scholarly journals KALKULUS DIFERENSIAL DAN INTEGRAL OLEH FERMAT

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Hayati ◽  
Mamika Ujianita Romdhini
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Tangent Line ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Fermat’S Little Theorem

Abstrak. Dalam kuliah kalkulus modern, materi tentang pendifferensialan (turunan fungsi) dan konstruksi garis singgung terhadap suatu kurva diberikan terlebih dahulu daripada materi integral dan penentuan luas daerah di bawah suatu kurva. Hal ini berlawanan dengan urutan sejarah perkembangannnya. Penentuan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh beberapa kurva telah ditemukan pada zaman kuno. Dalam tulisan ini membahas awal konstruksi garis singgung dan penentuan luas daerah yang dibatasi oleh suatu kurva yang pertama kali dibahas oleh Fermat. Kerja Fermat telah memberikan dasar bagi konsep kalkulus modern, khususnya pendifferensialan dan integral. Selain itu, Fermat dikenal sebagai orang yang memiliki kemampuan luar biasa dalam teori bilangan, antara lain dengan Fermat’s Little Theorem dan Fermat’s Last Theorem.Kata kunci: konstruksi garis singgung, luas daerah, differensial, dan integral, teori fermat. Abstrak. In modern calculus course, the material on derivative of the function and the construction of the tangent to the curve given first than the material on the integral and determining the area under a curve. This is contrary to the historical development. Determination of the area has been limited by several curves have been found in ancient times. In this paper discusses the start of construction of the tangent line and determining the area bounded by a curve that was first discussed by Fermat. Work Fermat has provided the basis for the concept of modern calculus, especially derivative and integral. In addition, Fermat is known as a person who has a remarkable ability in number theory, among others, by Fermat's Little Theorem and Fermat's Last Theorem.Keywords: construction of a tangent, wide areas, derivative and integral, Fermat Theory.

Impact on Beams

1936 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. A55-A61
Author(s):  
H. L. Mason
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Contact Region ◽  
Local Deformation ◽  
Lateral Vibration ◽  
Transverse Impact ◽  
Concentrated Mass ◽  
Impact Theory ◽  
Inelastic Impact ◽  
Maximum Contact

Abstract This paper deals with transverse impact on beams the mass of which is of importance. Experimental results are presented for comparison with theory. Impacts which appear single to the eye are shown to consist in reality of several blows in quick succession. Section 1 of the paper traces the historical development of this subject by discussing the investigations of Young, Hodgkinson, Cox, Saint Venant, and Timoshenko. Section 2 treats a simplified system in which a concentrated mass strikes a smaller concentrated mass having a “soft” spring restraint. For elastic impact, theory predicts for the struck mass a path composed of sinusoidal elements separated by instantaneous blows. For inelastic impact it predicts a joint harmonic motion. Records of the paths of both masses were obtained experimentally. Section 3 of the paper uses Timoshenko’s method of combining local deformation of the contact region with lateral vibration of the beam. An experimental investigation of maximum contact pressure and of blow duration gives what is believed to be the first confirmation of this theory. Section 4 describes an experimental determination of flexural stresses in elastic and inelastic impact on a 3-in. I-beam by the use of a Westinghouse magnetic strain gage. The indication is that stresses may be higher than those calculated by the usual approximations.

Tupian Languages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolf Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
The Family ◽  
Common Term ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Adverbial Clauses

