scholarly journals Strobilurins: New group of fungicides

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 063-064
Author(s):  
Selim Rasha E ◽  
Khalil Mohamed S
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Complex Iii ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Tree Nuts ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Downy Mildews ◽  
Powdery Mildews ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Basidiomycete Fungus

Strobilurin is a group of natural products and their synthetic analogs have been widely used to control and prevent fungal diseases. Strobilurins were firstly isolated in 1977 from the mycelium of Strobilurus tenacellus, a saprobic Basidiomycete fungus causing wood-rotting on forest trees. This group of pesticides was designed to manage fungal pathogens classes such as Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Also, Strobilurin commercialized included derivatives such as are azoxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, oryzastrobin, dimoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin. This group is a part of the larger group of QoI inhibitors, which act to inhibit the respiratory chain at the level of Complex III. Strobilurins group control an unusually wide array of fungal diseases, included water molds, downy mildews, powdery mildews, leaf spotting and rusts. This group are used on cereals, field crops, fruits, tree nuts, vegetables, turfgrasses and ornamentals. Also, Strobilurins found to enhance the plant growth in some cases.

scholarly journals SEVERITY AND INTENSITY OF FUNGAL DISEASES OF CUCURBIT CROPS OF HAMIRPUR REGION, HP, INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manu Vineet Sharma ◽  
Hem Chander
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Lagenaria Siceraria ◽  
Coccinia Grandis ◽  
Downy Mildews ◽  
Powdery Mildews

Cucurbitaceae is the vegetable family enriched with numerous vitamins and minerals. In early rainy season cucurbits are the host of different fungal pathogens. In present study, four fungal diseases dominant on three members of cucurbitaceae family are observed in Bhoranj block of District Hamirpur, lie in lower foot hills of Himachal Pradesh. Four fungal diseases along with host plants are leaf spot of Lagenaria siceraria, downy mildews of Cucumis sativus, powdery mildews of Coccinia grandis and powdery mildews of Cucumis sativus. Among all these diseases, Disease Incidence and Disease Severity of Powdery mildews of Coccinia grandis are most dominant i.e. 40.3±1 and 51.2±1 respectively. Disease Incidence and Disease Severity of Leaf spot of Lagenaria siceraria is least i.e. 12.5±1 and 1.1±1, respectively.

Biological control of air-borne pathogens

1988 ◽  
Vol 318 (1189) ◽  
pp. 265-281 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Direct Penetration ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
Biological Methods

Some pathogens are partly controlled by microorganisms that occur naturally on aerial surfaces of plants, and many attempts have been made to improve control by applying selected antagonists to such surfaces. Antagonists often compete for nutrients with the pathogen, and antibiotics may be formed that reduce germination of its spores and subsequent growth. Hyphae of fungal pathogens may be killed on contact with the antagonist or by direct penetration. The plant’s defences may be stimulated before challenge by a pathogen. Apart from killing the pathogen, an antagonist may reduce its reproductive capacity. The examples given illustrate the operation of these different mechanisms in the control of a wide variety of diseases. For diseases of foliage, flowers or fruit, glasshouse crops offer more attractive possibilities for control than field crops because the population level of antagonists is easier to maintain. In some cases plants can be protected by inoculation before transplanting them to the field. Foliage and canker diseases of forest trees present problems too intractable for successful control, but in orchards the prospects are better; for example, methods are available for combining pruning with application of inoculum. Similarly, in some circumstances tree stumps can be inoculated to prevent colonization by a pathogen. Where biological methods are as effective as chemical ones and comparable in cost, they are to be preferred on environmental grounds. In some cases they can be combined with advantage; for example a lower concentration of fungicide may suffice if applied with an antagonist.

scholarly journals The emergence of cereal fungal diseases and the incidence of leaf spot diseases in Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. JALLI ◽  
P. LAITINEN ◽  
S. LATVALA
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Cochliobolus Sativus ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
First Time

