scholarly journals Hardness and Microstructure Homogeneity of Pure Copper and Iron-Chromium Alloy Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Iron Chromium Alloy ◽  
Iron Chromium

Hardness and microstructure homogeneity of pure copper and iron-chromium alloy processed by severe plastic deformation (SPD) were investigated in grain refinement. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is one of the well-known techniques of the SPD technique due to their up-scale ability and other methods. SPD was applied to pure copper and iron-chromium alloy at comparable temperatures up to four passes. The microstructure and microhardness were observed and measured in the transverse plane for each billet. The homogeneity observation was carried out from the sub-surface until in the middle of the billet. The result showed that the deformed structure appeared adequately after the first pass and had a higher hardness level. The first pass showed a higher inhomogeneity factor than the fourth pass due to the homogeneity microstructure. The hardness also showed homogeneous value along the transverse plane, and it was concluded that ECAP could achieve complete homogeneity in grain refinement

scholarly journals Microstructure and Strain Hardening Behaviour of Iron Chromium Alloy Subjected by Severe Plastic Deformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1472-1476
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Strain Hardening ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Rolling Direction ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Ecap Process ◽  
Iron Chromium Alloy ◽  
Iron Chromium

Microstructure and strain hardening behaviour of iron-chromium alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD) have been investigated in grain refinement and deformation routes. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was used in this SPD technique due to their un-change dimension billet. The purpose of this research is to investigate the structure and the strain hardening of iron chromium alloy subjected by ECAP process. The ECAP process was carried by routes A, Bc and C up to four passes at 423 K temperature. The strength of the material was measured by tensile testing with 3 mm gauge length, and the strain hardening behaviour was investigated based on the true stress-strain curve. The effect of the deformation route on microstructure and texture was observed by electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis at the normal, transverse and rolling direction. The result showed that route Bc showed the highest strength and ductility of the ECAP processed material compare to other routes due to their 90 degrees rotation of each ECAP passes number. The increased strength of materials was also associated with grain refinement and accumulation dislocation. It concluded that the ECAP process by route Bc could be used for further material treatment and application for industrial purposes.

scholarly journals Effect of Preliminary Deformation on Microstructure and Texture of Iron-Chromium Alloy Prepared by Severe Plastic Deformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1468-1471
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Preliminary Deformation ◽  
Shear Direction ◽  
Chromium Alloy ◽  
Sharp Angle ◽  
Ecap Process ◽  
Iron Chromium Alloy ◽  
Iron Chromium

The effect of preliminary deformation on the microstructure and texture of iron-chromium alloy prepared by severe plastic deformation (SPD) has been investigated in grain refinement and inhomogeneity structure. Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a well-known SPD process that uses a die channel with a sharp angle. The texture and misorientation map of ECAP processed material was observed electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis, providing information on structure evolution. The observation was done in the transverse plane from the middle to the sub-surface. The data logger also records the pressure of the ECAP process. The result showed that the sub-surface has a more deformed structure than the middle due to the die channel's sharp angle and shear direction. The texture exhibited a random orientation after the first pass ECAP process. The stacking fault energy and accumulation dislocation are also associated with this process. Several shear bands can be seen clearly, which is parallel to the shear direction. It concluded that the preliminary deformation by ECAP was effective to promote grain refinement due to their high equivalent strain

Role of Strain Gradient and Dynamic Transformation on the Formation of Nanocrystalline Structure Produced by Severe Plastic Deformation

2007 ◽  
Vol 539-543 ◽  
pp. 2787-2792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Umemoto ◽  
Yoshikazu Todaka ◽  
Jin Guo Li ◽  
Koichi Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Strain Gradient ◽  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Nanocrystalline Structure ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Dynamic Transformation ◽  
Fine Grained Structure

Formation of nanocrystalline structure by severe plastic deformation has studied extensively. Although ultra fine grained structure (grain size larger than 100 nm) had been obtained in many processes such as heavy cold rolling, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) or accumulative roll bonding (ARB), the formation of nano grained structure (< 100 nm) is limited to processes such as ball milling, shot peening or drilling. In the present study, high pressure torsion (HPT) deformation and drilling were carried out to understand the conditions necessary to obtain nano grained structure in steels. The results of HPT experiments in pure Fe showed that HPT has superior ability of strengthening and grain refinement probably due to a strain gradient but the saturation of grain refinement occurs before reaching nano grained structure. Drilling experiments in high carbon martensitic steel revelaed that nano grained ferrite forms at the drilled hole surface only when the transformation from ferrite to austenite takes place during drilling. Considering various other processes by which nano grained ferrite was produced, it is proposed that heavy strains with large strain gradients together with dynamic transformation are necessary to reach nano grained ferrite structure.