“Tupian” is a common term applied by linguists to a linguistic stock of seven families spread across great parts of South America. Tupian languages share a large number of structural and morphological similarities which make genetic relationship very probable. Four families (Arikém, Mondé, Tuparí, and Raramarama-Poruborá) are still limited to the Madeira-Guaporé region in Brazil, considered by some scholars to be the Tupí homeland. Other families and branches would have migrated, in ancient times, down the Amazon (Mundurukú, Mawé) and up the Xingú River (Juruna, Awetí). Only the Tupí-Guarani branch, which makes up about 40 living languages, mainly spread to the south. Two Tupí-Guaraní languages played an important part in the Portuguese and Spanish colonisation of South America, Tupinambá on the Brazilian coast and Guaraní in colonial Paraguay. In the early 21st century, Guaraní is spoken by more than six million non-Indian people in Paraguay and in adjacent parts of Argentina and Brazil. Tupí-Guaraní (TG) is an artificial term used by linguists to denominate the family composed by eight subgroups of languages, one of them being the Guaraní subgroup and the other one the extinct Tupinambá and its varieties. Important phonological characteristics of Tupian languages are nasality and the occurrence of a high central vowel /ɨ/, a glottal stop /ʔ/, and final consonants, especially plosives in coda position. Nasality seems to be a common characteristic of all branches of the family. Most of them show phenomena such as nasal harmony, also called nasal assimilation or regressive nasalization by some scholars. Tupian languages have a rich morphology expressed mainly by suffixes and prefixes, though particles are also important to express grammatical categories. Verbal morphology is characterized by generally rich devices of valence-changing formations. Relational inflection is one of the most striking phenomena of TG nominal phrases. It allows marking the determination of a noun by a preceding adjunct, its syntactical transformation into a nominal predicate, or the absence of any relation. Relational inflection partly occurs also in other branches and families than Tupí-Guaraní. Verbal person marking is realized by prefixing in most languages; some languages of the Tuparí and Juruna family, however, use only free pronouns. Tupian syntax is based on the predication of both verbs and nouns. Subordinate clauses, such as relative clauses, are produced by nominalization, while adverbial clauses are formed by specific particles or postpositions on the predicate. Traditional word order is SOV.

THE COMPREHENSION OF THE SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND ITS FORMATION IN LEGAL RELATIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Olīvija Tuvi
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Group Formation ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Insight Into

Social stratification has played an important role in legal relations since ancient times, because it involved the division of responsibilities between individuals in society. The central concept of the social stratification is a society, whose members interact with each other to ensure their existence. Ensuring the existence involves the division of functions by trying to arrange the social and legal relations, which leads to the process of social group formation and social stratification. Social stratification is also very topical today, because society, despite the equality of people defined in normative acts, is still divided according to different criteria. This work provides insight into concept and historical development of the social stratification, summarizes different ideas and problems about social stratification and its types.

Szafarz zwyczajny i nadzwyczajny w posłudze sakramentu Eucharystii

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Peter Caban
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Ancient Times

This is a short but an apt study which deals with ministers of the Eucharist. It presents to readers the historical development of Eucharistic ministers from the ancient times up to the present recalling the newest Church documents on this subject. The aim of this study is to give an exact and fitting review of the history and of the present regulations for ordinary and extraordinary ministers of the Eucharist.

The Ways of Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 343-354
Author(s):  
P. J. E. Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Working Condition ◽  
Mass Density ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Construction Of Science

This chapter explores some lessons to be drawn from the historical development of cosmology, which may illustrate the nature of the enterprise of natural science. It is obvious but must be stated that research in the natural sciences depends on technology that was developed largely for other purposes. Technology enabled far more efficient measurements of galaxy redshifts. However, the technology that made this possible was not aimed at astronomy; it was adapted, in part for the purpose of obtaining enough data on galaxy positions and motions for a meaningful determination of the cosmic mean mass density. It is also obvious that the ways of research in science are the ways people tend to operate in general. A working condition that may be particularly relevant for cosmology is the tendency to take a personal interest in the results: how did our universe begin, what is it like now, and how might it end? The chapter then considers the social construction of science.

A SIGNIFICANT THREAT TO OTHER INTERESTS AS A CRITERION FOR SUBSTANTIAL HARM AT CRIMINAL LAW

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (85) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Jurijs Lomonovskis
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Basic Composition ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Additional Object ◽  
Court Practice

