scholarly journals The Balance-of-Payments Problem and Resource Allocation in Pakistan—A linear Programming Approach .

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-370
Author(s):  
Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Programming Approach ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Marginal Rate ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Rational Allocation ◽  
Policy Measures

The purpose of this study is to examine Pakistan's foreign-trade problems and policies in the context of the wider question of a rational allocation of domestic resources. It will be argued that measures taken in Pakistan to regulate the flow of imports and exports have led to a pattern of resource allocation which may aggravate the balance-of-payments problem. The difficulty is mainly attributable to the fact that foreign economic policies and policy measures taken to regulate the domestic economy have often been at cross-purposes. For instance, whereas the domestic .investment policy has aimed at promoting the most economical use of scarce investment resources, the licensing system has provided strong incentive for a wasteful use of these resources by encouraging import substitution even where the country may have a long-run comparative disadvantage. While domestic policy has aimed at raising the marginal rate of savings, the policy of protecting consumption goods, particularly the nonessential ones, has tended to liberalize consumption.

Intra-elite rivalries shape Algerian economic policies

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Foreign Investors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sharp Fall

Significance The statement comes against a move by Bouteflika to undercut an effort by Ouyahia to promote privatisation as part of a strategy for dealing with the sharp fall in oil and gas revenue, which has saddled the country with large fiscal and balance-of-payments deficits. Bouteflika’s intervention took the form of a decree stating that his office must have the final say on the sale of any state asset. It was issued within days of Ouyahia announcing a new privatisation policy. Impacts There is a risk that the combination of supply restrictions and loose monetary policy will drive up inflation. The import ban will attract foreign investors to import substitution projects, but they will be loath to put in much capital and technology. Checking Ouyahia’s ambitions is an important element in the plans for Bouteflika’s circle to prolong their grip on power.

scholarly journals Investment, Wage Goods, and Industrial Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-109
Author(s):  
Christopher Cramer ◽  
John Sender ◽  
Arkebe Oqubay
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Long Run ◽  
High Investment ◽  
Investment Rates

Raising and sustaining long-run growth rates is made more difficult by the complexity of economic growth and by the complexity of growth theory debates. Nonetheless, the investment rate is central to long-run growth and development. Growth sustained by high investment rates will also involve structural change: a shift of resources into high-productivity economic activities. This chapter combines discussion of investment—why it matters, what economic policies help to raise investment rates and keep them high—with discussion of ‘industrial policy’. But the terrain of industrial policy has expanded to take account of new high-productivity activities, of servicification, and of agribusiness; policy officials thus need to refine the criteria used to make resource allocation and incentive decisions accordingly. A particularly important political economy constraint on investment rates is the non-inflationary supply of wage goods.

Industrial Exports and Peronist Economic Policies in Post-War Argentina

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLAUDIO BELINI
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
World War ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Industrial Policies ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

AbstractThis article studies the growth and decline of Argentine exports of manufactured goods during the 1940s and 1950s. In a context that was favourable due to the global scarcity of manufactured goods, Argentine industry managed to sell its products in several foreign markets, especially in Latin America, during the Second World War. In the post-war period, however, exports declined and returned to the levels of the 1930s. After 1950 the Peronist administration again tried to stimulate exports through the use of various incentives, but they did not revive. The article examines the reasons for this decline, the role played by the economic, commercial and industrial policies of the Peronist era, and the problems that Argentine industry faced in remaining competitive. Based on this analysis, the paper questions the interpretation that argues that exporting manufactured goods was a viable path for development for import substitution industrialisation countries in the post-war world. In this respect the paper contributes to the discussion of different paths towards economic development in Latin America.

scholarly journals The Effect of International Currency Crises on the Balance of Payments: Evidence From Jordan

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Tamer Rawashdeh ◽  
Mahmoud Al-Rdaydeh ◽  
Basem Hamouri
Keyword(s):  
Currency Crises ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Bounds Testing ◽  
Testing Technique ◽  
International Currency ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Japanese Yen

The effect of the international currency crises on the Jordanian balance of payments (BoP) between Q1-2000 and Q4-2017 was investigated in this paper. The currency crises are represented by the various exchange rates (ER) for the Japanese Yen, United States (US) Dollar, Euro Member Countries, China Renminbi, and the United Kingdom (UK) Pound with the Jordanian Dinar. In approximating the potential short-run and long-run associations among the different ER variations and the BoP, the ARDL bounds testing technique was employed. The empirical findings revealed that variation in the ER rate for EUR/JOD had a positive significant impact on the BOP for the short-run and long-run relation, whereas, opposingly, for the JPY/JOD, it had a negative significant impact on the BoP in the short-run and long-run relations. For other currencies, the results varied. Therefore, to reduce the effect of currency fluctuations and resultant crises on the BoP, over-reliance on the promotion and importation of goods and domestic export products should be avoided. As such, in the context of the Jordanian economy, the country needs to diversify. Accordingly, this can only be achieved if the economy is expanded along with advancing and developing entrepreneurial innovation supported by fiscal disciplines.

scholarly journals Stable eusociality via maternal manipulation when resistance is costless

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio González-Forero
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Maternal Care ◽  
Honest Signaling ◽  
Queen Pheromones ◽  
Honest Signals ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Maternal Manipulation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Eusocial Species

