VOMITING

Objectives: To investigate whether the addition of dexamethasone and chloropheniramine to oral ketamine premedication affects the incidence of postoperative vomiting. Study Design: Randomized control trail. Setting: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: March 2016 to March 2017. Methodology: After obtaining ethical approval ethical and review board of hospital. Data was entered in a computer software SPSS version 23.1 and analyzed for possible variables. Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation like age, weight, sedation time, anesthesia time, admission time and PACU time. Categorical variables were presented as gender, ASA statusand postoperative vomiting. Student test and chi square test was applied to see association of outcome variable. P value of 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: Overall, 100% (n=80) patients were included in this study, both genders. The study group was further divided into twoequal groups, 50% (n=40) in each, i.e. Group K (Ketamine) group and group KD (Ketamine-Dexamethasone). The main outcome variable of this study was postoperative vomiting. In this study, Postoperative vomiting observed in 35% (n=10) and 10% (n=4) patients, for group K and group KD respectively. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.007). Conclusion: Addition of dexamethasone and chloropheniramine with ketamine as premedication reduce the incidence of postoperative vomiting.

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Abstract P165: Comparing Grip Strength, Weakness, And Frailty Based On Comorbidity And Laboratory Data Among Patients With Cardiovascular Disease

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.141.suppl_1.p165 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Gloria Kim ◽

Arati A Gangadharan ◽

Matthew A Corriere

Keyword(s):

Grip Strength ◽

Frailty Index ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Mean Values ◽

Multivariable Models ◽

And Gender

Introduction: Some approaches to frailty screening use diagnostic or laboratory data that may be incomplete. Grip strength can identify weakness, a component of phenotype-based frailty assessment. We compared grip strength as a reductionist, phenotype-based approach to frailty screening with comorbidity and laboratory-based alternatives. Hypothesis: Grip strength and categorical weakness are correlated with the modified frailty index-5 (mFI-5) and lab values associated with frailty. Methods: Weakness based on grip, BMI, and gender was compared with mFI-5 comorbidities and lab values. Patients with at least 3/5 mFI-5 comorbidities were considered frail. Lab data collected within 6 months of grip measurement was assessed. Associations were evaluated using multivariable models and kappa. Methods: 2,597 patients had grip strength measured over 5 months. Mean age was 64.4±14.6, mean BMI was 29.5±6.9;46% were women, and 87% white. Prevalent comorbidities included hypertension (28%), CHF (22%), diabetes (29%), and COPD (26%); 9% were functionally dependent. 34% were weak, but only 13% were frail based on mFI-5. Hemoglobin, creatinine, and CRP differed significantly based on weakness ( Table ). Laboratory data were missing for 36%- 95% of patients. Multivariable models identified significant associations between weakness, hemoglobin, and all MFI-5 comorbidities. Categorical agreement between weakness and frailty was limited (kappa =0.09; 95% CL 0.0641-0.1232). Conclusion: Weakness based on grip strength provides a practical, inexpensive approach to risk assessment, especially when incomplete data excludes other approaches. Comorbidity-based assessment categorizes many weak patients as non-frail. Table. Demographic, laboratory values, and comorbidities by categorical weakness based on grip 20 th percentile. Mean values for continuous variables by weakness adjusted for gender and BMI, p-value for T-test; frequency and total percent for categorical variables, p-value represents chi-square test.

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Use of Effect Size Measures along with p-Value in Scientific Publications

Borneo Epidemiology Journal ◽

10.51200/bej.v2i2.3629 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 89-97

Author(s):

Sandheep Sugathan ◽

Lilli Jacob

Keyword(s):

Effect Size ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Research Articles ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

P Value ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Statistical Concept ◽

Scientific Publications ◽

Actual Difference ◽

The Difference

Background: To describe various measures for estimation of effect size, how it can be calculated and the scenarios in which each measures of effect size can be applied. Methods: The researchers can display the effect size measures in research articles which evaluate the difference between the means of continuous variables in different groups or the difference in proportions of outcomes in different groups of individuals. When p-value alone is displayed in a research article, without mentioning the effect size, reader may not get the correct pictures regarding the effect or role of independent variable on the outcome variable. Results: Effect size is a statistical concept that measures the actual difference between the groups or the strength of the relationship between two variables on a numeric scale. Conclusion: Effect size measures in scientific publications can communicate the actual difference between groups or the estimate of association between the variables, not just if the association or difference is statistically significant. The researchers can make their findings more interpretable, by displaying a suitable measure of effect size. Effect size measure can help the researchers to do meta-analysis by combining the data from multiple research articles.

