scholarly journals A contribuição das CEBs para uma nova cultura política no Brasil: reciprocidade e democracia

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (253) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Sérgio Ricardo Coutinho
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Active Elements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Ecclesial Communities

A cultura política é o resultado de interações passadas e atuais entre os diversos grupos sociais e não se constitui em um eixo certo de valores. Ela sofre rupturas, mudanças que fazem da mesma um conceito dinâmico. Para compreendermos a constituição da cultura política brasileira, a antinomia entre tradição e modernidade é muitas vezes utilizada nas ciências sociais como a chave de leitura principal. Longe de ser sempre contraditórias, a modernidade e a tradição são, muitas vezes, articuladas, associadas e combinadas de uma maneira complementar, constituintes ativos de renovação cultural. As Comunidades Eclesiais de Base contribuíram diretamente para a renovação de nossa cultura política em bases participativas e de relações sociais de reciprocidade.Abstract: Political culture is the result of past and present interactions between the various social groups and does not become an established axle of values. Indeed, it is often subject to ruptures and changes that make of it a dynamic concept. In order to understand how the Brazilian political culture was built, the social sciences often use an antinomy between tradition and modernity as a key. Far from being always contradictory, modernity and tradition are frequently articulated, associated and combined in a complementary way, and are active elements in the cultural renovation. The Basic Ecclesial Communities have contributed directly to a renovation of our political cultureboththroughparticipationandthroughsocial relations of reciprocity.

Ontology

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-199
Author(s):  
Eric Fabri
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modes Of Existence ◽  
Objective Existence

This chapter addresses ontology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being. As a branch of metaphysics, ontology is mainly concerned with the modes of existence of different entities (tangible and intangible). Every subdiscipline in the social sciences relies on an ontology that defines which elements really matter when it comes to explaining the phenomenon they set out to elucidate. A specific branch of ontology is devoted to the modes of existence of social phenomena: social ontology. Two main positions emerge: realism and constructivism. Scientific realism assumes that social phenomena have an objective existence, independent of the subject. By contrast, constructivism claims that social phenomena have no objective existence and are a construction of the human mind. Its fundamental axiom is that, even if reality exists outside the subject’s perception, the subject cannot reach it without perceiving it. This implies the mediation of imaginary structures, which are provided by social groups. It is important to note, however, that many other positions exist apart from realism and constructivism.

Political Science and Democratic Culture: Ernst Fraenkel’s Studies of American Democracy

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubertus Buchstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
United States ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Liberal Democracy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Democratic Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cross Fertilization

Reflecting on his academic exile in the United States, the Germanpolitical scientist Franz L. Neumann emphasized the cross-fertilizationof ideas as a result of the confrontation of different scientific andpolitical cultures.1 According to Neumann, the migration of hundredsof European academics to the United States led to a growinginternationalization of the social sciences and a two-way learningprocess. The Europeans became accustomed to the practice of theAmerican liberal democracy and learned to value its political culture;émigré scholars, on the other hand, brought with them a differentacademic Denkstil and contributed to a more critical self-understandingof American democratic theory.

Famiglia, lavoro e capitale sociale: morfogenesi e nuovi paradigmi

2009 ◽  
pp. 29-72
Author(s):  
Cristina Mariti
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Family Dimension

- In Western societies family and work, the two focal subsystems governing individual and social groups' daily life, are undergoing substantial and may be final adjustments. Family dimension is changing in its hierarchical structure, in kinship and ties, in emotional, reproductive and economic organisation and setting up new styles coexisting with traditional standard and gradually corroding its role and constitution. Work, on the other hand, is increasingly connoted by flexibility, mobility and precariousness and it appears as a strongly (may be irreversible) changing element of the social system; several are the social "aggregates" on which these adjustments are active: (self)confidence, planning skills, individual time allocation, emotional and familiar life organisation. The theory of social capital, considered as the knowledge in reciprocity held by an individual and used, together with intellectual and cultural heritage, in social mutual relations, is recently raising in social sciences. The purpose of the survey is to analyse the reciprocal interconnections and the refractive upshots of the process involving these three elements and the set up network.