The aim of the article “A significant threat to other interests as a criterion for substantial harm at criminal law” is to examine the problems of understanding the concept of “substantial harm” in criminal law; to analyse whether the “significant threat to other interests” component of substantial harm is properly understood in practice. The lack of understanding of the concept determines the topicality of the article. To reach the goal of the article, such tasks are solved: 1. to consider the historical development of a law framework of “substantial harm”; 2. to get acquainted with the types of substantial harm in criminal law; 3. to compare the court practice with the basic legal doctrine; 4. to make a statement about the content of the concept of “significant threat to other interests” both in the framework of basic and qualifying criminal offenses. The article consists of 5 parts: introduction, understanding concept of other interests protected by law, connection of other interests protected by law with the direct object of the criminal offense, threat of other interests protected by law as qualifying attribute, conclusions. The novelty of the article is related to the lack of research into substantial harm problems in criminal law. The conclusions of the article are about court practice does not correspond to the basic of legal doctrine. In the conclusion of the article, the author expresses the thesis for basic composition of criminal offense: substantially harmed interests are those in the direct object of the criminal offense; as well as those included in additional objects, if specifically designated by the legislator. Regarding the determination of interests in qualifying composition of a criminal offense, the author of the article expresses the following http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/acj.v4i85.3673 thesis: substantial harm as a characteristic of the composition of a qualified criminal offense indicates the threat of an additional object of a criminal offense.

DETERMINATION OF PUNISHMENT IN THE LAW AND PRACTICE

2017 ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Pēteris Laizāns ◽  
Dainis Mežulis
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Punishment ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Law ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Dynamic Link

In 2016, 45639 criminal offenses were registered in Latvia, of which 2,595 were registered in Daugavpils and 491 were registered in Daugavpils district (Overview of crimes recorded in the country by administrative territory from 01.01.2016 to 31.12.2016). From ancient times, each nation, each country has to deal with quite complex issues related to fight against crime, to choice and application of criminal punishment. The article provides an insight into the practice of imposing penalties in the Daugavpils Court, emphasizing the dynamic link between criminal offenses and application of the penalty.

scholarly journals Development of Adult Education in Europe and in the Context of Knowles′ Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Inna Feltsan
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Adult Students ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Education History ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Education Process

Abstract The presented article touches upon the idea of adult education history in Europe. It highlights the main programmes and events, which were a great contribution to the development of lifelong learning. At ancient times, adult students considered to be the prominent audience at philosophical lectures of immortal minds. After the period of industrialization and social equality, primary and secondary education became the priority topics of governmental policies. Only after WWII there appeared a need for reviewing or upgrading the already existed knowledge, nothing to say about the late 2000s with the immigration realia and population aging, adult learning takes over the prior importance in Europe. Malcolm S. Knowles was one of the scholars who had been investigating the domain in the mid 1960s and created the theoretical background for further researches. His attitude and vision of adult education process were the predictors of a new adragogical age in Europe, where student took a new central role in the education process, was encouraged to hold responsibility for the most suitable methods, that would match up with their goals, possibilities, intentions and timing. In modern society, there exists an urgent need for changes in the approaches to teaching adults, for individual work that is more appropriate for age and ensures usage of personal experience. The maturity dimension scheme presented by M. Knowles brings understanding of adult psychological inclinations, behaviour and goals that might help an andragogue to decide on methods chosen for achieving educational results. Clear determination of notions should explain and help to avoid misunderstandings on “whom should we consider an adult?” Historical approach will help to create a complex adult education development picture and motivate a researcher for further investigations.

scholarly journals Fermat’s Little Theorem via Divisibility of Newton’s Binomial

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Ziobro
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Solving Equations ◽  
Fermat’S Little Theorem

Abstract Solving equations in integers is an important part of the number theory [29]. In many cases it can be conducted by the factorization of equation’s elements, such as the Newton’s binomial. The article introduces several simple formulas, which may facilitate this process. Some of them are taken from relevant books [28], [14]. In the second section of the article, Fermat’s Little Theorem is proved in a classical way, on the basis of divisibility of Newton’s binomial. Although slightly redundant in its content (another proof of the theorem has earlier been included in [12]), the article provides a good example, how the application of registrations could shorten the length of Mizar proofs [9], [17].

A problem in additive number theory

1988 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Brüdern
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Additive Number Theory ◽  
Interesting Problem ◽  
Natural Numbers ◽  
Additive Theory ◽  
Additive Number ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Theory Of Numbers

The determination of the minimal s such that all large natural numbers n admit a representation asis an interesting problem in the additive theory of numbers and has a considerable literature, For historical comments the reader is referred to the author's paper [2] where the best currently known result is proved. The purpose here is a further improvement.

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