualitative approaches was carried out in two districts of Kilwa in Lindi region, southern Tanzania, and Rombo in Kilimanjaro region, northern Tanzania. In a quantitative approach, 174 health workers (both clinicians and nonclinicians) filled in a self-administered questionnaire between August 2015 and September 2016. For the qualitative sub-study, 14 key informants that included health facilities in-charges and district health managers from the two districts were interviewed. In addition, three focus group discussions were conducted with members of the health facilities committee, in the two districts. Over 40% of health workers migrated from one workstation to another between 2011 and 2015. Close to 70% of the migrated health workers, migrated within the same districts. The proportion of health workers migrated was higher in Kilwa compared to Rombo. However, the difference was not statistically significant. The major underlying factors for migration in both districts were: Caring for the family and Unfavorable working and living conditions. In Kilwa, unlike Rombo, rejection by the community, superstitious beliefs, and lack of social services, were the other major factors underlying migration of the health workers. While addressing rural–urban migration, attention should be paid also to the rural–rural migration of health workers. Lastly, addressing the migration of health workers is a multi-dimensional issue that needs the engagement of all stakeholders within and beyond the health sector.

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