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Comparison of Visuospatial Skill Development Between Preclinical and Clinical Undergraduate Students Using Dentinal Pin Placement Exercise

Journal of The Pakistan Dental Association ◽

10.25301/jpda.303.147 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (03) ◽

pp. 147-151

Author(s):

Alia Ahmed ◽

◽

Usman Anwer Bhatti

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Dental Students ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Psychomotor Skills ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Second Year

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare visuospatial and psychomotor skills of second year pre-clinical dental students with final year dental students using an exercise in dentinal pin placement. METHODOLOGY:A total of 120 BDS undergraduate students who had completed second or final year Operative dentistry rotation were included. While students from second and final year who had not consented to participate or had missed the practical demonstration or whose dentinal pins were misplaced after becoming loose from the tooth were excluded. Participating students placed the dentinal pins, following which Adobe Photoshop (version CC 2014) was used to analyze the photographs of the taken radiographs in two dimensions. Parameters assessed were pulpal perforations, periodontal perforations and pin angulation. Independent sample t-test was used to compare continuous variables while chi-square test was used for testing association for categorical variables. RESULTS: Final year students fared better in all categories of pin placement except periodontal perforation which was the same for both years. Statistically significant difference in the angulation for pin placement were observed between the two student groups in mesiodistal direction (p value =0.001) and in buccolingual direction (p value <.001). CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference in the psychomotor and visuospatial skill of second year pre-clinical when compared with the final year clinical undergraduate students. KEYWORDS: curriculum, dental, learning, operative, students.

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Cartas de control para monitorear variables multinomiales

Respuestas ◽

10.22463/0122820x.441 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 93-100

Author(s):

Luz Marcela Restrepo-Tamayo ◽

Juan Carlos Correa-Morales

Keyword(s):

Control Chart ◽

Control Charts ◽

Average Run Length ◽

Stable Condition ◽

Poor Performance ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Homogeneity Test ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square

Antecedentes: La carta de control como herramienta de monitoreo de la calidad de un producto, permite estudiar la estabilidad de los procesos en el tiempo, contrastando dos hipótesis, una que expresa que el proceso se encuentra en estado estable y otra que lo niega. Su utilización ha sido masiva para variables continuas más no para variables categóricas, motivo por el cual es imperante el diseño de tales herramientas para ese tipo de variables. Objetivo: Proponer dos (2) cartas de control para procesos con variables multinomiales basadas en el valor-p resultado de la prueba de homogeneidad de proporciones, empleando la transformación chicuadrado para variables uniformes y la aproximación Wilson - Hilferty para variables chi cuadrado. Métodos: El desempeño de las cartas propuestas es estimado vía simulación considerando un proceso en Fase II y considerando incrementos en la primera categoría de 2%, 4% y 6% en la etapa de control. Resultados: La carta de control multinomial usando aproximación Wilson- Hilferty para variables chi cuadrado, provenientes de la transformación del valor-p, presenta un desempeño deficiente comparado con las cartas de control usando valor-p y usando transformación chi cuadrado al valor-p, pues tienen menor habilidad para detectar cambios pequeños. Conclusión: Proponemos dos cartas de control para monitorear variables multinomiales y, una vez estudiadas vía simulación, con base en la Longitud de corrida promedio (ARL) y la probabilidad de rechazar la hipótesis nula de igualdad de proporciones, se recomienda el uso de la carta de control usando valor-p,o equivalentemente, de la carta de control usando transformación chi cuadrado del valor-p.Palabras clave: carta de control, distribución multinomial, prueba de homogeneidad, valor-p. Abstract Background: The control as a tool for monitoring the quality of a product, allows to study the stability of processes over time, contrasting two hypothesis, which states that the process is in stable condition and the other denies it. Its use has been massive for continuous variables but not for categorical variables, why it is imperative to design such tools for such variables. Objective: To propose two (2) control charts for variables multinomial processes based on the p-value test result for homogeneity of proportions using the chi square test for uniform processing variables and approximation Wilson - Hilferty for variables chi square. Methods: The performance of proposed charts via simulation is estimated considering a Phase II process and considering the first category increments of 2%, 4% and 6% in the control stage. Results: The multinomial control chart using Wilson-Hilferty approximation for variables chi square, from the transformation of value-p, has poor performance compared to the control charts using p-value processing and using chi-square p-value, as they have less ability to detect small changes. Conclusion: We propose two control charts to monitor multinomial variables and once studied via simulation, based on the average run length (ARL) and the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis of equal proportions, we recommend the control chart using value-p, or equivalently, the control chart processing using chi square p-value.Keywords: control chart, multinomial distribución, homogeneity test, p-value.

