TPPU Pre-Treatment Rescues Dendritic Spine Loss and Alleviates Depressive Behaviours during the Latent Period in the Lithium Chloride-Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus Rat Model

Epileptogenesis may be responsible for both of recurrent seizures and comorbid depression in epilepsy. Disease-modifying treatments targeting the latent period before spontaneous recurrent seizures may contribute to the remission of seizures and comorbid depression. We hypothesized that pre-treatment with 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), a soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, which has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects might rescue status epilepticus (SE)-induced dendritic spine loss and alleviate depressive behaviours. Rats were either pre-treated with TPPU (0.1 mg/kg/d) intragastrically or with vehicle (40% polyethylene glycol 400) from 7 days before to 7 days after SE that was induced with lithium chloride and pilocarpine intraperitoneally. Rats in the Control group were given saline instead. The forced swim test (FST) was performed on the 8th day after SE to evaluate the depression-like behaviours in rats. The results showed that seizures severity during SE was significantly decreased, and the immobility time during FST was significantly increased through TPPU pre-treatment. Moreover, pre-treatment with TPPU attenuated inflammations including microglial gliosis and the level of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β in the hippocampus; in addition, neuronal and dendritic spine loss in the subfields of hippocampus was selectively rescued, and the expression of NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, ERK1/2, CREB, and their phosphorylated forms involved in the dendritic spine development were all significantly increased. We concluded that pre-treatment with TPPU attenuated seizures severity during SE and depressive behaviours during the period of epileptogenesis probably by rescuing dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus.

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The Effect of Fluoxetine and Ibuprofen on BCG-Induced Alteration in Pain Sensitivity in Mice

QJM ◽

10.1093/qjmed/hcab114.002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 114 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Heba H El-Morsy ◽

Wesam El-Bakly ◽

Amany H Hasanin ◽

May Hamza ◽

M Abdel-Bary

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Mechanical Allodynia ◽

Formalin Test ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Base Line ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Long Time ◽

Incisional Pain

Abstract Clinical observations recognized the co-existence and interactions of pain and depression a long time, ago. The aim of this work was to study the effect of ibuprofen and fluoxetine on BCGinduced depressive-like behaviour, on formalin-induced pain, as well as on mechanical allodynia after planter incision in mice. BCG induced a depressive behaviour that was seen in the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). It also induced a decrease in pain-related behaviour in the formalin test, and an increase in the baseline in mechanical allodynia test compared to the control group. Fluoxetine (80 mg/L of drinking water) showed a significant decrease in the immobility time in the FST and TST and enhanced pain related behaviour in formalin test in the BCG-inoculated group. However, it did not affect the increase in the pain threshold in the planter incision allodynia model. Adding ibuprofen to drinking water (0.2 g/L of drinking water), reversed the depressive like behaviour induced by BCG and enhanced pain-related behaviour in formalin test, in both the total pain-related behaviour and phase 2. It also prevented the increase in the base line induced by BCG. On the other hand, the incisional pain model was not affected by BCG inoculation except at the 2-hour time point, where it showed hypoalgesia, as well.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidepressant-Like Effect of Genistein and Its Combination with Amitriptyline: An Acute and Chronic Study

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences ◽

10.1155/2015/164943 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gaurav Gupta ◽

Tay Jia Jia ◽

Lim Yee Woon ◽

Dinesh Kumar Chellappan ◽

Mayuren Candasamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effects ◽

Standard Dose ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Swim Test ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Chronic Study

The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic antidepressant effect of genistein in combination with amitriptyline in mice. Animals were divided into six groups (n=6) for treatment with water, genistein, or amitriptyline, either alone or in combination for ten days. Animals were subjected to locomotor activity testing; tail suspension test (TST); and forced swim test (FST) and immobility time was recorded on day one and day ten. Acute treatment of all treatment groups did not significantly reduce the immobility time (p>0.05). Chronic treatment of combination of genistein (10 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time as compared to control group (p<0.001) and was comparable to amitriptyline alone (10 mg/kg). However, no changes in anti-immobility activity in combination of subeffective doses of genistein (5 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) were observed. Genistein at its standard dose (10 mg/kg) rendered synergistic effects in combination with subeffective dose of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) and additive effects in combination with therapeutic dose of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg).

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Effect of Passiflora Edulis Sims onReserpine Induced Fibromyalgia

Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal ◽

10.13005/bpj/1851 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (04) ◽

pp. 2157-2165

Author(s):

Naveen Sharma ◽

Ajay Sharma ◽

Vipin Kumar Sharma

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Tail Flick ◽

Plant Leaves ◽

Passiflora Edulis ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Passiflora Edulis Sims

This study was carried out to assess the possible effect of Passiflora edulis Sims on reserpine-induced fibromyalgia with using different animal models and commonly used in the Virginia, southern Illinois, southeast Kansas and India as a folk medicine. Possible effect of extract of the plant was evaluated on reserpine-induced fibromyalgia. For evaluating the effect of this Plant leaves extract, different models were used such as tail flick, radiant heat, hot plate and inclined plane model. Evaluation of anti-depression activity, forced swim test and elevated plus maze (EPM) model were used. Investigations were shown that reserpine-treated animals responded with significantly increased sensitivity of pain in tail flick latency, decreased threshold of paw-withdrawal and immobility time and in Randall test. Whereas Plant leaves extract at different level of doses (e.g. 200 and 400 mg/kg) has shown a significant reduction in time of immobility, withdrawal latency of tail and the significant increase in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. The Passiflora edulis Sims showed inhibition of algesic condition in all the models which was dose dependent. During forced swim test extract of plant showed the significant reduce immobility time as compared with the control group, also in the plus‐maze method, Plant leaves extract showed increased time spend in open arm. The results were confirmed that the use of the extract of leaves of Passiflora edulis Sims in the traditional management of pain and enhances behavioural activity.

