scholarly journals The Determinants of Tax Buoyancy: An Experience from the Developing Countries

1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1089-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qazi Masood Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Exogenous Variables ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Model Section ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The 1960S

International comparison of fiscal efforts of developing countries was a fascinating area of public finance in the 1960s and 1970s. The famous studies in this area were Harley (1965); Lotz and Morss (1967); Raja (1971); Raja et al. (1975) and Roy (1979). Most of these studies used ordinary least square (OLS) technique to estimate the determinants of the total tax to GDP ratio and the most common exogenous variables used by these studies were share of agriculture sector, share of industrial sector, share of foreign trade and per capita income. Some studies used the level of monetisation, somes used the. level of education and other used the level of urbanisation as exogenous variables in the estimation of tax potential of different developing countries. The present study instead of exploring the determinants of tax to GDP ratio attempts to explore the determinants of buoyancy of the taxes i.e. the total taxes, direct taxes and indirect taxes. The buoyancy of a tax measures the total response of tax revenue to change in income. The scope of the study also includes the ranking of developing countries on the basis of actual to predicted values of these buoyancies. The study would have been more useful if the study could fmd the determinants of the elasticity of these taxes, but due to nonavailability of data on the discretionary measures for each tax this was not feasible. The paper is organised as follows, Section I describes the theoretical basis of the model, Section II gives methodology and data collection, Section III gives results of the model and Section IV summarises the main conclusions.

scholarly journals Creating Destinations for a Better Tomorrow: UN Development Aid for Cultural Tourism in the 1960s

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200942097476
Author(s):  
Marie Huber
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Development Decade ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
International Experts

Tourism is today considered as a crucial employment sector in many developing countries. In the growing field of historical tourism research, however, the relationships between tourism and development, and the role of international organizations, above all the UN, have been given little attention to date. My paper will illuminate how during the 1960s tourism first became the subject of UN policies and a praised solution for developing countries. Examples from expert consultancy missions in developing countries such as Ethiopia, India and Nepal will be contextualized within the more general debates and programme activities for heritage conservation and also the first UN development decade. Drawing on sources from the archives of UNESCO, as well as tourism promotion material, it will be possible to understand how tourism sectors in many so-called developing countries were shaped considerably by this international cooperation. Like in other areas of development aid, activities in tourism were grounded in scientific studies and based on statistical data and analysis by international experts. Examining this knowledge production is a telling exercise in understanding development histories colonial legacies under the umbrella of the UN during the 1960s and 1970s.

scholarly journals Masalah dan Solusi Model Pengembangan Pembiayaan Pertanian dari Aspek Keuangan Syari’ah

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Sri Maulida ◽  
Ahmad Yunani
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Negative Effect

This study aims to discuss the problems and solutions in terms of sharia financial aspects of the development of agricultural financing. This study used multiple linear regression analysis with ordinary least square method (OLS) combined with a descriptive explorative approach and developed by using literature review approach or literature study. The theory or conceptual approach is done by referring from several sources, such as books, scientific journals, and the internet. All existing idea descriptions are combined into a single frame of thought. The results showed that the variable of problem financing in agriculture sector had a significant negative effect on the profitability of sharia banking, therefore the application of financing concept for farmers through Sharia Finance Cooperative or Baitul Maal bi Tamwil (BMT) using Bai 'Salam".

scholarly journals The Nexus of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Agriculture Sector: Case of Turkey and China

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1972
Author(s):  
Hasan Gökhan Doğan ◽  
Güngör Karakaş
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Cattle Husbandry

Greenhouse gas emissions constitute the basis of global warming. One of the sectors contributing to the greenhouse gas emissions is the agriculture sector which accounts for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the effect of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, poultry husbandry, paddy production, which are the main causes of emissions in the agriculture sector, on agricultural CO2 release was investigated. The research covers the years 1991-2017 of Turkey and China. In the study, time-series analyses such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller Breakpoint Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Ordinary Least Square Regression, Full Modified Ordinary Least Square, Canonical Cointegrating Regression and Impulse-Response Analysis were used. According to the results of the analysis, the effects of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, and paddy production activities on agricultural CO2 emissions were statistically significant in Turkey. We determined that the most effective variable on agricultural CO2 emissions was cattle husbandry both in the long- and short-term. On the other hand, poultry farming had no statistically significant effect on agricultural CO2 emissions. According to the results of the analysis for China, all variables were statistically significant. As a result, it is important to adopt methods that will not cause environmental damage or will have minimal impact in determination processes of effective parameters on agricultural CO2. The government should determine the boundaries of agricultural production processes through legal arrangements and the relevant ministries should implement them seriously. To take these measures and implement them are seen as a necessity for a sustainable world and a sustainable agricultural sector.

