scholarly journals Antidepressant and nootropic activity of aqueous extract of Bougainvillea glabra

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-339
Author(s):  
Parikshit V. Choudhari ◽  
Vanita G. Kanse ◽  
A. Venkatachalam ◽  
Punam R. Pal
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Nootropic Activity ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Antidepressant Efficacy ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Bougainvillea Glabra

The aim of this analysis was to assess antidepressant & nootropic capacity of Bougainvillea Glabra aqueous extract (BGAE). Forced swim test, tail suspension test, & tetrabenazine mediated catalepsy & ptosis models were used to assess BGAE's antidepressant efficacy in mice at doses of 250 & 500 mg/kg orally. Morris water maze with elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to test nootropic behaviour. Normal medications for antidepressant & nootropic function were imipramine (25 mg/kg) & piracetam (300 mg/kg), respectively. Antioxidant assays such as DPPH & TBARS were used to validate antidepressant & nootropic function. When comparison to car, pre-treatment with BGAE resulted in substantial dose-dependent decrease in immobility time in both FST & TST. (P0.005) Tetrabenazine-induced catalepsy & ptosis were both decreased dramatically. Furthermore, in MWM & EPM, BGAE demonstrated dose-dependent cognitive enhancing behaviour. In DPPH assay, BGAE had IC50 of 17.39 g/ ml, & in TBARS assay, it had IC50 of 398.71 gm/ ml. BGAE has antidepressant & nootropic activities that are equivalent to imipramine & piracetam at doses of 250 & 500 mg/kg, respectively, which may be due to its effect on neurotransmitters & antioxidant function.

scholarly journals Effect of diallyl disulfide on lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior in mice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiashu Lu ◽  
Haiyan He ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
Zhuo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Diallyl Disulfide ◽  
Oxidative Markers ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lps Treatment

Abstract Background: Depression is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress is beneficial for depression prevention and/or therapy. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), an active compound in garlic oil, has been shown to inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role and mechanism of DADS in lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behaviors in mice.Methods: We used behavioral tests and biochemical analysis to illustrate the role and mechanism of DADS in depression regulation.Results: Similarly to imipramine (10 mg/kg), a clinical antidepressant, DADS (40 or 80 mg/kg), which was administered 1 h before LPS treatment (pre-LPS) or 1.5 h and 23.5 h after LPS treatment (post-LPS), prevented and reversed the LPS (100 μg/kg)-induced increase in immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that DADS pre-treatment or post-treatment at the dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg prevented and reversed (i) the LPS-induced increases in interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, (ii) the LPS-induced increases in contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), a parameter reflecting high levels of oxidative stress, as well as (iii) the LPS-induced decreases in contents of GSH, a marker reflecting weakened anti-oxidative ability, in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortexes in mice.Conclusions: DADS is comparable to imipramine in effectively ameliorating LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, providing a potential value for DADS in prevention and/or therapy of depression.

Astaxanthin, the Natural Antioxidant, Reduces Reserpine Induced Depression in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1319-1327
Author(s):  
Ferdous Khan ◽  
Syed A. Kuddus ◽  
Md. H. Shohag ◽  
Hasan M. Reza ◽  
Murad Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Glutathione Depletion ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Stress Markers ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Biochemical Level

Background: An imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants determines the level of oxidative stress which is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. Therefore, treatment with antioxidants could potentially improve the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of astaxanthin, a potential antioxidant, to reduce reserpine-induced depression in BALB/c mice (Mus musculus). Methods: On the behavioral level, antidepressant property of astaxanthin (50 mg/kg, orally) on reserpine (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously) induced depressed mice was evaluated by Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). In the biochemical level, the ability of astaxanthin to mitigate reserpine-induced oxidative stress was evaluated by the measurement of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in brain, liver and plasma samples. On the other hand, the efficiency of astaxanthin to replenish glutathione depletion and antioxidant enzyme activity augmentation in the same samples were also investigated. Results: Astaxanthin was able to lower reserpine induced immobility time significantly (p<0.05) in FST and TST. Mice treated with astaxanthin showed significantly (p<0.05) low level of oxidative stress markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO). Consistently, the level of reduced Glutathione (GSH), and the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase were augmented due to the oral administration of astaxanthin. Conclusion: This study suggests that astaxanthin reduces reserpine-induced oxidative stress and therefore might be effective in treating oxidative stress associated depression.