Severe Plastic Deformation of Al-15Zn-2Mg Alloy: Effect on Wear Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
G.K. Manjunath ◽  
K. Udaya Bhat ◽  
G.V. Preetham Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Wear Properties ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Alloy Effect

In the present work, Al-Zn-Mg alloy having highest zinc content was deformed by one of the severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and effect of ECAP on the microstructure evolution and the wear properties were studied. ECAP was performed in a split die and the channels of the die are intersecting at an angle of 120º. ECAP was attempted at least possible temperature and the alloy was successfully ECAPed at 423 K. Below this temperature samples were failed in the first pass itself. After ECAP, significant drop in the grain size was reported. Also, ECAP leads to significant raise in the microhardness of the alloy. Predominantly, after ECAP, upsurge in the wear resistance of the alloy was noticed. To figure out the response of ECAP on the wear properties of the alloy; worn surfaces of the wear test samples were analyzed in SEM.

Grain Refinement of Magnesium Alloys by CONFORM: A Continuous Severe Plastic Deformation Route?

2012 ◽  
Vol 706-709 ◽  
pp. 1781-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Liang He ◽  
Fei Gao ◽  
Bao Yun Song ◽  
Rong Fu ◽  
Gui Ming Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Mg Alloys ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Conform Process

Effective grain refinement through equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for magnesium (Mg) alloys has been demonstrated by many researchers. Although with the capability to achieve superplasticity, the batch mode nature of this method and the required repetitive processing to attain ultrafine grained structure have prohibited it from being widely used in large-scale industrial production. In this study, a well-established metal forming method – the continuous extrusion forming (CONFORM) process – was employed as a severe plastic deformation route to refine the microstructure of Mg alloys. Cast Mg-3%Al-1%Zn (AZ31) rods were used as the feedstock and the cast structure (grain size of ~150 microns) was refined to ~1 micron afteronepass CONFORM extrusion. Uniaxial tensile tests of the as-extruded samples were conducted at a temperature of 473K and an elongation of ~200% was achieved under a strain rate of 1×10-4s-1. The significant grain refinement effect was attributed to the severe shear deformation occurred during the CONFORM process, which is very similar to ECAP but with even higher effective strains. The most important advantage of CONFORM over ECAP is that the former is a continuous route, so it is able to produce long products. It was also shown that CONFORM could be an additional forming method for Mg alloys to conventional rolling, forging and extrusion.

scholarly journals Analisa Gaya Penekanan pada Proses ECAP Batang Kuningan CuZn 70/30

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Suryadi ◽  
Amin Suhadi ◽  
Dedi Priadi ◽  
E. S. Siradj
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Pressing Force ◽  
The Third ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Fourth Pass

Telah dilakukan percobaan severe plastic deformation (SPD) dengan metodeequal channel angular pressing (ECAP) pada batang kuningan CuZn 70/30 diameter 10 mm sampai 5 pas. Gaya penekanan meningkat secara signifikan pada awal langkah penekanan dan mencapai nilai maksimum lalu melandai. Pada pas pertama gaya penekanan mencapai 115 kN, pas kedua 130 kN, pas ketiga mecapai 150 kN dan pada pas keempat 165 kN. Dari pengukuran luas area di bawah kurva gaya penekanan diperoleh energi total pembentukan pada proses ECAP batang kuningan persatuan panjang adalah 95 Joule/mm pada pas pertama, sampai 130 Joule/mm pada pas ketiga, dan turun 125 Juole/mm pada pas keempat. Secara kumulatif total energi persatuan panjang meningkat secara linier sesuai dengan peningkatan jumpah pas, dimana pada pas keempat mencapai 597 MPa. Peningkatan gaya penekanan dan energi penekanan sebanding dengan terjadinya peningkatan kekerasan pada batang kuningan dan terjadinya penghalusan butir.Kata kunci: ECAP, gaya penekanan, energi pembentukan, kekerasan, penghalusan butir, kuningan.AbstractExperiments of severe plastic deformation (SPD) have been carried out by the method of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on brass rods CuZn 70/30 diameter 10 mm to 5 pas. Pressing force significantly is increased emphasis on early steps and reaches a maximum value and then ramp. At the first pas the pressing force reached 115 kN, the second pass 130 kN, the third pass 150 kN and fouth pass is 165. From measurements of the area under the curve of pressing force, the total forming energy per unit length generated to form the brass rod in ECAP is 95 Joule / mm at the first pass, 130 Joules / mm at third pass and down to 125 Joule/mm at fouth pass. Cumulatively, the total forming energy per unit length increases linearly according to the increase in number of ECAP pass, where the fourth pass reach 597 Joule/mm. Increased emphasis pressing load and forming energy is proportional to the increase in hardness of the brass rod and the grain refinement.Keywords: ECAP, pressing load, forming energy, hardness, grain refinement, Brass

