scholarly journals Democratic Institutions and Variability of Economic Growth in Pakistan: Some Evidence from the Time-series Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zakaria ◽  
Bashir Ahmed Fida
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Growth Equation ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Capita Output

This paper explores the empirical association between democracy and per capita output growth in Pakistan using data for the period 1947 to 2006. The findings of the paper indicate a weak negative association between democracy and output growth. Consistent with some current empirical literature, democracy is also found to influence output growth indirectly. The empirical results are robust to different democracy variables and output growth equation specifications. The empirical findings also highlight the role of other variables in determining output growth and, except for rising oil prices, show its positive linkage to physical and human capital, government consumption, openness of trade practices and inflation. JEL classification: C22, O43 Keywords: Democracy, Growth, Time-series

Fraud abroad

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-275
Author(s):  
Jake David Hoskins ◽  
Ryan Leick
Keyword(s):  
Sharing Economy ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Customer Reviews ◽  
Online Customer Reviews ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Developed Nations

Purpose This study aims to investigate a sharing economy context, where vacation rental units that are owned and operated by individuals throughout the world are rented out through a common website: vrbo.com. It is posited that gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, a common indicator of the level of economic development of a nation, will impact the likelihood that prospective travelers will choose to book accommodations in the sharing economy channel (vs traditional hotels). The role of online customer reviews in this process is investigated as well, building upon a significant body of extant research which shows their level of customer decision influence. Design/methodology/approach An empirical analysis is conducted using data from the website Vacation Rentals By Owner on 1,940 rental listings across 97 countries. Findings GDP per capita serves as risk deterrent to prospective travelers, making the sharing economy an acceptable alternative to traditional hotels for the average traveler. It is also found that the total number of online customer reviews (OCR volume) is a signal of popularity to prospective travelers, while the average star rating of those online customer reviews (OCR valence) is instead a signal of accommodation quality. Originality/value This study adds to a growing agenda of research investigating the effect of online customer reviews on consumer decisions, with a particularly focus on the burgeoning sharing economy. The findings help to explain when the sharing economy may serve as a stronger disruptive threat to incumbent offerings. It also provides the following key insights for managers: sharing economy rental units in developed nations are more successful in driving booking activity, managers should look to promote volume of online customer reviews and positive online customer reviews are particularly influential for sharing economy rental booking rates in less developed nations.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Role of the Permanent and Temporary Shocks in Peru Using the Co-Movements Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Cesar R. Sobrino
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Quarterly Data ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Capita Output ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

In this study, we use the co-movements approach to examine the role of permanent (common trend) and temporary (common cycle) shocks on per capita output, per capita consumption, and per capita investment in Peru, a small open commodity-based economy. Using quarterly data from 1993: Q1 to 2019: Q1, the effects of the temporary shocks are short-lived, and, on average, are a minor source of the variations of macro time series, over 10 quarters. This evidence suggests that the main source of per capita output and per capita consumption variations is the common trend shock which must be related to the 1990s reforms. Moreover, per capita output and per capita consumption are less responsive to unfavorable (favorable) common cycle shocks than per capita investment is. This outcome indicates that per capita investment has a much more volatile cycle than per capita private output and per capita consumption which is consistent with a previous empirical work.

Financial Development and Output: A Synthesis of Time Series Cointegration and Causality Tests for Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Das ◽  
Syeed Khan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Financial Liberalization ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Financial Policies ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Causality Tests

Since the 1980s, financial liberalization in developing countries has been an important policy prescription of many international organizations including the World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF). It is argued that the liberalization of the financial sector would allocate productive resources in the most efficient way and increase economic growth. However, the relationship between financial liberalization and output is not clear in the existing empirical literature. Applying the cointegration and Granger causality tests within the vector error correction model (VECM) to a data set from 1974 to 2013, our results suggest that output per capita Granger causes financial development, and vice versa. Hence, we find the evidence of bidirectional causality between financial development and GDP in Bangladesh. These results will help policymakers design financial policies in Bangladesh and other developing countries, which face the dilemma of financial liberalization while maintaining a high and stable output growth. JEL Classification: E44, O40, C22

scholarly journals Alcohol and Suicide in Belarus

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Y. Razvodovsky
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Former Soviet Republics