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SORE THROAT

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.09.148 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (09) ◽

pp. 1421-1425

Author(s):

Liaqat Ali ◽

Sabir Khan ◽

Haroon Israr ◽

Aamir Furqan

Keyword(s):

Sore Throat ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

P Value ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Spss Software ◽

The Difference ◽

Trial Setting

Objectives: To compare the effect of ketamine nebulization and ketamine gargleon post operative sore throat. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Setting: Department ofAnaesthesia Ibn e Sina Hospital. Multan and National, Lahore. Period: May 2016 to May 2017.Methodology: After provision form ethical committee and informed consent to be included instudy. Patients of age 20-60 years, ASA status I and II, elective surgeries under GA and both sexwere included in the study through consecutive sampling technique. SPSS software was used toanalyze all variables included in the study continuous variables were measured and presentedas mean and standard deviation, categorical measurement were measured in numbers andpercents. Chi square test was applied to check the difference among both groups. P value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Overall, 100% (n=160) patients were included, inthis study; divided into two equal groups, 50% (n=80) in each, gargled ketamine group (GKgroup) and nebulization group (NK group) respectively. The incidence of postoperative sorethroat at 0, 2, 4, and 24 hours, in GK group, was (n=8) 40%, (n=4) 20%, (n=3) 15% and (n=3)15%respectively. While, at corresponding time point in group NK it was (n=1) 5%, (n=7) 35%,(n=4) 20% and (n=2) 10%respectively. Conclusion: The observations of our study revealedthat ketamine nebulization and ketamine gargles having no significant difference in reductionof POST incidence.

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382. Difference in Pathogens Between Hip and Knee Prosthetic Joint Infection

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz360.455 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. S198-S198

Author(s):

Michael Henry ◽

Milan Kapadia ◽

Joseph Nguyen; Barry Brause ◽

Andy O Miller

Keyword(s):

Prosthetic Joint Infection ◽

Joint Infection ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Prosthetic Joint ◽

Significant Difference ◽

History Of ◽

The Difference ◽

Student’S T

Abstract Background There is contradicting evidence characterizing the difference in pathogens that cause hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI). A possible difference in microbiology may inform choice in antibiotic etiology, prophylaxis, and empiric treatment. We sought to analyze a large cohort of PJIs to see whether there was a significant difference in pathogen between joints. Methods A retrospective cohort of hip and knee PJIs, from 2008 to 2016, were identified by ICD code and surgical codes. The PJI pathogen was identified from synovial or intra-articular tissue cultures. The Student’s t-test was used to compare continuous variables. Chi-square tests were used to compare the categorical variables to joint. Results 807 PJI cases were identified including 444 knees and 363 hips. There were no significant differences between hip and knee PJIs in age, sex, history of PJI, rheumatoid arthritis, Charlson comorbidity index and laterality. There was a higher frequency of diabetes in knee PJIs (25.3%) compared with hip PJIs (15.7%), P < 0.001. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of fungal, staphylococcal (including Staphylococcus aureus), streptococcal, or enterococcal pathogens between hip and knee PJIs. Conclusion In this single-center cohort, hip and knees PJIs are infected with similar pathogens. Multiple site studies are needed to characterize the microbiology of PJIs at a larger scale. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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The Effects of Ovulation Documentation before Insemination on Intrauterine Insemination Cycle Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/46802.14629 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sujata Pradhan ◽