Ibn Khaldun, ‘Abd al-Rahman (1332–1406)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Issawi ◽  
Oliver Leaman
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Ibn Rushd ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Ibn Khaldun’s work on the philosophy of history is a landmark of social thought. Many historians – Greek, Roman, Muslim and other – had written valuable historiography, but here we have brilliant reflections on the meaning, pattern and laws of history and society, as well as profound insights into the nature of social processes and the interconnections between phenomena in such diverse fields as politics, economics, sociology and education. By any reckoning, Ibn Khaldun was the outstanding figure in the social sciences between Aristotle and Machiavelli, and one of the greatest philosophers of history of all time. His most important philosophical work is the Muqaddima, the introduction to a much longer history of the Arabs and Berbers. In this work, Ibn Khaldun clearly defines a science of culture and expounds on the nature of human society and on political and social cycles. Different social groups, nomads, townspeople and traders, interact with and affect one another in a continuous pattern. Religion played an important part in Ibn Khaldun’s conception of the state, and he followed al-Ghazali rather than Ibn Rushd as a surer guide to the truth.

Blessed Men and Tribal Politics: Notes on Political Culture in the Indo-Afghan World

2006 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nile Green
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
North India ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tribal Politics ◽  
Culture Politique

AbstractThis article examines some of the foundations of the political culture of the Afghan communities of medieval North India through analysing the roles of Sufis and Sayyids in the arbitration of disputes. The social roles of such 'blessed men' are interpreted as part of a wider political culture in which places, objects and persons of mediation functioned on both the small scale of private quarrels and the grander scale of tribal and 'state' diplomacy. In both cases, the origins of this political culture are seen as a reflection of the segmentary society of the Indo-Afghan frontier and a response to the recurring interaction of its mobile social groups in India and beyond. Cet article s'attache à élucider les fondements de la culture politique des communautés afghanes de l'Inde médiévale en examinant les rôles qu'ont joués les soufies et les sayyids dans l'arbitrage des disputes. Ces 'hommes bénis' font partie intégrante d'une culture politique au sein de laquelle circulent objets, lieux et personnes médiatrices ; leur in fluence s'exerce tant au niveau des querelles personnelles qu'au niveau de la diplomatie de la tribu et de 'l'état'. Dans les deux cas, les origines de cette culture politique sont perçues comme re flet de la société segmentée de la frontière indo-afghane et comme réponse à l'interaction répétée de ces groupes sociaux en Inde et ailleurs.

Methodological Individualism and Reductionism in Biology

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 165-184
Author(s):  
John Dupré
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Explanations ◽  
Straightforward Consequence

Methodological individualism is a thesis generally associated with the social sciences, the thesis that ultimately all social explanations should be given in terms of properties only of individuals, never of social groups, societies, etc. It is a methodological thesis grounded on a metaphysical view: it is impossible for a social group to have any property not entailed by properties of its constituent individuals. This latter thesis, finally, is a straightforward consequence of a standard reductionist assumption, that the behavior of wholes can be fully accounted for in terms of the behavior of their parts.

Diesseits von Leib und Körper

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Ulrich Dopatka
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Theory Of Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Diagnosis

The theory of practice is according to its self-conception a poststructuralistic research program. It is proceeding on the assumption of a body, that performs his material arrangement with artefacts on the basis of a social habitus in the sense of Bourdieu. In view of recent diagnosis of an affective turn in the social sciences the article fathoms on the basis of Michel Henry’s phenomenology the possibility to understand the (living) body as a body of mood or what he calls flesh. The body which is always in a special mood thus has an influence on acting. In a further step this assumption will broaden the scope to the entire room of interaction, where the practices take place. This includes next to the body of mood, collective moods of social groups and atmospheres as further parameters.

