On the Comparative Semantics of Russian Adverbs with the Prefix po- and Their Culturally Significant Meanings

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
N. M. Devyatova

This article describes the use of adverbs with the prefix po-  for the purposes of comparison in the Russian language. The comparative semantics and culturally significant meanings of the adverbs po-chelovecheski and po-lyudski are provided. An analysis of language material is carried out using the methods of structural semantics. Features of the adverbs are revealed in their comparison with the clauses «kak chelovek, kak lyudi». The synonymous relations of the language units, their similarities and differences are considered. This article shows that the field of synonymy is composed of sentences reflecting the human behavioural sphere, while the differences are related to ideas concerned with ethical standards.

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-66
Author(s):  
Natalia Blum-Barth

From Historical Legacy to Self-Determined Language(s) Policy? Literary Multilingualism in Lithuania and Latvia. The first part of this article looks at Soviet language(s) policy. Two further parts discuss language(s) policy and literary multilingualism in Lithuania and Latvia. The aim is not to provide a differentiated investigation, but to show similarities and differences as well as tendencies in the language(s) politics of the two states from the 19th century to the present in the mirror of literature and to explain them using case studies. In the fourth, concluding part, literary translation is highlighted as one of the formats for implementing multilingualism outside the text with particular focus on the consultative function of the Russian language.


2021 ◽  
pp. 287-302
Author(s):  
T. V. Shvetsova ◽  
V. E. Shakhova

The results of the study of the chronotope in Russian-language compositions based on the novel about Robinson’s adventures are presented. The material for the work was A. E. Razin’s novel “The Real Robinson” (1860) and Lev Tolstoy’s story “Robinson” (1862). The issues of the specifics of the representation of the chronotopic in the works of Russian writers are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the appeal to the universal of the chronotope, which contains an exhaustive toolkit for the artistic embodiment of images of space and time; as well as the search for new methods of literary analysis of the text. It is shown that in the analyzed texts, a kind of fusion of Russianlanguage compositions with a foreigncultural text in the aspect of a chronotope is realized. The similarities and differences in the rethinking of the story of Robinson are shown on the example of the model of textual connexity, the national specifics of the representation of the image of Robinson are indicated. It is noted that the external and internal chronotopes are retransmitted from work to work and create the basis for the emergence of the author’s intentions. It is proved that chronotopic analysis allows one to form an idea of the peculiarities of the Russian-language interpretation of the story of Robinson.


Author(s):  
Hripsime A. Derdzakyan

This article studies functional and semantic Tense/Aspect complexes in Russian and English, focusing on their similarities and differences. In Russian, Tense-Aspect meanings of the verb forms correlate with the semantic components of Aktionsart, while in English both Imperfective and Perfective aspects of the verb semantics are realized by the constituent category of Tense/Aspect. The inner asymmetry of the verb forms and meanings is acknowledged for each of the contrastive languages, especially for the two languages compared. The material of the study is retrieved from grammar books and manuals and from literary text samples, principally concerns the use of Tense/Aspect forms of the Russian verb and the forms of the English Perfect. The novelty impact of the study is determined by focusing on the irregularity of the aspectual meanings of English Perfect forms and Tense/Aspect forms of the Russian verb, whereas they are mostly due to lexical meanings of the verbs influenced by intralinguistic specificities of the semantics of lexical indicators as well as mechanisms of communication on the whole. Aspectual meanings both for the Perfective and Imperfective Aspect in languages under comparison used to make up lexical and grammatical aspectual categorical complexes. In terms of Aspect and Tense, peculiarities are found as functional and semantic ones, highly dependent on the situation and context of communication, thus involving extralinguistic factors which also concern the extralinguistic environment of Tense/Aspect verbal forms in use. The comparison of functions and the semantics of Aspect and Aktionsart in the Russian language with those of English Perfect asymmetry is proved to emerge, being caused by cross-linguistic structural and typological differences, particularly, the existence or not the similar forms, their varying semantic load, analytical or synthetic tendencies and others. The asymmetry is especially vividly seen translation and lexicographic field to compose varying kinds of bilingual dictionaries.


2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-142
Author(s):  
Елена Коницкая