Padmalaya Thakur

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Rate ◽

Live Birth ◽

Birth Rate ◽

Intrauterine Insemination ◽

Live Birth Rate ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test

Introduction: Ovulation is the key event in Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) cycles. Monitoring ovulation prior to insemination will help to alter insemination time to improve pregnancy rate. Aim: To compare pregnancy rates and live birth rates in presence and absence of ultrasonographic features of ovulation before insemination in IUI cycles. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in a Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar. Three hundred eighty eight IUI cycles performed in the period of January 2017 to December 2018 were analysed. On the day of IUI prior to insemination, transvaginal ultrasonography was done 36-38 hours after ovulation trigger to document ovulation. Presumptive signs of ovulation were documented in 201 cycles (Group A) and there was no feature suggestive of ovulation in 187 cycles (Group B). In all the cycles, single insemination was performed at 38-40 hours after ovulation trigger. Baseline characteristics were compared. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables. Chi-square test and Fisher’s-exact test were applied to find out the differences in the categorical variables as well as the pregnancy outcomes among the groups. Pregnancy rate and live birth rate were considered as the primary outcomes. Results: Pregnancy rate (17.9% vs 18.2%, p-value=0.945) and live birth rate (17.9% vs 16.0%, p-value=0.625) were similar irrespective of ovulation status documented in ultrasonography performed before insemination. Conclusion: IUI cycle outcomes are independent of the ovulation status documented before insemination.

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Are Fractures To The Bony Cage Protecting the Abdomen Associated with Splenectomy in Cases of Abdominal Trauma? A Cohort Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-640046/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amay Banker ◽

Martin Gerdin Wärnberg ◽

Anita Gadgil ◽

Bhakti Sarang ◽

Ramlal Prajapati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Splenic Injury ◽

Trauma Registry ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Initial Hypothesis ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Care Outcomes ◽

Unadjusted Analysis

Abstract Background The spleen is protected by the ribs anteriorly, the vertebral column posteriorly and the pelvis inferiorly. Fractures to this bony cage may indicate a high-grade splenic injury necessitating splenectomy. We aim to determine whether fractures to the bony cage protecting the abdomen are associated with splenectomy. Methods We performed a subgroup analysis of patients with splenic injury from a prospective trauma registry study named ‘Towards Improved Trauma Care Outcomes’ (TITCO) in India. Out of the 16047 patients enrolled in the TITCO study, 267 patients with splenic injury were included. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi square test and logistic regression was used to assess the significance of continuous variables. A multivariate analysis was performed on the factors deemed clinically most significant. Results Patients with a higher grade of splenic injury were more likely to require splenectomy when adjusted for other variables (p value < 0.05). Patients with fractures to the vertebrae or pelvis had reduced odds of splenectomy on unadjusted analysis [Odds ratio 0.43 (0.19–0.94)], but this was not significant when adjusted for other variables. Conclusion In contradiction to our initial hypothesis, we found that fractures to the bony cage protecting the abdomen were not significantly associated with the splenectomy.