Poverty, Wealth, and Well-Being

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Social Relation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Good Citizenship ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Rich

In the fifth and fourth centuries BC Athenian ideas about poverty were ideologically charged. The poor were contrasted with the rich and found, for the most part, to be both materially and morally deficient. Reflecting ideas about labour, leisure, and good citizenship, the ‘poor’ were considered to be not only those who were destitute, or those who were living at the borders of subsistence, but also those who were moderately well off but had to work for a living. Defined this way, this group covered around 99% of the population of Athens. This book sets out to rethink what it meant to be poor in a world where poverty was understood as the need to work for a living. It explores the discourses that constructed poverty as something to fear and links these with experiences of penia (poverty) among different social groups in Athens. Drawing on poverty research within the social sciences, it argues that poverty in democratic Athens should not necessarily be seen in terms of these elitist ideological categories, nor indeed only as an economic condition (the state of having no wealth), but in terms of social relations, capabilities, and well-being. The volume, therefore, provides a critical reassessment of poverty in democratic Athens which is in line with debates in contemporary poverty research. It develops a framework to analyse the complexities of poverty as a social relation as well as exploring the discourses that shaped it. Poverty is reframed throughout as being dynamic and multidimensional. In doing so, it provides an assessment of what the poor in Athens—men and women, citizen and non-citizen, slave and free—were able to do or to be.

scholarly journals Predicting human behavior toward members of different social groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (39) ◽  
pp. 9696-9701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna C. Jenkins ◽  
Pierre Karashchuk ◽  
Lusha Zhu ◽  
Ming Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Interest ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Social Treatment ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Social Valuation

Disparities in outcomes across social groups pervade human societies and are of central interest to the social sciences. How people treat others is known to depend on a multitude of factors (e.g., others’ gender, ethnicity, appearance) even when these should be irrelevant. However, despite substantial progress, much remains unknown regarding (i) the set of mechanisms shaping people’s behavior toward members of different social groups and (ii) the extent to which these mechanisms can explain the structure of existing societal disparities. Here, we show in a set of experiments the important interplay between social perception and social valuation processes in explaining how people treat members of different social groups. Building on the idea that stereotypes can be organized onto basic, underlying dimensions, we first found using laboratory economic games that quantitative variation in stereotypes about different groups’ warmth and competence translated meaningfully into resource allocation behavior toward those groups. Computational modeling further revealed that these effects operated via the interaction of social perception and social valuation processes, with warmth and competence exerting diverging effects on participants’ preferences for equitable distributions of resources. This framework successfully predicted behavior toward members of a diverse set of social groups across samples and successfully generalized to predict societal disparities documented in labor and education settings with substantial precision and accuracy. Together, these results highlight a common set of mechanisms linking social group information to social treatment and show how preexisting, societally shared assumptions about different social groups can produce and reinforce societal disparities.

scholarly journals How to govern the urban hydrosocial cycle: archaeo-genealogy of hydromentalities in the Swiss urban water sector between 1850 and 1950

2015 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Rattu ◽  
R. Véron
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Sector ◽  
Urban Political Ecology ◽  
Neoliberal Governmentality ◽  
The Social

Abstract. Switzerland appears to be a privileged place to investigate the urban political ecology of tap water because of the specificities of its political culture and organization and the relative abundance of drinking water in the country. In this paper, we refer to a Foucauldian theorization of power that is increasingly employed in the social sciences, including in human geography and political ecology. We also implement a Foucauldian methodology. In particular, we propose an archaeo-genealogical analysis of discourse to apprehend the links between urban water and the forms of governmentality in Switzerland between 1850 and 1950. Results show that two forms of governmentality, namely biopower and neoliberal governmentality, were present in the water sector in the selected period. Nonetheless, they deviate from the models proposed by Foucault, as their periodization and the classification of the technologies of power related to them prove to be much more blurred than Foucault's work, mainly based on France, might have suggested.

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