Fungal plant pathogens causing cereal diseases in Finland have been studied by a literature survey, and a field survey of cereal leaf spot diseases conducted in 2009. Fifty-seven cereal fungal diseases have been identified in Finland. The first available references on different cereal fungal pathogens were published in 1868 and the most recent reports are on the emergence of Ramularia collo-cygni and Fusarium langsethiae in 2001. The incidence of cereal leaf spot diseases has increased during the last 40 years. Based on the field survey done in 2009 in Finland, Pyrenophora teres was present in 86%, Cochliobolus sativus in 90% and Rhynchosporium secalis in 52% of the investigated barley fields. Mycosphaerella graminicola was identified for the first time in Finnish spring wheat fields, being present in 6% of the studied fields. Stagonospora nodorum was present in 98% and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in 94% of spring wheat fields. Oat fields had the fewest fungal diseases. Pyrenophora chaetomioides was present in 63% and Cochliobolus sativus in 25% of the oat fields studied.;

scholarly journals MORPHOFUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAVES AND FRUITS IN MALOIDEAE (ROSACEAE): b. THE ROLE OF SURFACE TISSUES IN THE FORMATION OF RESISTANCE TO FUNGAL DISEASES

2019 ◽  
Vol 180 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kh. Kumachova ◽  
O. O. Beloshapkina ◽  
A. S. Voronkov ◽  
A. S. Ryabchenko
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Complex Surface ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Identification Of Species

Background. Resistance to the effects of plant biotic stressors is determined by a set of factors. Among them, the leading protective role is often assigned to the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the surface tissues. However, one cannot ignore the specificity of the microstructural organization of the plant surface, since the nature of interactions in phytopathogenic organisms is more complex than the chemical impact. Meanwhile, the information accumulated to date about the structure of the surface tissues of the vegetative and reproductive organs of plants, and the interface of mycobiota, is fragmentary.Objective. Mature leaves and fruits taken from representatives of the subfamily Maloideae Werber (Malus domestica Borkh., Pyrus communis L., Cydonia oblonga Mill. and Mespilus germanica L.) were selected for the study.Materials and methods. Samples for the research were taken from the middle part of the crown of model trees in 3 replications. In recent years, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with cryofixation is considered the most promising technique and is used to analyze the surface of biological organisms and identification of species. It is particularly informative in the case of organisms with complex surface micromorphology and for studying the biodiversity of pathogens. However, in this work we combined the methods of light, electron (SEM, TEM) and confocal microscopy. The samples were also studied using phytopathological and histochemical techniques. Condensed polyphenols were detected using K2Cr2O7 and FeCl3 as well as 4-(Dimethylamino)cinnamaldehyde (DMACA, Sigma-Aldrich).Results. On the basis of the obtained phytopathological materials and published data an overview of fungal diseases afflicting leaves and fruits of M. domestica, P. communis, C. oblonga and M. germanica was made. It has been established that a common feature of the Maloideae fruits is the accumulation of condensed polyphenols, which play an important protective role against biotic stressors, in the cells of the pericarp’s outer tissues. Anatomical and morphological characteristics of passive immunity, or horizontal resistance to fungal pathogens, include the specific nature of waxy and cuticular deposits, features of the formation of cuticular folds and peristomatic rings in the stomata area and microstrands at the base of trichomes, thickness of the cuticle and cork tissue, and the development of lenticels on fruits.Conclusion. The studied model plants suffer from a sufficiently wide range of diseases with different etiologies; among them, the most widespread and harmful are mycoses. In view of this, their resistance to fungal pathogens correlates with the specificity of the leaf and fruit surface microstructure and the content of phenolic substances (polyphenols) in the cells of the pericarp’s surface tissues.

scholarly journals The influence of growing technology on the resistance of potato varieties to dry fusarium rot

2019 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
V. Gabenets ◽  
S. Bomok
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Conventional Methods

