scholarly journals Addendum to the Bird Song Key to the Birds of Pipeline Road Area, Soberanía National Park, Panama: Two Additional Wrens

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Livezey
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Bird Song ◽  
Bird Songs ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Identifying species of birds by their songs is an important part of censusing, watching, and enjoying birds. However, differentiating among scores or hundreds of bird songs in an area can be difficult. Placing songs into a descriptive key can help in this endeavor by requiring the user to analyze each song and to identify similarities and differences among songs. In 2016, I published a bird song key to the Pipeline Road area in and adjacent to Soberanía National Park, Panama, which included 321 songs of 216 species. This key is, to my knowledge, the largest bird song key in the world. Since the key was published, two species—Rufous-breasted Wren (Pheugopedius rutilus) and Rufous-and-white Wren (Thryophilus rufalbus)—have moved into the area. This addendum adds three songs of Rufous-breasted Wren and three songs Rufous-and-white Wren to the key, thereby increasing the key’s song total to 327 and its species total to 218.

scholarly journals Automatic comparison of human music, speech, and bird song suggests uniqueness of human scales

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiei Kuroyanagi ◽  
Shoichiro Sato ◽  
Meng-Jou Ho ◽  
Gakuto Chiba ◽  
Joren Six ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Performance ◽  
Bird Song ◽  
Small Integer ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
Bird Songs ◽  
Analysis Algorithm ◽  
Human Speech ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Tendency ◽  
Automatic Comparison

The uniqueness of human music relative to speech and animal song has been extensively debated, but never directly measured. To address this, we applied an automated scale analysis algorithm to a sample of 86 recordings of human music, human speech, and bird songs from around the world. We found that human music throughout the world uniquely emphasized scales with small-integer ratios, particularly a perfect 5th (3:2 ratio), while human speech and bird song showed no clear evidence of scale-like tuning. We speculate that the uniquely human tendency toward scales with small-integer ratios may have resulted from the evolution of synchronized group performance among humans.

scholarly journals An Approach to Identifying Bird Songs: A Key to more than 300 Songs in the Pipeline Road Area, Soberanía National Park, Panama

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Livezey
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
National Park ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Bird Songs ◽  
Large Scope ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Fragmented Forests ◽  
Many Sources

Background: Identifying bird songs is an integral part of censusing, watching, and enjoying birds. However, doing so can be difficult due to the large variety of songs and, often, subtle differences among them. One way to facilitate this is to place songs into a descriptive key, thereby analyzing each song as well as identifying similarities and differences among songs. Objective: Here I present a key to bird songs in a bird-rich location in and adjacent to the Pipeline Road area, Soberanía National Park, Panama, to help researchers and birders in Panama identify and learn these songs, and, more importantly, to provide a model for a key to aid in the analysis and characterization of bird songs in other areas. Methods: After an unfruitful attempt to find a key I could use as a template, I developed an order of choices that groups similar songs, eliminates duplication, and optimizes the probability of correctly identifying them. The order is: trill or churr, slur (for songs that do not trill or churr), tempo, pitch, and other pertinent attributes. I followed a published system of descriptive units of bird songs (i.e., element, phrase, section) and gleaned from many sources how to describe various aspects of bird songs (e.g., pitch, quality, tempo). Definitions of terms and final choices are linked to recordings of songs available in www.xeno-canto.org. Results: This key includes 321 songs of 216 species in the intact rainforest along southern Pipeline Road and the fragmented forests and wetlands adjacent to the southern entrance to Pipeline Road. These songs include all but the most rarely heard songs of the area. Conclusion: This key is the first example of a descriptive key to bird songs in Central or South America, and is unique in at least the western hemisphere in its large scope, ordering of choices, and use of links to xeno-canto. It also provides a model for the construction of keys for bird songs in other areas. In addition, this work describes and utilizes many aspects of bird songs that, if employed, can improve your abilities to listen to, remember, and differentiate among songs.