Inhibitory Effects of Purple Sweet Potato Leaf Extract on the Proliferation and Lipogenesis of the 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (05) ◽  
pp. 915-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shou-Lun Lee ◽  
Hsien-Kuang Lee ◽  
Ting-Yu Chin ◽  
Ssu-Chieh Tu ◽  
Ming-Hsun Kuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Purple Sweet Potato ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Dose Dependent Decrease ◽  
Dose Dependent

Purple sweet potato leaves (PSPLs) are healthy vegetable that is rich in anti-oxidants. A solution of boiling water extract of PSPL (PSPLE) is believed to be able to prevent obesity and metabolic syndrome in the countryside of Taiwan, but its efficacy has not yet been verified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible anti-adipogenesis effect of PSPLE in vitro. PSPLE was used to treat the 3T3-L1 cells, and the effects on cell proliferation and adipogenesis were investigated. The results showed that PSPLE caused a dose-dependent decrease in the cell proliferation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, but did not alter the cell viability. In addition, PSPLE induced ERK inactivation in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Furthermore, pre-treatment of confluent 3T3-L1 cells with PSPLE led to reduced lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. The inhibition of lipogenesis could result from the PSPLE-induced down-regulation of the expression of the C/EBPα and SREBP-1 transcription factors during 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that PSPLE not only inhibits cell proliferation at an early stage but also inhibits adipogenesis at a later stage of the differentiation program.

The Effect of Fluoxetine and Ibuprofen on BCG-Induced Alteration in Pain Sensitivity in Mice

QJM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba H El-Morsy ◽  
Wesam El-Bakly ◽  
Amany H Hasanin ◽  
May Hamza ◽  
M Abdel-Bary
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mechanical Allodynia ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Incisional Pain

Abstract Clinical observations recognized the co-existence and interactions of pain and depression a long time, ago. The aim of this work was to study the effect of ibuprofen and fluoxetine on BCGinduced depressive-like behaviour, on formalin-induced pain, as well as on mechanical allodynia after planter incision in mice. BCG induced a depressive behaviour that was seen in the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). It also induced a decrease in pain-related behaviour in the formalin test, and an increase in the baseline in mechanical allodynia test compared to the control group. Fluoxetine (80 mg/L of drinking water) showed a significant decrease in the immobility time in the FST and TST and enhanced pain related behaviour in formalin test in the BCG-inoculated group. However, it did not affect the increase in the pain threshold in the planter incision allodynia model. Adding ibuprofen to drinking water (0.2 g/L of drinking water), reversed the depressive like behaviour induced by BCG and enhanced pain-related behaviour in formalin test, in both the total pain-related behaviour and phase 2. It also prevented the increase in the base line induced by BCG. On the other hand, the incisional pain model was not affected by BCG inoculation except at the 2-hour time point, where it showed hypoalgesia, as well.

scholarly journals Mouse, rat, and dog bioavailability and mouse oral antidepressant efficacy of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaclyn N Highland ◽  
Patrick J Morris ◽  
Panos Zanos ◽  
Jacqueline Lovett ◽  
Soumita Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Learned Helplessness ◽  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Abuse Potential ◽  
Absolute Bioavailability ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Antidepressant Efficacy

