scholarly journals Predicting human behavior toward members of different social groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (39) ◽  
pp. 9696-9701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrianna C. Jenkins ◽  
Pierre Karashchuk ◽  
Lusha Zhu ◽  
Ming Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Interest ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Social Treatment ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Social Valuation

Disparities in outcomes across social groups pervade human societies and are of central interest to the social sciences. How people treat others is known to depend on a multitude of factors (e.g., others’ gender, ethnicity, appearance) even when these should be irrelevant. However, despite substantial progress, much remains unknown regarding (i) the set of mechanisms shaping people’s behavior toward members of different social groups and (ii) the extent to which these mechanisms can explain the structure of existing societal disparities. Here, we show in a set of experiments the important interplay between social perception and social valuation processes in explaining how people treat members of different social groups. Building on the idea that stereotypes can be organized onto basic, underlying dimensions, we first found using laboratory economic games that quantitative variation in stereotypes about different groups’ warmth and competence translated meaningfully into resource allocation behavior toward those groups. Computational modeling further revealed that these effects operated via the interaction of social perception and social valuation processes, with warmth and competence exerting diverging effects on participants’ preferences for equitable distributions of resources. This framework successfully predicted behavior toward members of a diverse set of social groups across samples and successfully generalized to predict societal disparities documented in labor and education settings with substantial precision and accuracy. Together, these results highlight a common set of mechanisms linking social group information to social treatment and show how preexisting, societally shared assumptions about different social groups can produce and reinforce societal disparities.

Ontology

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-199
Author(s):  
Eric Fabri
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Scientific Realism ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modes Of Existence ◽  
Objective Existence

This chapter addresses ontology, which is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of being. As a branch of metaphysics, ontology is mainly concerned with the modes of existence of different entities (tangible and intangible). Every subdiscipline in the social sciences relies on an ontology that defines which elements really matter when it comes to explaining the phenomenon they set out to elucidate. A specific branch of ontology is devoted to the modes of existence of social phenomena: social ontology. Two main positions emerge: realism and constructivism. Scientific realism assumes that social phenomena have an objective existence, independent of the subject. By contrast, constructivism claims that social phenomena have no objective existence and are a construction of the human mind. Its fundamental axiom is that, even if reality exists outside the subject’s perception, the subject cannot reach it without perceiving it. This implies the mediation of imaginary structures, which are provided by social groups. It is important to note, however, that many other positions exist apart from realism and constructivism.

scholarly journals The Turn to Affect and Emotion in Media Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margreth Lünenborg ◽  
Tanja Maier
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Media Studies ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Affect Theory ◽  
Affect Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Interest ◽  
Contemporary Media ◽  
Media And Communication

This editorial delivers an introduction to the thematic <em>Media and Communication </em>issue on “The Turn to Affect and Emotion in Media Studies”. The social and cultural formation of affect and emotion has been of central interest to social science-based emotion research as well as to affect studies, which are mainly grounded in cultural studies. Media and communication scholars, in turn, have especially focused on how emotion and affect are produced by media, the way they are communicated through media, and the forms of emotion audiences develop during the use of media. Distinguishing theoretical lines of emotion theory in social sciences and diverse traditions of affect theory, we reflect on the need to engage more deeply with affect and emotion as driving forces in contemporary media and society. This thematic issue aims to add to ongoing affect studies research and to existing emotion research within media studies. A special emphasis will be placed on exploring structures of difference and power produced in and by media in relation to affect and emotion.

scholarly journals Pedagogy around graffiti

2021 ◽  
Vol XII (4 (37)) ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Bogusław Śliwerski
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Polarization Effect ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
School Environments ◽  
Art Of Living ◽  
Negative Perception ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Type

In this article graffiti is perceived as the art of living with images operated by young artists. The author draws attention to the fact that this art does not only have a negative perception of character, and thus also a social perception (reception). There is explained what the polarization effect of two neighboring generations of graffiti artists in the social space is - open and hidden, in which a presented group of artists tries to manifest their position and presence. Is it worth talking about graffiti in pedagogy in social sciences? The author analyzes it (graffiti) which may not penetrate the structures of life of the young generation, their school, and out-of-school environments, and what does not become the source of rebellion and also a way for establishing a new type of social and educational relationship.

scholarly journals A contribuição das CEBs para uma nova cultura política no Brasil: reciprocidade e democracia

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (253) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Sérgio Ricardo Coutinho
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Active Elements ◽  
The Social ◽  
Basic Ecclesial Communities

A cultura política é o resultado de interações passadas e atuais entre os diversos grupos sociais e não se constitui em um eixo certo de valores. Ela sofre rupturas, mudanças que fazem da mesma um conceito dinâmico. Para compreendermos a constituição da cultura política brasileira, a antinomia entre tradição e modernidade é muitas vezes utilizada nas ciências sociais como a chave de leitura principal. Longe de ser sempre contraditórias, a modernidade e a tradição são, muitas vezes, articuladas, associadas e combinadas de uma maneira complementar, constituintes ativos de renovação cultural. As Comunidades Eclesiais de Base contribuíram diretamente para a renovação de nossa cultura política em bases participativas e de relações sociais de reciprocidade.Abstract: Political culture is the result of past and present interactions between the various social groups and does not become an established axle of values. Indeed, it is often subject to ruptures and changes that make of it a dynamic concept. In order to understand how the Brazilian political culture was built, the social sciences often use an antinomy between tradition and modernity as a key. Far from being always contradictory, modernity and tradition are frequently articulated, associated and combined in a complementary way, and are active elements in the cultural renovation. The Basic Ecclesial Communities have contributed directly to a renovation of our political cultureboththroughparticipationandthroughsocial relations of reciprocity.