Фразеологизмы служат действенным средством лаконизации речи и, следовательно, экономии языковых средств. Роль языковой экономии во фразеологии проявляется как на синхроническом уровне (возникновение модификаций фразеологизмов, не нарушающих цельности фразеологизма и норм его использования), так и на диахроническом уровне (закрепляясь в языке, модификации могут превращаться в новые устойчивые выражения, включающиеся во фразеологический фонд). Эти процессы, хорошо изученные в русском языке, недостаточно исследованы в словенском. В статье рассматривается роль языковой экономии в образовании словенских фразеологизмов на фоне русской фразеологии; сопоставляются результаты действия принципа языковой экономии, отмечаются как сходства, так и различия в двух славянских языках.Ключевые слова: словенская фразеология, русская фразеология, происхождение фразеологизмов, языковая экономия, эллипсис, имплицитность....Jelena KonitskayaRole of the economy principle in language in the Composition of Slovenian phraseologisms (compared with those in Russian) Phraseologisms serve as a telling resource of economy of language features. The role of the economy principle in language, in its phraseology, appears at the synchronic level (derivation of modifications of phraseological units) and at the diachronic level (derivation of new stable expressions incorporated into the stock of phraseology). The paper deals with the diachronic aspect of the problem. The results of compression (ellipsis, implication) caused by the economy principle in language (in phraseology) have been studied rather well in the Russian language (e.g., works of V. Mokiyenko and others), however, insufficiently in the Slovenian language. The paper comprises an analysis of the role of the economy principle in the composition of Slovenian phraseologisms against the background of the Russian phraseology; a comparison of the effect of the economy principle in language, both the similarities and differences in these two Slavic languages are pointed out. The similarities appear in the derivation of phraseologisms through elimination of the final part of expression(proverbs or phraseologisms of a broader component structure), e.g., Kovačeva kobila je vedno bosa > kovačeva kobila, in comparison with the Russian кто во что горазд, тот тем и промышляет (тот в то и играет)> кто во что горазд. Different constituents of a stable expression may turn elliptic in both languages, e.g., the collocation posipati si glavo s pepelom > posipati se s pepelom, speljati vodo na svoj mlin > voda na mlin, рус. дорого не по карману > не по карману, разбить в пух и прах > разбить в пух etc. In both languages, elimination (ellipsis) of a constituent may cause fogging of the inner form of phraseologisms; e.g., the collocation gledati kot čuk na palici > gledati kot čuk; ne priplаvati po prežgani juhi > ne priplаvati po juhi. Implication of additions in phraseologisms, leading to the derivation of structures with a broken syntactic relationship, is noted in both languages; e.g., Russian безо всяких, наша взяла, и никаких, прокатить на вороных, etc., the collocation ne reči ne bele ne črne, ne biti pri čisti, huda / tenka / slaba / tesna prede (komu), tristo kosmatih medvedov / hudičev etc. Forward pronominalisation may be consideredas a separate case of the manifestation of the economy principle in a language, noted in expressions such as ima ga pod kapo (‘быть пьяным’, literatim “иметь его под шапкой”), pobrisati jo (‘убежать’, literatim “почистить ее”), dobiti jih (‘быть избитым’, literatim “получить их”). The paper covers the sight of different possibilities of explaining of the derivation of Slavic expressions taking into account the role of the economy principle in language.


Author(s):  
Yangping Li

The development of students’ ability to carry out the intercultural communication is an important issue of the modern methodology of teaching the Russian language in the context of studying outside the language environment in a Chinese university. Using certain examples, we carried out the comparative analysis of facts of culture in the Russian-Chinese intercultural communication, and revealed similarities and differences. The results of the analysis will contribute to better understanding in the process of intercultural communication between representatives of two great powers – Russia and China.


2021 ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
N. STEPANENKO

Closely related Ukrainian and Russian languages show similarities and differences that permeate different language levels. This problem, despite its long existence, is still relevant. Among the differences that relate to the compared languages, there are inconspicuous and contrasting. The object of the proposed study was the facts of contrastive asymmetry at the level of structures with a locative type of determination. Using the methods of synchronous descriptive, comparative-historical, comparative methods, as well as the method of complex analysis of semantic- syntactic structures, we stated the facts of contrastive asymmetry between Ukrainian and Russian syntactic structures with spatial meaning in four levels: 1) formal-grammatical, 2) semantic, 3) syntactic and 4) synonymous. The proposed division is somewhat conditional because semantics organically interacts with syntagmatics it is closely related to synonymy. The formal-grammatical contrastive asymmetry includes the same values of the construction V + PO + Nloc (Ukrainian language) and V + PO + Ndat (Russian language). Their functional possibilities, the lexical-semantic spectrum of verb, and adverbial placeholders are clarified. It is emphasized that the constructions V + PO + Nloc (Russian Ndat) enter into intra-singular synonymy in the Ukrainian language and inter-singular synonymy in the Russian language. It is proved that at the level of distributive possibilities contrastive asymmetry covers first of all the instrumental prepositional case as a representative of locativity. The differences also apply to the main carriers of valence (a specific feature of the Ukrainian language is that this function, along with verbs of purposeful, sometimes unfocused movement perform verbatives of specific semantics of physical and sound action), lexical and semantic composition of adverbial nouns (in Ukrainian, it is much wider), which is extrapolated to such semantic types as proper and common names of land routes, names of types of cover, areas covered with low vegetation, continents, states, geographical and administrative areas, devices and mechanisms that serve to transport something. It is established that the semantic asymmetry is manifested by the constructions V + Z-POZA + Ngen, V + Z-POPID + Ngen, V + Z-PONAD + Ngen, V + Z_POSERD + Ngen, V + Z_POMIZH + Ngen, V + POPID + Nасс, V + POPID + Ninst, V + POPERED + Ninst, V + POMIZH + Ninst, which actualize the shade of distributivity with the participation of the preposition component. Constructions with a specific semantic description are also recorded, which function in the Ukrainian language and are absent in the Russian language (V + POVZ + Nass, V + PERED + Nass, V + NAD + Nass, V + MIZH + Nass).