Background: ( R,S)-ketamine has gained attention for its rapid-acting antidepressant actions in patients with treatment-resistant depression. However, widespread use of ketamine is limited by its side effects, abuse potential, and poor oral bioavailability. The ketamine metabolite, ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, exerts rapid antidepressant effects, without ketamine’s adverse effects and abuse potential, in rodents. Methods: We evaluated the oral bioavailability of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in three species (mice, rats, and dogs) and also evaluated five candidate prodrug modifications for their capacity to enhance the oral bioavailability of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in mice. Oral administration of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine was assessed for adverse behavioral effects and for antidepressant efficacy in the mouse forced-swim and learned helplessness tests. Results: ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine had absolute bioavailability between 46–52% in mice, 42% in rats, and 58% in dogs. Compared to intraperitoneal injection in mice, the relative oral bioavailability of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine was 62%, which was not improved by any of the candidate prodrugs tested. Following oral administration, ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine readily penetrated the brain, with brain to plasma ratios between 0.67–1.2 in mice and rats. Oral administration of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine to mice did not alter locomotor activity or precipitate behaviors associated with discomfort, sickness, or stereotypy up to a dose of 450 mg/kg. Oral ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine reduced forced-swim test immobility time (15–150 mg/kg) and reversed learned helplessness (50–150 mg/kg) in mice. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine has favorable oral bioavailability in three species and exhibits antidepressant efficacy following oral administration in mice.

scholarly journals TPPU Pre-Treatment Rescues Dendritic Spine Loss and Alleviates Depressive Behaviours during the Latent Period in the Lithium Chloride-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1465
Author(s):  
Weifeng Peng ◽  
Yijun Shen ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Jing Ding ◽  
Xin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Dendritic Spine ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 400 ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Pre Treatment

Epileptogenesis may be responsible for both of recurrent seizures and comorbid depression in epilepsy. Disease-modifying treatments targeting the latent period before spontaneous recurrent seizures may contribute to the remission of seizures and comorbid depression. We hypothesized that pre-treatment with 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, which has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects might rescue status epilepticus (SE)-induced dendritic spine loss and alleviate depressive behaviours. Rats were either pre-treated with TPPU (0.1 mg/kg/d) intragastrically or with vehicle (40% polyethylene glycol 400) from 7 days before to 7 days after SE that was induced with lithium chloride and pilocarpine intraperitoneally. Rats in the Control group were given saline instead. The forced swim test (FST) was performed on the 8th day after SE to evaluate the depression-like behaviours in rats. The results showed that seizures severity during SE was significantly decreased, and the immobility time during FST was significantly increased through TPPU pre-treatment. Moreover, pre-treatment with TPPU attenuated inflammations including microglial gliosis and the level of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the hippocampus; in addition, neuronal and dendritic spine loss in the subfields of hippocampus was selectively rescued, and the expression of NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, ERK1/2, CREB, and their phosphorylated forms involved in the dendritic spine development were all significantly increased. We concluded that pre-treatment with TPPU attenuated seizures severity during SE and depressive behaviours during the period of epileptogenesis probably by rescuing dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antidepressant activity of tramadol in comparison with imipramine in Swiss albino mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Chiranjeevi Bonda ◽  
Sudhir Pawar ◽  
Jaisen Lokhande
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Group I ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Suspension Test

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antidepressant effect of opioid analgesic tramadol using forced swim test and tail suspension test models.Methods: The antidepressant effect was assessed by recording the immobility time in Forced swim test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST). The mice were randomly divided into five groups. Mice belonging to group I was given normal saline (0.1ml/kg) which acted as control. Group II received imipramine (15mg/kg) considered as the standard drug tramadol was given in graded dose (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) to mice of groups III, IV, V respectively. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally for seven successive days; test was done on 7th day.Results: Tramadol and Imipramine showed antidepressant activity when compared to control. There is dose dependent increase in antidepressant activity of tramadol. The antidepressant activity of imipramine was significantly (P<0.05) more than tramadol at dose 10 and 20 mg/kg but antidepressant activity with tramadol 40mg/kg was comparable to imipramine treated mice.Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the presence of antidepressant activity of tramadol at 40mg/kg.

scholarly journals Dose-Dependent, Antidepressant, and Anxiolytic Effects of a Traditional Medicinal Plant for the Management of Behavioral Dysfunctions in Animal Models