Famiglia, lavoro e capitale sociale: morfogenesi e nuovi paradigmi

2009 ◽  
pp. 29-72
Author(s):  
Cristina Mariti
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Social System ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Family Dimension

- In Western societies family and work, the two focal subsystems governing individual and social groups' daily life, are undergoing substantial and may be final adjustments. Family dimension is changing in its hierarchical structure, in kinship and ties, in emotional, reproductive and economic organisation and setting up new styles coexisting with traditional standard and gradually corroding its role and constitution. Work, on the other hand, is increasingly connoted by flexibility, mobility and precariousness and it appears as a strongly (may be irreversible) changing element of the social system; several are the social "aggregates" on which these adjustments are active: (self)confidence, planning skills, individual time allocation, emotional and familiar life organisation. The theory of social capital, considered as the knowledge in reciprocity held by an individual and used, together with intellectual and cultural heritage, in social mutual relations, is recently raising in social sciences. The purpose of the survey is to analyse the reciprocal interconnections and the refractive upshots of the process involving these three elements and the set up network.

Ibn Khaldun, ‘Abd al-Rahman (1332–1406)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Issawi ◽  
Oliver Leaman
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Ibn Khaldun ◽  
Ibn Rushd ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

Ibn Khaldun’s work on the philosophy of history is a landmark of social thought. Many historians – Greek, Roman, Muslim and other – had written valuable historiography, but here we have brilliant reflections on the meaning, pattern and laws of history and society, as well as profound insights into the nature of social processes and the interconnections between phenomena in such diverse fields as politics, economics, sociology and education. By any reckoning, Ibn Khaldun was the outstanding figure in the social sciences between Aristotle and Machiavelli, and one of the greatest philosophers of history of all time. His most important philosophical work is the Muqaddima, the introduction to a much longer history of the Arabs and Berbers. In this work, Ibn Khaldun clearly defines a science of culture and expounds on the nature of human society and on political and social cycles. Different social groups, nomads, townspeople and traders, interact with and affect one another in a continuous pattern. Religion played an important part in Ibn Khaldun’s conception of the state, and he followed al-Ghazali rather than Ibn Rushd as a surer guide to the truth.

scholarly journals Cognitive styles and contextual variables as the factors of ingroup bias and outgroup stereotyping in the perception of artificial social groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Baleva
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ingroup Bias ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Field Dependency ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject

The problem considered in the article is connected with the establishment of interrelations between cognitive styles and subjectively constructed contextual factors in the process of social perception. Hypotheses about the presence of statistically significant effects and interactions of these factors on the variables of ingroup bias and outgroup stereotyping are tested. Participants (103 students, including 24 males and 79 females, from 17 to 22 years old, M = 19,29, SD = 0,77) were presented with specially constructed target text contained information on artificial social groups, as well as tools for measuring the bias, stereotyping and cognitive styles. It was found that the field-dependency, rigid control, impulsiveness and cognitive simplicity contributed to the stereotyping of the Other (p &lt;0.08 ÷ 0.001), but not to the ingroup bias. It was shown that the growth of field-independence and flexible cognitive control decreased stereotyping faster, if the information about the social groups was of little importance for the subject (p &lt;0,07 ÷ 0,05). The obtained facts indicate that the stereotyping has rather cognitive and the bias presumably motivational causality.

scholarly journals Debating How to Measure Media Exposure in Surveys

2019 ◽  
pp. 997-1015
Author(s):  
Seth K. Goldman ◽  
Stephen M. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Media Exposure ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
The Many ◽  
Effects Of Media ◽  
Made In

To answer many of the most pressing questions in the social sciences, researchers need reliable and valid measures of media exposure that can be implemented in surveys. Despite considerable effort, however, substantial disagreement remains about how best to measure this key concept. This chapter critically reviews the debate surrounding traditional frequency measures of exposure to “news” and contemporary list-based measures of political media exposure. It also evaluates the related debate over how best to capture the effects of media exposure with different observational research designs. Overall, the chapter finds that although substantial progress has been made in measurement and research design, both issues require more attention if scholars are to understand the many and varied effects of media exposure.

Methodological Individualism and Reductionism in Biology

1994 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 165-184
Author(s):  
John Dupré
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Explanations ◽  
Straightforward Consequence

Methodological individualism is a thesis generally associated with the social sciences, the thesis that ultimately all social explanations should be given in terms of properties only of individuals, never of social groups, societies, etc. It is a methodological thesis grounded on a metaphysical view: it is impossible for a social group to have any property not entailed by properties of its constituent individuals. This latter thesis, finally, is a straightforward consequence of a standard reductionist assumption, that the behavior of wholes can be fully accounted for in terms of the behavior of their parts.

Diesseits von Leib und Körper

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Ulrich Dopatka
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Theory Of Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Recent Diagnosis

The theory of practice is according to its self-conception a poststructuralistic research program. It is proceeding on the assumption of a body, that performs his material arrangement with artefacts on the basis of a social habitus in the sense of Bourdieu. In view of recent diagnosis of an affective turn in the social sciences the article fathoms on the basis of Michel Henry’s phenomenology the possibility to understand the (living) body as a body of mood or what he calls flesh. The body which is always in a special mood thus has an influence on acting. In a further step this assumption will broaden the scope to the entire room of interaction, where the practices take place. This includes next to the body of mood, collective moods of social groups and atmospheres as further parameters.

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