Background:It is well recognized that both acute and chronic alcohol use are among the major behaviorally modifiable factors that are associated with suicidal behaviour. High suicide rate in the former Soviet Republics and its profound fluctuation over the past decades have attracted considerable interest. There is mounting evidence that the role of alcohol is a crucial in understanding this phenomenon.Aim:To estimate the aggregate level effect of alcohol on the suicide rate in the former Soviet republic Belarus.Method:Trends in alcohol consumption per capita and suicides rate from 1979 to 2007 were analyzed employing ARIMA time series analysis.Results:According to Bureau of Forensic Medicine autopsy reports the number of BAC-positive suicides increased by 47.7% (from 10.7 to 15.8 per 100.000) and number of BAC-negative suicides increased by 31.4% (from 7 to 9.2 per 100.000). Alcohol in blood was found in 62% suicide victims for the whole period, with the minimum figure 49.3% in 1988 and maximum 68.5% in 1981. The results from the time series analysis indicated the presence of a statistically significant association between the alcohol consumption and BAC-positive suicide rates, while changes in the number of BAC-negative suicides were not related to fluctuation in alcohol consumption level. The analysis suggests that a 1 litre increase in alcohol consumption per capita would result in a 10,9% increase in a number of BAC-positive suicides.Conclusion:The results of present study support the idea that alcohol was responsible for the fluctuation in suicide rate in Belarus.

EXCHANGE RATE MISALIGNMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN'S RECENT FLOAT

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (03) ◽  
pp. 471-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ZAKARIA
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Real Exchange Rate ◽  
Flexible Exchange Rate ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Growth Equation ◽  
Rate Period ◽  
Exchange Rate Misalignment ◽  
Worker Democracy

The paper empirically evaluates growth effects of real exchange rate misalignments in Pakistan for the flexible exchange rate period (1983Q1 to 2005Q4). First, real exchange rate misalignment is calculated as the deviation of the actual real exchange rate from its equilibrium value. It is found that the actual real exchange rate in Pakistan remained undervalued. Second, using the GMM estimation technique, it is found that undervaluation of the Pak-rupee has improved output growth in Pakistan and this result is robust to alternative growth equation specifications. The results also stress the role of other factors in determining output growth rate; particularly, capital per worker, democracy, corruption, human capital and deeper financial markets have the theoretical predicted signs and are statistically significant.

scholarly journals Effects of Credit on Economic Growth, Unemployment and Poverty

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Mangasa Augustinus Sipahutar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Var Model ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
The Real ◽  
Variance Decompositions ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract             Effect of credit on economic growth, unemployment and poverty provides evidence from Indonesia on the role of banks credit for promoting economic growth and reducing both unemployment and poverty.  To document the link between banks credit and economic growth, we estimate a VAR model and variance decompositions of annual GDP per capita growth rates to examine what proxy measures of banks credit are most important in accounting for economic growth over time and how much they contribute to explaining economic growth.  We also estimate an ECM to document the relationship between banks credit to both unemployment and poverty. This paper revealed bi-direction causality between banks credit and economic growth.  Banks credit promotes economic growth and economic growth affects credit depth and financial development.  Furthermore, banks credit is a growth accelerating factor on Indonesian economic growth.  Banks credit is an endogenous growth and a good predictor on Indonesian economy.Our estimation model explained that credit allocated by banks increases business escalation to the real sectors then promotes economic growth, decreases unemployment rate through increasing in labor demanded, increases income and then decrease poverty.  This overall transmission mechanism just occurred through presence of banks credit by increasing money supply to the real sectors, promotes growth and social welfare. Keywords :  banks credit, economic growth, growth accelerating factor, poverty, unemployment JEL Classification : E51, E52, E58

scholarly journals The Role of Business Lending in Gdp Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilufar Ilhomovna Sultanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita

This study was conducted using regression analysis of changes in the value of GDP per capita as a result of the influence of domestic lending to the private sector (as a percentage of GDP) and the share of entrepreneurship in GDP. The study showed that the change in the volume of domestic loans to the private sector (as a percentage of GDP) has a greater impact on the change in the value of GDP per capita. However, it should also be noted that an increase in factors and an increase in time series can affect the change in this conclusion.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Role of the Permanent and Temporary Shocks in Peru Using the Co-Movements Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Cesar R. Sobrino
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Quarterly Data ◽  
Common Trend ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Capita Output ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

In this study, we use the co-movements approach to examine the role of permanent (common trend) and temporary (common cycle) shocks on per capita output, per capita consumption, and per capita investment in Peru, a small open commodity-based economy. Using quarterly data from 1993: Q1 to 2019: Q1, the effects of the temporary shocks are short-lived, and, on average, are a minor source of the variations of macro time series, over 10 quarters. This evidence suggests that the main source of per capita output and per capita consumption variations is the common trend shock which must be related to the 1990s reforms. Moreover, per capita output and per capita consumption are less responsive to unfavorable (favorable) common cycle shocks than per capita investment is. This outcome indicates that per capita investment has a much more volatile cycle than per capita private output and per capita consumption which is consistent with a previous empirical work.

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