FDI Inflow, ICT Expansion and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study on Asia-Pacific Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
pp. 097215091987383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhabendra Sinha ◽  
Partha Pratim Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Pooled Mean Group ◽  
Information And Communication

This article attempts to examine the dynamic interrelationships among foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, information and communication technology (ICT) expansion and economic growth empirically in the Asia-Pacific developing countries over the period of 2001–2017. Besides the significant economic effects of FDI inflows, several existing evidence also documents that progress of ICT plays a crucial role in promoting the productivity and efficiency particularly in developing economies during the present period, implying that ICT should be incorporated in a wide discussed FDI and economic growth relationship as per current necessitate. Moreover, different theories and empirics refer that FDI and ICT are also interrelated in various ways. In this context, 30 developing countries are chosen from the Asia-Pacific region to conduct some advanced panel data econometric exercises using the World Bank (2018) and World Telecommunication Indicators (2018) databases. Empirical estimations applying the panel fully modified ordinary least square, dynamic ordinary least square, pooled mean group estimator, mean group estimator and dynamic fixed effect methods reveal that both FDI and ICT have positive and significant effects on economic growth, and ICT expansion also positively influences FDI inflows in those countries. So, the ICT should be improved more as an infrastructure to receive more FDI inflows and also to experience better economic growth.

scholarly journals The Effect of Industrial Sector and Transportation Sector on CO2 Emissions In Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Izmi Dwi Maharani Poetri
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Positive Effect

<p><em>Environmental quality is an important aspect of life.</em><em> </em><em>This study aims to analyze the effect of industrial sector GDP and transportation sector GDP on environmental quality in terms of carbon dioxide emissions in Indonesia.</em><em> </em><em>This analysis uses multiple linear regression models with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method.</em><em> </em><em>The results of the analysis show that the GDP of the Industrial Sector has no significant effect on CO2 emissions, while Transportation GDP has a significant and positive effect on CO2 emissions, this is supported by the Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) theory.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em> : carbondioxyde emission, GDP of industry sector, GDP of transportation sector </em></p>

scholarly journals Impact of working capital management on profitability of Industrial sector in Iraq.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Sardar Shaker Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Current Ratio ◽  
Working Capital Management ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
The Impact

<p><em>This paper observes the impact of working capital management on profitability of industrial sector in Iraq. Four companies based in Iraq namely: Iraqi Date processing, Iraqi carton manufactories, Baghdad soft drinks and Iraqi for tufted carpets randomly selected and analyzed for the present study over the period 2007 to 2016. Annual reports of these companies have been studied and significant ratios calculated. The variables that were identified as independent for working capital were, current ratio and quick ratio, while return on equity ROE as dependent variable for profitability. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model used to examine the impact of working capital management on profitability. Results indicate that ROE is positively related with working capital variables.</em></p>

India’s Growth Story

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumit K. Majumdar
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Institutional Processes ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The chapter assesses economic structure and India’s detailed growth patterns. Economic growth is a three-stage process, with the agriculture sector, manufacturing sector, and the services sector following on in development. India has leapfrogged over sequences. India’s transition from agriculture to services, with industry’s share cursory, is a conundrum. In the first part of the 1950s, India grew well, based on the creation of a national industrial development system. In the 1960s and 1970s institutional mechanisms changed the environment negatively and led to growth decline. From the late 1970s, a pragmatic Bombay can-do spirit led to key policy initiatives and high growth in the 1980s. The early 1990s’ crisis motivated institutional disruption. A philosophy of discontinuity, driving crucial competition policy reforms, led to high growth till the late 2010s, when predatory and collusive behavior delegitimized institutional processes, leading to growth slowdown and the emergence of deindustrialization.

scholarly journals Present international patterns of foreign direct investment: underlying causes and some policy implications for Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Chesnais
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

An important feature of the 1980s has been the substantial fall in the flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the developing countries and also, with the limited exception of the Asian NIE (Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore) and China, to the newly industrialized countries, in particular those in Latin America. FDI has been concentrated more than ever among the advanced industrialized countries of OECD. The same period has witnessed a number of extremely important changes, both in the nature and location of basic or key technologies, the role of technology in industrial competitiveness; the most appropriate industrial management paradigm following the difficulties of the "Fordist" one; the nature of predominant international supply or market structures; and the relationships between productive and financial capital. Today a number of governments in developing countries and in NIC, among them the new government of Brazil, are again engaged in an attempt to attract FDI and to make foreign capital one of the major pillars of industrial revival and future growth. This paper argues that this policy objective is both fairly illusory and largely mistaken. It is fairly illusory in that it seriously underestimates the nature and strength of the structural factors which have been at work since the mid-1970s and seriously modified the strategies and investment priorities of the TNC which under took the brunt of the investment in developing countries and NICs in the earlier "golden age" of the 1960s and 1970s . The objective of luring foreign capital again to Brazil in ways and on a level similar to the 1960s is also largely mistaken in that it fails to recognize that the change in technological paradigms has modified the parameters of international technology transfers (cf. Ernst and O'Connor, 1989) and made indigenous and endogenous industrial growth dependent to a much higher degree than in the previous period (19601975) on factors which foreign capital cannot and will not bring to or build in host countries and which must be created and built indigenously.

scholarly journals Sustainable agriculture: Trends and opportunities for 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 666-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reeba Sharma ◽  
Aravind T ◽  
Roopali Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Farming Community ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The green revolution has been a major boost to the agriculture sector throughout the world including India. The food production of the country increased by many fold during the 1960s and 1970s and has continued to increase since then. But, the boom of green revolution could not last long as we witnessed stagnation in the productivity of our farm lands along with soil and crop health degradation. This forced the scientific and farming community to look for efficient and ecologically safe farming systems which led to the evolution of the concept of ‘sustainable agriculture’. Sustainable agriculture is a holistic concept of agriculture which helps in meeting the needs of the present generation without affecting the future generation. It helps in maintaining optimum crop production along with maintaining soil health, conservation of natural resources and preserving ecological balance and biodiversity in agroecosystems. This review aims to create a paradigm for future studies on new and innovative techniques for sustainable crop production.

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