In many eusocial species, queens use pheromones to influence offspring to express worker phenotypes. While evidence suggests that queen pheromones are honest signals of the queen's reproductive health, here I show that queen's honest signaling can result from ancestral maternal manipulation. I develop a mathematical model to study the coevolution of maternal manipulation, offspring resistance to manipulation, and maternal resource allocation. I assume that (1) maternal manipulation causes offspring to be workers against offspring's interests; (2) offspring can resist at no direct cost, as is thought to be the case with pheromonal manipulation; and (3) the mother chooses how much resource to allocate to fertility and maternal care. In the coevolution of these traits, I find that maternal care decreases, thereby increasing the benefit that offspring obtain from help, which in the long run eliminates selection for resistance. Consequently, ancestral maternal manipulation yields stable eusociality despite costless resistance. Additionally, ancestral manipulation in the long run becomes honest signaling that induces offspring to help. These results indicate that both eusociality and its commonly associated queen honest signaling can be likely to originate from ancestral manipulation.

scholarly journals AID AND GROWTH IN BANGLADESH: A REASSESSMENT

2018 ◽  
pp. 422-440
Author(s):  
Sharif Hossain ◽  
Rajarshi Mitra ◽  
Thasinul Abedin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Per Capita

Although the amount of foreign aid received by Bangladesh as a share of GDP has declined over the years, Bangladesh remains one of the heavily aiddependent countries in Asia. The results of most empirical studies that have examined the effectiveness of foreign aid or other forms of development assistance for economic growth have varied considerably depending on the econometric methodology used and the period of study. As the debate and controversy over aid-effectiveness for economic growth continue to grow, this paper reinvestigates the short-run and long-run effects of foreign aid received on percapita real income of Bangladesh over the period 1972–2015. A vector error correction model is estimated. The results indicate lack of any significant short-run and long-run relation between foreign aid and per-capita real income. Results further indicate short-run unidirectional causalities from per-capita real GDP to domestic investment (in proportion to GDP), from government expenditure (in proportion to GDP) to inflation rate, from inflation rate to domestic investment (in proportion to GDP), and from domestic investment to foreign aid (as percentages of GDP). Short-run bidirectional causality is observed between per-capita electricity consumption and per-capita real GDP, and between per-capita real GDP and government expenditure (in proportion to GDP).

scholarly journals Foreign Direct Investment - Domestic Investment Nexus: Evidence from India

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-275
Author(s):  
Abraham Babu
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Reform Period

The relationship between foreign direct investment and domestic investment is intriguing. An important question arises - does foreign direct investment crowd in or crowd out domestic investment? This paper examines this nexus in the post-1991 period in India, which is also considered as the post-reform period. It is during this era; the above-mentioned topic gains more impetus as the economy opened up for further foreign inflows. The time period taken for the paper was from 1990-91 to 2014-15. The data series were checked for stationarity and the presence of long run relationship between foreign direct investment and domestic investment was analysed using cointegration test. Thereafter, the vector error correction model was estimated. The results clearly show that foreign direct investment crowds out domestic investment in India in the post reform period. The findings have significant policy implications because there is a substituting relationship between foreign direct investment and domestic investment in India.

scholarly journals ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI INVESTASI DALAM NEGERI DI JAWA TENGAH TAHUN 1980-2002

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Eni Setyowati ◽  
Siti Fatimah NH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Research Benefit ◽  
One Year

Investment is one of important component for sustainable economic development process. The research objective that want achieved is to estimate influence of labour, inflation, PDRB, and interest rate to domestic investment (PMDN) in Central Java. The research benefit was to clarify factors that influenced domestic investment and gave insight and input for local government in formulating economy policy.One of method for analysing long-run and short run influence was by using dynamic model. In this research, model which applied was ENGLE GRANGER ERROR CORRECTION MODEL (EG-ECM) based on granger representation theoremResult of this research indicated that domestic investment one year ago was variable which influenced significantly in short run while rate of interest influenced in long run.

scholarly journals Do FDI and Public Investment Crowd in/out Domestic Private Investment in the SADC Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25
Author(s):  
Eslon Ngeendepi ◽  
Andrew Phiri
Keyword(s):  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Government Investment ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

Our study examines the crowding-in/out effect of foreign direct investment and government expenditure on private domestic investment for 15 members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) for the period 1991–2019. The study employed the panel Pool Mean Group (PMG)/ARDL technique in estimating the short-run and long-run cointegration relationships between FDI, government capital expenditure and domestic private investment and adds three more variables for control purposes (interest rate, GDP growth rate and trade openness). For the full sample, FDI crowds-in domestic investment whilst government crowds-out domestic investment. However, in performing a sensitivity analysis, in which the sample was segregated into low and high income economies, both FDI and government investment crowd-in domestic investment whilst government expenditure crowds-out domestic investment in lower income SADC countries with no effect of FDI on domestic investment. Policy implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Tax revenue and private domestic investment

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Richard Umeokwobi ◽  
Emeka Nkoro
Keyword(s):  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Used Oil ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Oil Revenue ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Impact

This paper investigated the impact of tax revenue on private domestic investment in Nigeria from 1980 to 2018 using the modified ordinary least squares- Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL). The paper used oil revenue, non-oil revenue, and Corporate Income Tax (CIT) as the independent variables while Private Domestic Investment (PDI) is the dependent variable. Oil revenue and non-oil revenue were used as a proxy for oil and non-oil tax. These data were obtained from secondary sources- central Bank of Nigeria, World Bank database and Federal Inland Revenue service statistical bulletin. The result showed that a long-run relationship exists between the aforementioned variables. Also, the paper revealed that oil and non-oil do not have a significant impact on PDI but CIT has a positive and significant impact on PDI. The paper recommends that proper measures/reforms should be put in place in order to reduce the impact of tax on private domestic investment in Nigeria.

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