Goal. The study of the effectiveness technology of potato cultivation for the phytosanitary state of tubers in the conditions of the Polesie region of Ukraine. Methods. Research of production crops of the Gabenets farm. Monitoring of major fungal diseases on potato tubers. Identification of phytopathogens on potato tubers. Farming technology consisted of 9 stages and included 6 herbicide-fungicidal treatments in the growing season of potato plants. Samples were collected and phytopathological analysis of potato tubers during harvest was conducted according to conventional methods. Identification of pathogens of fungal diseases was carried out at the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, according to conventional methods. Results. The performance of potato varieties in the application of a set of protection measures in FG “Gabenets” was evaluated. It was analyzed that the yields of varieties on the production crops of the farm were quite high and ranged from 50.25 to 58.10 t / ha, and the yield from one bush — from 1.014 kg to 1.163 kg. The highest yield was on production crops of the Pirol variety and amounted to 58.10 t / ha, compared to the control — 47.30 t / ha. Phytopathological analysis of potato chips varieties was carried out, which resulted in the detection of dry fusarium potato rot in control variants of Opal, Karlenа, Fantasia and Kibitz. No crop disease was detected in production crops where a system of protective measures was applied. Pirol cultivar has proven to be resistant to fungal pathogens. Conclusions. Protective measures during the vegetation of potato plants prevented the mass development of fungal diseases on potato tubers, which in turn will have a positive effect on the stickiness of the tubers and preserve their marketability.

scholarly journals Pathogen Detection and Microbiome Analysis of Infected Wheat Using a Portable DNA Sequencer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiheng Hu ◽  
Gamran S. Green ◽  
Andrew W. Milgate ◽  
Eric A. Stone ◽  
John P. Rathjen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Pyrenophora Tritici Repentis

ABSTRACTFungal diseases of plants are responsible for major losses in agriculture, highlighting the need for rapid and accurate identification of plant pathogens. Disease outcomes are often defined not only by the main pathogen but are influenced by diverse microbial communities known as the microbiome at sites of infection. Here we present the first use of whole genome shot-gun sequencing with a portable DNA sequencing device as a method for the detection of fungal pathogens from wheat(Triticum aestivum)in a standard molecular biology laboratory. The data revealed that our method is robust and applicable to the diagnosis of fungal diseases including wheat stripe rust (caused byPuccinia striiformisf. sp.tritici),septoria tritici blotch (caused byZymoseptoria tritici)and yellow leaf spot (caused byPyrenophora tritici repentis).We also identified the bacterial genusPseudomonasco-present withPucciniaandZymoseptoriabut notPyrenophorainfections. One limitation of the method is the over-representation of redundant wheat genome sequences from samples. This could be addressed by long-range amplicon-based sequencing approaches in future studies, which specifically target non-host organisms. Our work outlines a new approach for detection of a broad range of plant pathogens and associated microbes using a portable sequencer in a standard laboratory, providing the basis for future development of an on-site disease monitoring system.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Locally Isolated Jute Fungi and Determination of their Pathogenicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Md Abul Kashem ◽  
Md Towhid Hossain ◽  
MN Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Number Of Factors

Currently Jute farmer faces a number of problems in jute sector such as higher labor cost, fungal diseases, low market price, natural disasters etc. As a result the production of jute is far below than the desired figure. The severe yield lost of jute depends on a number of factors of which fungal diseases play a dominant role. In the present investigation 56 samples of infected jute plants were collected from 8 (Eight) different area of Bangladesh and the samples were investigated by Agar plate and Blotter methods. Symptoms of diseases were recorded and associated fungal pathogens were purified and characterized. Based on cultural and morphological characterizations three fungal pathogens were identified as Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. (Griffon & Maubl.), Colletotrichum corchori (Ikata and Yoshida) and Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid and allthe isolates showed their pathogenicity on jute plants. Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 35 Number 1 June 2018, pp 67-73

scholarly journals Emerging mould infections: Get prepared to meet unexpected fungi in your patient

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dellière ◽  
Olga Rivero-Menendez ◽  
Cécile Gautier ◽  
Dea Garcia-Hermoso ◽  
Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Emerging Pathogens ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Invasive Fungal Diseases ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Antigen Tests

Abstract Invasive fungal diseases are increasing issues in modern medicine, where the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic and the wider use of immunosuppressive drugs generate an ever-growing number of immunocompromised patients with an increased susceptibility to uncommon fungal pathogens. In the past decade, new species have been reported as being responsible for disseminated and invasive fungal diseases in humans. Among them, the following genera are rare but seem emerging issues: Scopulariopsis, Hormographiella, Emergomyces, Westerdykella, Trametes, Actinomucor, Saksenaea, Apophysomyces, and Rhytidhysteron. Delay in diagnosis, which is often the case in these infections, jeopardizes patients’ prognosis and leads to increased mortality. Here we summarize the clinical and biological presentation and the key features to identify these emerging pathogens and we discuss the available antifungal classes to treat them. We focused on Pubmed to recover extensively reported human invasive cases and articles regarding the nine previously cited fungal organisms. Information concerning patient background, macroscopic and microscopic description and pictures of these fungal organisms, histological features in tissues, findings with commonly used antigen tests in practice, and hints on potential efficient antifungal classes were gathered. This review's purpose is to help clinical microbiologists and physicians to suspect, identify, diagnose, and treat newly encountered fungi in hospital settings.