Equal Channel Angular Pressing of Al Alloy AA2219

2009 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
V. Anil Kumar ◽  
M.K. Karthikeyan ◽  
Rohit Kumar Gupta ◽  
P. Ramkumar ◽  
P.P. Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Equal Channel Angular Pressing ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Angular Pressing

Severe plastic deformation processes (SPD) are gaining importance as advanced materials processing techniques and hold immense potential in obtaining ultra fine-grained high strength materials. Among the SPD techniques, Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) has its own merits to produce materials with ultra fine grains in bulk with better mechanical properties. The material deforms with high level of plastic strain inside the channel resulting in grain refinement of the output material with improvement in mechanical properties. A very viable die configuration was conceptualized and die was made with 1200 channel angle. Processing of 25 mm dia. of Al alloy AA2219 at room temperature was successfully carried out and grain refinement was observed. The mechanism of grain refinement has been studied using optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that low energy dislocation structure (LEDS) forms concurrently with sub-grain structure due to dislocation rearrangements, which provide stability to the evolving sub-grain structure. Dislocation mobility is hindered by the presence of precipitates and / or intermetallic dispersoids present in the matrix and results in presence of dislocations in grain interiors. The pile up of dislocations at intermetallic dispersoids was confirmed from the dark field TEM micrographs. Present paper describes the experimental procedure and followed to attain severe plastic deformation through ECAP. Increase in hardness as well as refinement in the grain size after 5-passes have been discussed in light of extensive optical and TEM. The mechanisms of grain refinement to achieve nano-grained structure and strengthening accrued from the grain refinement through ECAP has been discussed.

scholarly journals INTENSE PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF HIGH-PURITY CAST BERYLLIUM

2020 ◽  
pp. 230-235
Author(s):  
A.A. Vasil’ev ◽  
S.P. Stetsenko ◽  
R.L. Vasilenko ◽  
D.G. Malykhin ◽  
P.I. Stoyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
High Purity ◽  
Recrystallization Annealing ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
First Time

Studies were made into the effect of severe plastic deformation on the mechanical properties, structure, and texture of high-purity cast beryllium. For the first time, angular pressing of high-purity cast beryllium was carried out at temperatures of 600 and 500 °C. It is shown that the degree of grain refinement during angular pressing into a strip reaches a significant value. In a single deformation cycle, the grain is crushed from 3 mm down to 10 μm. Temperature dependences of the mechanical properties of the material of extruded billets in the initial state and after recrystallization annealing at a temperature of 650 °C for one hour were studied. It has been established that the best mechanical properties are shown by the samples of material deformed at 600 °C with subsequent annealing at 650 °C for an hour.

Analysis of the Fundamental Mechanisms and Efficiency of the Deformation Methods of Nanostructuring

2008 ◽  
Vol 584-586 ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radik R. Mulyukov ◽  
Ayrat A. Nazarov ◽  
Renat M. Imayev
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Equal Channel Angular Pressing ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
Angular Pressing

Deformation methods of nanostructuring (DMNs) of materials are proposed to classify into severe plastic deformation (SPD) and mild plastic deformation (MPD) methods according to fundamentally different low- and high-temperature grain refinement mechanisms they exploit. A general analysis of the fundamentals and nanostructuring efficiency of three most developed DMNs, high pressure torsion (HPT), equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP), and multiple isothermal forging (MIF) is done with a particular attention to ECAP and MIF. It is demonstrated that MIF is the most efficient method of DMNs allowing one to obtain the bulkiest nanostructured samples with enhanced mechanical properties.

Influence of Severe Plastic Deformation Induced by HE and ECAP on the Thermo-Physical Properties of Metals

2015 ◽  
Vol 641 ◽  
pp. 278-285
Author(s):  
Jacek Skiba ◽  
Adam Dominiak ◽  
Tomasz S. Wiśniewski ◽  
Wacek Pachla ◽  
Mariusz Kulczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Severe Plastic Deformation ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Pure Copper ◽  
Deformation Method ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Fine Grained Structure ◽  
Thermo Physical Properties

The study is aimed at comparing the changes which occur in the microstructure and thermo-physical properties of pure copper (99.9%) and when copper alloyed with chromium and zirconium subjected to severe plastic deformation (SPD). The plastic deformation techniques employed were hydrostatic extrusion (HE), equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), and a combination of these two processes. The materials thus obtained had an ultra-fine-grained structure with the thermo-physical properties differing from those of the untreated materials. It appeared that there is a correlation between the deformation method employed and the thermo-physical properties of the materials, such as diffusivity and specific heat.

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