COMPARATIVE METHOD IN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: BETWEEN PRESUMPTIONS OF SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-113
Author(s):  
ALEXANDRA A. TROITSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The two main approaches to the use of the comparative method in legal research, functional and cultural, have some "predetermined" considerations regarding the results that will (or should) be discovered by comparing various legal phenomena — should the emphasis be on similarities or differences between these phenomena. These considerations are based on the vision of, respectively, the universal or pluralistic nature of law of various societies, and in fact they are able to correct substantially the process of cognition of legal phenomena using the comparative method, adjusting it to the desired result. In the case of similarities, we can talk about artificially narrowing the circle of countries under investigation. In the case of differences, the isolation of systems and the uniqueness of their cultural characteristics are unreasonably exaggerated. The alternative assumptions presented in the theory of comparative law regarding the existence of universal principles of law or the fundamental uniqueness of each legal system require a critical rethinking of constitutional provisions and practice in comparative studies. The use of the comparative method in constitutional law is not reducible to the implementation of the ideas of political philosophy, and objective conclusions should not be replaced by predetermined normative guidelines. The similarities and differences revealed by the researcher of constitutional ideas, norms and practices can be considered as a result of comparison of independent value.Constitutional law is associated with a variety of substantial constructs existing in the world, not excluding, however, their intercommunication. Understanding these constructions requires attention to both the similarities and the differences in specific legal orders (as well as the reasons for their functioning in this, and not another form). The use of the comparative method in the absence of striving for predetermined results is simultaneously aimed at understanding the laws of development of constitutional institutions and maintaining the horizon of their diversity as an important component of this development. Each time, the researcher should distance himself from his prejudices regarding the similarities or differences between the institutes under study, rechecking whether the obtained results are really the results of applying the comparative method, and not the initial constructions.The logic of a comparative study corresponds to the construction of theories of "middle level", aimed at forming the theoretical model of a particular legal in-stitution, taking into account the practice of implementing this institution in specific states. The focus on middle-level theories within the framework of the comparative method allows one to go beyond the description of single systems, formulate conclusions at the level of generalization that ensure the comparability of the studied objects, and at the same time maintain an understanding of the diversity of constitutional models.

scholarly journals Structure, Diversity, and Environmental Determinants of High-Latitude Threatened Conifer Forests

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
Carlos Esse ◽  
Francisco Correa-Araneda ◽  
Cristian Acuña ◽  
Rodrigo Santander-Massa ◽  
Patricio De Los Ríos-Escalante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
National Park ◽  
High Water ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Competitive Effect ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Last Glaciation ◽  
The World ◽  
Local Topography

Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin is an endemic, threatened conifer that grows in South America. In the sub-Antarctic territory, one of the most isolated places in the world, some forest patches remain untouched since the last glaciation. In this study, we analyze the tree structure and tree diversity and characterize the environmental conditions where P. uviferum-dominated stands develop within the Magellanic islands in Kawésqar National Park, Chile. An environmental matrix using the databases WorldClim and SoilGrids and local topography variables was used to identify the main environmental variables that explain the P. uviferum-dominated stands. PCA was used to reduce the environmental variables, and PERMANOVA and nMDS were used to evaluate differences among forest communities. The results show that two forest communities are present within the Magellanic islands. Both forest communities share the fact that they can persist over time due to the high water table that limits the competitive effect from other tree species less tolerant to high soil water table and organic matter. Our results contribute to knowledge of the species’ environmental preference and design conservation programs.

America on Stage: the World in the Classroom

1995 ◽  
Vol 11 (41) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Caleen Sinnette Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Assistant Professor ◽  
Television Studies ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
American University ◽  
American Theatre ◽  
Film And Television ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group Presentations ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences

In this, the third paper originally presented at the ATHE conference in Atlanta in 1992, Caleen Sinnette Jennings, Assistant Professor of Theatre in the American University, Washington, DC, discusses the problems and rewards of introducing American theatre, film, and television studies to a class of sixty students from a wide variety of nations and social backgrounds. Outlining the ideas and intentions behind a wide-ranging syllabus, she quotes from group presentations and individual responses to illustrate how works deeply rooted in American culture and assumptions can stimulate the recognition and discussion of social and cultural similarities and differences among responsive students.

scholarly journals The Applications of Intention (Qaedat al- Umu:r bi Maqasidaha) in Saudi Law: A Comparative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Majed Al-Shaibani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
The West ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Sharia Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Western Law

The current study aims to tackle the theoretical understanding of intention as between Sharia and law. It addresses the similarities and differences in the analysis of interpretation of intention across sharia law and law. The paper contrasts between the two ways of dealing with the concept of intention that is both technical and intuitive, across law and religion. Starting from the hypothesis that the concept of intention in sharia law originated in classical contextual realities different from the contemporary realities of Saudi Arabia and become outdated, the study attempts to answer the following questions: How can the concept of intention be adapted to the new socio-economic realities of Saudi Arabia with its new vision toward the world? How can the concept of intentionality adopt by sharia benefits from the analysis of law theory relating to intention? In order to answer the questions of the study, the study adopts the comparative law methodology through which concept of intention is comparatively examined in both sharia and law. The research investigates the historical and cultural context that gives rise to the concept of intentionality in both sharia law and law, as it helps reflect on aspects of similarity and differences and how gap between the sharia law and law can be bridged. The collected data is obtained through comparing sharia law in Saudi Arabia to the law applied in the West. The study has reached a conclusion that the sound methodological application of the concept of intention in sharia law requires the integration of elements and concepts from the Western law concept of intention.