scholarly journals ‘Phytopathological strolls’ in the dual context of COVID-19 lockdown and IYPH2020: transforming constraints into an opportunity for public education about plant pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédéric Suffert ◽  
Muriel Suffert
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Digital Tools ◽  
Pathogen Identification ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Powdery Mildews ◽  
Fungal Plant Pathogens ◽  
Large Audience ◽  
The Times

AbstractThe experience presented here relates to 2020, a particularly timely year for plant disease-related communication (‘International Year of Plant Health’ IYPH2020), but also a unique year because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our goal was to illustrate the diversity and beauty of fungal plant pathogens through a naturalist approach that could be followed by any amateur. We achieved this end through ‘phytopathological strolls’, in which we observed and determined the origin of symptoms on diseased plants found in our garden, in the local streets, in nearby open spaces, and sharing this matter with a broad public. The lockdown imposed in France created an additional motivation to take up the challenge, and to involve our children, even under strong constraints, such as movement restrictions. We observed and described fungal pathogens through hundreds of photographs, shared our findings with a large audience on Twitter, and received feedback. The material used was deliberately simple and transportable: a digital reflex camera, an old microscope, a mobile phone, some books and an Internet connexion. Between March 17 March and December 15, 2020 we found 148 plant pathogens, including 72 rusts, 22 powdery mildews and 22 septoria-like diseases. We discuss here the importance of promoting searches for plant pathogens, their description and conservation, through a combination of classical approaches and digital tools in tune with the times, such as Twitter, by treating pathogen identification like a detective game and, more surprisingly, by making use of the addictive nature of collection approaches, drawing a parallel with Pokémon Go.

scholarly journals Incidence of two leaf fungal diseases in two plum training systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Molnár ◽  
M. Varga ◽  
A. Vámos ◽  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Training Systems ◽  
Leaf Disease ◽  
Significant Difference

In a two-year study, we aimed to determine the susceptibility of four plum cultivars to two fungal pathogens of plum (Stigmina carpophila and Polystigma rubrum) in two training systems with tree spacings of 4 x 1.5m and 6 x 3m. Results showed that shothole symptoms were not detected on cvs ’Bluefre’ and ’Stanley’ in August, 2016. Disease incidence was above 50% in the case of ’Čačanska lepotica’ in both training systems in 2016. There were no significant difference between the two training systems. Shot hole incidence was lower in the 6 x 3m spacings compared to the 4 x 1.5m spacings on cv ’President’ in 2016. Cultivar ’Čačanska lepotica’ showed the highest incidence of Stigmina carpophila in the 4 x 1.5m spacing in 2017. Disease incidence of Stigmina carpophila was significantly lower in the 6 x 3m spacing compared to the 4 x 1.5m spacing. Shothole incidences on cv ’President’ were similar to the values in 2016 ranging from 40% to 60%. Leaf disease incidence was higher in the 4 x 1.5m spacing compared to the 6 x 3m plot. Low disease incidence (below 10%) was observed on cv ’Stanley’ in 2017 and only in the 4 x 1.5m spacing. There were no visible symptoms of blackhorn dotty in 2016 due to inadequate weather conditions for the Polystigma rubrum fungus. However, all the four cultivars were infected by Polystigma rubrum in 2017. The most susceptible cultivar was cv ’Čačanska lepotica’ with the highest disease incidence in the 4 x 1.5m spacing. Disease incidence of this cultivar was lower in the 6 x 3m spacing which was significantly less than in the 4 x 1.5m spacing. The least susceptible cultivar was ’Bluefre’ and symptoms were observed only in the spacing of 4 x 1.5m. The disease incidence of cv ’President’ was similarly low to cv ’Stanley’ in both spacings.

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