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Uterine Myoma: an Ultrasonographic Study of Patterns at the Central Hospital in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

10.53350/pjmhs211592975 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (9) ◽

pp. 2975-2978

Author(s):

Ese Anibor ◽

Joyce Ekeme Ikubor ◽

Peace Udoh Ubanatu ◽

Osagiemike Odigie

Keyword(s):

Uterine Myoma ◽

Human Anatomy ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Central Hospital ◽

Hospital Data ◽

Chi Square ◽

Ethical Approval ◽

Sonographic Patterns ◽

Chi Square Test

This analysis considered the sonographic patterns of uterine myoma seen at the Central Hospital in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Ultrasonographic records of the uteri of 312 women seen from December 2017 to January 2021 were retrieved from the Central Hospital in Warri, Nigeria. Information on the leiomyoma size, weight, occurrence site, types and number of nodules were fetched from available ultrasonographic reports. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research/ Ethical Committee of Human Anatomy Department at the Delta State University, Abraka, and the Warri Central Hospital. Data was entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 23). Results were presented in mean and simple percentage of occurrences of sampled parameters. The chi-square test was used to obtain association between categorical variables, while setting p-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. A total of 312 cases of women with leiomyoma were detailed. The 45-50 years age group had the highest frequency of 52 (16.7%). Regarding the location of the leiomyoma in the different parts of the uterus, the anterior corpus was the commonest site of occurrence of the leiyomyoma accounting for a frequency of 80 (25.6 %) while the fundus had the least frequency of 53 (17%). Based on volume and number of observed nodules, about 160 (51.3%) of assessed leiomyoma lesions were > 200cm3, whereas 152 (48.7%) were < 200cm3. Also, 1-5 nodules were observed in 117 cases, accounting for about 37.5% of the leiomyoma lesions. Conclusively, this study has shown that an insignificant association exists between patient age and the weight, size, type and number of nodules of leiyomyoma Keywords: Leiomyoma, uterine, myoma, ultrasonography.

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Patterns of Clinical Presentation of Thrombotic Thromboxytopenic Purpura. Is There a Racial Difference?. A Single Institution Experience.)

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v120.21.4653.4653 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 120 (21) ◽

pp. 4653-4653

Author(s):

Muath Dawod ◽

Mohammad Alhyari ◽

Philip Kuriakose

Keyword(s):

African Americans ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Laboratory Evaluation ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

P Value ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Chi Square ◽

Gi Symptoms ◽

Serious Disease

Abstract Abstract 4653 Background: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare but serious disease that has been reported more frequently in African-Americans (AA). While recent reports have showed an increased incidence of TTP amongs AA patients, there is no data with regards to the patterns of clinical presentation in this racial subgroup and if there is any difference as compared to other racial subgroups. Patients and methods: In this retrospective study we reviewed characterstics and clinical presentation of 91 patients with the diagnosis of TTP. Sixty four patients were AAs (70%). The second largest racial subgroup was Caucasians (24 patients, 26%). Demographics, lab values and symptoms were compared between AAs and Caucasians. Continuous variables were compared using two-sided two-sample t-tests. Alternatively, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used if the data were not normally distributed. Categorical variables were compared using Chi-square tests. Results: AA patients were older [median age of 47.6 years as compared to 40 years, P-value of 0.057] and more likely to be females [68.8%, (n=44/64) as compared to 45.8%, (n=11/24), P-value of 0.048]. As for laboratory evaluation, AA patients were more likely to have positive ANA [44% (n=22/64) as compared to 14.3% (n=2/24), P-value of 0.042] and higher ESR (median of 75.5 as compared to 40.7, P-value 0.03). Other laboratory evaluation including hemoglobin, platelet counts and creatinine were comparable. The most common patterns of clinical presentation in AA patients were in the form of constitutional symptoms (fatigue, malaise and generalized weakness) which were seen in 67% of patients (n=43), followed by neurological symptoms (mainly headache and confusion) in 53% of pateints (n=34). Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain) were seen in 44% of patients (n=28). This pattern was comparable to what is seen in Caucasian patients. Skin symptoms were reported less frequently in AA as compared to Caucasians (17.2% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.016). Conclusion: While AA patients are more likely to be females, older and have positive ANA, the clinical presentation of TTP is similar among different racial subgroups (African Americans and Caucasians). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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