scholarly journals Atlas of Yellowstone, 2nd Edition: Celebrating 150 Years of the World’s First National Park, 1872–2022

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
W. Andrew Marcus ◽  
James E. Meacham ◽  
Justin T. Menke ◽  
Aleathea Y. Steingisser ◽  
Ann E. Rodman
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Management Issues

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Second Edition of the Atlas of Yellowstone will celebrate the 150-year history of the world’s first national park – and reflect on the future of Yellowstone and its evolving place in the world. Like the first Atlas of Yellowstone published in 2012, the Second Edition will provide a comprehensive view of the human and natural setting of Yellowstone National Park. Also like the First Edition, the new edition will portray variations over space and time, explore human-nature interactions throughout the region, document connections of Yellowstone to the rest of the world, and &amp;ndash; ultimately &amp;ndash; guide the reader to a deeper appreciation of Yellowstone.</p><p>Beyond that, the new edition will provide much expanded coverage of the park’s history. Readers will better understand the many different ways in which the creation of Yellowstone National Park has preserved and altered the landscapes and ecology of Yellowstone and conservation thought and practice, both locally and around the world.</p><p>The new atlas will also reflect advances in scientific data collection, knowledge, and insight gained since publication of the first edition. New topic pages will address key management issues ranging from increased visitor impact to wildlife disease to light pollution. In addition, many of the 850 existing graphics will be updated, reimagined, or replaced by new graphics that capture the remarkable wealth of data that has become available since the First Edition. Whether it be tracking of individual wolves, ecosystem imagery from space, or detailed visitor surveys &amp;ndash; new data provide insights that could not be graphically displayed before.</p><p>The Second Edition celebrates 150 years of America’s best idea and what that has meant to the world. The significance of Yellowstone National Park to conservation, scholarship, and the human experience is enormous, and deserves a volume that captures that importance.</p>

scholarly journals A força da mulher argentina: resistência e luta política nas Madres de Plaza de Mayo e no grupo #NiUnaMenos

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Caroline Rios Costa
Keyword(s):  
Public Life ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Political Agents

As trajetórias femininas na vida pública vêm ganhando cada vez mais espaço, com mulheres do mundo tomando as ruas como forma de luta e resistência. Na Argentina, dois exemplos emblemáticos servem como espelho para outros movimentos: as Madres de Plaza de Mayo e as feministas do Ni Una Menos. Criados em diferentes contextos sociais, faixas etárias e motivações políticas, estes grupos se tornaram estandartes da luta política e reivindicação a nível federal, e até mesmo global. Similaridades e diferenças entre os dois grupos devem ser observadas para entender de forma adequada suas constituições enquanto agentes sociais e políticos. Além disso, pretendemos perceber como essas mulheres, jovens e senhoras, transformaram a questão do feminino e do gênero em sinônimo de uma luta frente a uma sociedade patriarcal em todo o mundo.Palavras-chave: Gênero, Resistência, Ni Una Menos, Madres de Plaza de Mayo AbstractWomen's trajectories in public life have been gaining more and more space, with women of the world taking over the streets as a form of struggle and resistance. In Argentina, two emblematic examples serve as a mirror to other movements: the Madres de Plaza de Mayo and the feminists of Ni Una Menos. Built on different social contexts, age groups, and political grounds, have become banners of political struggle and claim at federal, and even global, level. Similarities and differences must be observed to properly understand their constitutions as social and political agents. In addition, we intend to understand how these women, young and old, have transformed the issue of the feminine and gender into a struggle that clashes with a worldwide patriarchal society.Keywords: Gender, Resistance, Ni Una Menos, Madres de Plaza de Mayo

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Consumer Perception on the Usage of Cadbury Products in Malaysia and India

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Rudresh Pandey ◽  
Ajay Massand ◽  
Suhasini BV ◽  
Lavi Sharma ◽  
Akansha Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Consumer Perceptions ◽  
Consumer Perception ◽  
Indian Market ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The World ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Chocolates and snacks are a humongous market all around the world. Mondelez International, the producer of Cadbury is a major player in this industry which perceives the Malaysian and Indian market differently. This study aims to examine the consumer perception on the usage of Cadbury products in Malaysia and India. The study would examine the association, usage, buying behavior and customer satisfaction in the two countries and identify similarities and differences among them. This study involves both primary and secondary data collected through various sources such as consumers from the two countries and publications. These findings provide a comparative insight about consumer perceptions about the products which help in understanding the two markets and marketing activities in detail.

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