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3D) ◽  
pp. 669-678
Author(s):  
Irina I. Mukhortova ◽  
Evgeniya V. Biryukova ◽  
Lyubov M. Shatilova ◽  
Larisa G. Popova ◽  
Valentina A. Sobyanina

The aim of the work is to study and compare the functional and semantic features of English and Russian infinitives in first aid and personal hygiene instructions. The paper uses such research methods as contextual-semantic analysis, which determines the semantics of words and their mutual influence in the context; structural-semantic analysis, based on the idea of the unity of form and content at the level of language and speech; comparative analysis, aimed at identifying similarities and differences in structures, as well as genre-content characteristics due to the linguistic and cultural features of languages. As a result of the study, the authors came to the following conclusions. Functional and semantic features of the use of the infinitive in this type of medical instruction are determined by the genre specifics of these texts. The use of the infinitive in the instructions of this type is manifested to a different extent that is explained by the different grammatical systems of the languages and the wider use of causative verbs in the Russian language, in the first-person sentences.


Author(s):  
Alexey S. Alyoshin ◽  
Elena I. Zinovieva

This paper examines the linguistic-cognitive potential of comparative set phrases based on the material of two languages. The originality of the study lies in the consideration of two groups of phraseological units (fixed comparisons and paremias that explicitly or implicitly verbalize comparisons) and the identification of similarities and differences both between these groups in each language and individually between Russian and Swedish. The object of study was Russian and Swedish fixed comparisons characterizing a smart and stupid person, as well as comparative paremia, expressing the opposition ‘intelligencestupidity’. The aim of the study was to identify common and culturally conditioned mental attitudes and standards of comparison. The sources of material for study included dictionaries of Russian fixed comparisons, Vladimir Dal’s collection of proverbs, a phraseological dictionary of the Swedish language and dictionaries of Swedish proverbs. A thematic classification is offered of the standards of fixed comparisons with the bases ‘stupid’ and ‘smart’ in both languages. Structural models of the paremias of the thematic group ‘intelligence-stupidity’, expressing a comparison in both languages, are highlighted; mental attitudes verbalized by these units are described. The study found that the Russian language has a closer relationship between units within set comparisons and comparative paremias than in Swedish. In both languages, zoonyms are the predominant thematic group of standards. The differences include the presence in the Russian units of standards related to the household sphere and mythologems. Swedish comparative paremias are structurally different from Russian ones. While Russian paremias express the ideas that an excessively direct and simple person is stupid; a stupid person is like a child; and it is useless to teach a person stupid by nature, Swedish units offer a logical and philosophical comparison of intelligence and stupidity. The culture-specific components of Russian paremias include a large body of household vocabulary while words denoting old measures of weight serve the same function in Swedish.


2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (42) ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Methaq Mohammed Ismail ◽  

Статья посвящена анализу структурно-семантических особенностей несогласованных определений, функционирующих в пьесах знаменитого русского драматурга А.Н. Островского. Несогласованные определения достаточно часто используются с дополнительными субъектно-объектными и обстоятельственными оттенками значений, тем самым формируя особый класс второстепенных членов предложения с синкретичной семантикой. На наш взгляд, изучение несогласованных определений с позиций анализа синкретизма имеет широкие перспективы для дальнейшего исследования, направленного на детальное изучение контекста употребления определения как в семантическом, так и в грамматическом плане. Abstract The study aims at analyzing the inconsistent structural and semantic aspects found in the plays of N.A Ostrovsky. The analysis, that includes all the linguistics schools of thoughts in modern Russian language, is performed chronologically to clarify all the ambiguities that the Russian language learners may face. Such difficulties lie in the use of inconsistent aspects with complete declarative sentences and adverbial clauses. Hence, it constructs a new sentence category that consists of secondary clause and its syncretism semantic. The study illustrates the wide scope of both studying the sentence inconsistent features and analyzing its structural-semantics aspects, which, in turn, opens the door to further research and analysis of literary examples for many authors.


2020 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Li Yangping

The article considers the ways of forming communicative and cultural competence which is one of the topical problems of the modern methodology of teaching the Russian language, important for improving the quality of education of Chinese studentsspecialist in Russian Philology. A historical approach to teaching the Russian language is proposed: using material from miniature texts about Chinese and Russian history. A very effective way of teaching the Russian language by comparing historical material to identify similarities and differences in the reforms of Peter I and the Kangxi Emperor is presented. All this contributes to the successful formation of communicative and cultural competencies among students.


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