Dose-Response ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 155932581989126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Muhammad Asif ◽  
Abdul Hayee ◽  
Muhammad Rahil Aslam ◽  
Khalil Ahmad ◽  
Abdul Sattar Hashmi
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze Test ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Dose Dependent

The present work was carried out to assess the Onosma bracteatum anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. Swiss albino mice (male) were fed orally with hydroalcoholic extract at different doses 50, 100, and 200 mg 1 hour prior to test with the standard diazepam and fluoxetine. Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities were evaluated by using open field, elevated plus maze, force swimming, and tail suspension test. Results of open field test showed an increase in number of line crossing as well as number of rearing in dosage-dependent design. Although results of elevated plus maze test evidently showed antianxiety effect of O bracteatum by increasing the time spent in open arms along with decreasing the time spent in closed arms in dosage-dependent way. For the evaluation of antidepressant effect, O bracteatum diminished the immobility time and expanded mobility time in forced swim model in dosage-dependent way. Likewise, O bracteatum expanded time span of mobility along with diminished immobility time in tail suspension method in dosage-dependent way. Outcome demonstrated that plant at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight showed significant potential which was similar to that standard diazepam and fluoxetine. Hence, O bracteatum may be used as potent natural psychotherapeutic agent against the mental disorders.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidepressant-Like Effect of Genistein and Its Combination with Amitriptyline: An Acute and Chronic Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Gupta ◽  
Tay Jia Jia ◽  
Lim Yee Woon ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Chellappan ◽  
Mayuren Candasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Chronic Study

The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic antidepressant effect of genistein in combination with amitriptyline in mice. Animals were divided into six groups (n=6) for treatment with water, genistein, or amitriptyline, either alone or in combination for ten days. Animals were subjected to locomotor activity testing; tail suspension test (TST); and forced swim test (FST) and immobility time was recorded on day one and day ten. Acute treatment of all treatment groups did not significantly reduce the immobility time (p>0.05). Chronic treatment of combination of genistein (10 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time as compared to control group (p<0.001) and was comparable to amitriptyline alone (10 mg/kg). However, no changes in anti-immobility activity in combination of subeffective doses of genistein (5 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) were observed. Genistein at its standard dose (10 mg/kg) rendered synergistic effects in combination with subeffective dose of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) and additive effects in combination with therapeutic dose of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg).

scholarly journals EFFECT OF FLAVONE AND ITS MONOHYDROXY DERIVATIVES ON ANIMAL MODELS OF DEPRESSION IN SWISS ALBINO MICE

2019 ◽  
pp. 513-517
Author(s):  
SHANMUGAPRIYAN S ◽  
JAIKUMAR S ◽  
VISWANATHAN S ◽  
PARIMALA K ◽  
RAJESH M
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Animal Models Of Depression ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Suspension Test

Objectives: This research was designed to investigate the antidepressant activity of a few structurally related flavones (flavone, 3‑hydroxyflavone, and 7‑hydroxyflavone) and the possible mechanisms involved. Methods: Antidepressant activity was evaluated in mice by subjecting them to forced swim test and tail suspension test. The involvement of adrenergic, serotonergic, nitric oxide (NO), and opioid mechanisms was investigated using suitable interacting chemicals. Results: Flavone, 3‑hydroxyflavone, and 7‑hydroxyflavone exhibited a significant and dose‑dependent reduction in total time of immobility in the forced swim test and tail suspension test. Pre‑treatment with alpha‑methyl‑para‑tyrosine and parachlorophenyl alanine attenuated the reduction in immobility period produced by flavone and its derivatives in forced swim test. Naloxone pre‑treatment partially reversed the effect of flavone while L‑arginine pre‑treatment did not alter their effect. Conclusion: The investigated flavones exhibited promising antidepressant activity in both the animal models of depression. However, the flavone compounds did not alter the motor coordination and ambulatory behavior in the Rotarod and locomotor activity test. The participation of serotonergic, adrenergic, and opioid mechanism in the antidepressant activity of these compounds was elucidated from the results, and the role of NO pathway was excluded.

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