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Antidepressant and nootropic activity of aqueous extract of Bougainvillea glabra

World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews ◽

10.30574/wjarr.2021.10.1.0163 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 334-339

Author(s):

Parikshit V. Choudhari ◽

Vanita G. Kanse ◽

A. Venkatachalam ◽

Punam R. Pal

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Nootropic Activity ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Antidepressant Efficacy ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Dose Dependent Decrease ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Bougainvillea Glabra

The aim of this analysis was to assess antidepressant & nootropic capacity of Bougainvillea Glabra aqueous extract (BGAE). Forced swim test, tail suspension test, & tetrabenazine mediated catalepsy & ptosis models were used to assess BGAE's antidepressant efficacy in mice at doses of 250 & 500 mg/kg orally. Morris water maze with elevated plus maze (EPM) was used to test nootropic behaviour. Normal medications for antidepressant & nootropic function were imipramine (25 mg/kg) & piracetam (300 mg/kg), respectively. Antioxidant assays such as DPPH & TBARS were used to validate antidepressant & nootropic function. When comparison to car, pre-treatment with BGAE resulted in substantial dose-dependent decrease in immobility time in both FST & TST. (P0.005) Tetrabenazine-induced catalepsy & ptosis were both decreased dramatically. Furthermore, in MWM & EPM, BGAE demonstrated dose-dependent cognitive enhancing behaviour. In DPPH assay, BGAE had IC50 of 17.39 g/ ml, & in TBARS assay, it had IC50 of 398.71 gm/ ml. BGAE has antidepressant & nootropic activities that are equivalent to imipramine & piracetam at doses of 250 & 500 mg/kg, respectively, which may be due to its effect on neurotransmitters & antioxidant function.

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Antidepressant effect of methanol extract of smokeless tobacco and identification of its bioactive components

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/tjpr.v18i5.24 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 1083-1088

Author(s):

Siddig I. Abdelwahab ◽

Syam Mohan ◽

Manal M.E. Taha ◽

Waquar Ahsan ◽

Mohammed Al Bratty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normal Control ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Normal Control Group ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Immobility Time

Purpose: To investigate the antidepressant effect of methanol extract of smokeless tobacco and identify its bioactive compounds. Methods: Adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups of five rats each: normal control group, standard (reference) control group as well as 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg extract group. The extract, standard drug (imipramine) and normal saline were administered via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. The rats were subjected to forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) to assess the antidepressant effect of methanol extract of smokeless tobacco. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the bioactive compounds of the extract. Results: The oral LD50 of the extract was > 2000 mg/kg. Significant decrease in immobility time was observed after single administration of imipramine (p < 0.05). The extract significantly and dosedependently decreased the immobility time, but increased climbing and swimming times, when compared with normal control group (p < 0.05). The immobility time of stressed rats regardless of sex was significantly and dose-dependently lowered, relative to normal control group (p < 0.05). Four major compounds were identified in the extract: nicotine (45.88 %); 1,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (23.00 %), nhexadecanoic acid (11.31 %) and vitamin A aldehyde (9.38 %). Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the methanol extract of smokeless tobacco possesses antidepressant and mood-elevating effects in rats. However, its use should be discouraged since it contains a number of hazardous and carcinogenic components such as N-nitroso compounds and benzo(a)pyrene which are categorized as Class-I carcinogens.

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Repeated prenatal stress sessions produce changes in exploration and despair detectable at weanling in wistar rats

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73280-1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (S2) ◽

pp. 1576-1576

Author(s):

B. Bernal-Morales ◽

C.M. Contreras ◽

J. Cueto-Escobedo ◽

G. Guillén-Ruiz

Keyword(s):

Locomotor Activity ◽

Open Field ◽

Prenatal Stress ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Stress Group ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Effects Of Stress ◽

Postnatal Stress

IntroductionDuring gestation and maternal behavior, some physiological events can protect the dam and offspring, but explanations for such phenomena are partially unknown. The effects of stress during prenatal development and infancy can be studied in controlled laboratory conditions.ObjectiveTo determine the pre- and postnatal effects of stress on coping strategies in weanling rats subjected to the open field and forced swim tests after their dams are subjected to stress during gestation.MethodRats aged 21 postnatal days (PND) were assigned to either a Control group (n = 36; offspring from intact dams during gestation) or a Prenatal stress group (n = 36; offspring from dams forced to swim during 5 min sessions on gestational days 1, 7, 14, and 19). Both groups were tested in the open field to evaluate locomotor activity and rearing. In another experiment, PND21 intact rats assigned to a Control group (n = 26) or Postnatal stress group (n = 35) were subjected to restraint stress for 6 min prior to the tests and were later evaluated in the forced swim test.ResultsLocomotor activity (p < 0.026) and rearing (p < 0.001) were lower in the Prenatal stress group compared with the Control group. The latency to first immobility was shorter (p < 0.008), and the total immobility time was longer (p < 0.005) in the Postnatal stress group than Control group.ConclusionStress exposure during gestation produces detectable changes during weanling, consisting of reduced exploratory activity and susceptibility to despair.

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The Antidepressant Effects of (Arcangelisia flava (l.) Merr) Water-Soluble Extract in Balb-C Mice Reviewed from Immobility Time by Forced

Biology Medicine & Natural Product Chemistry ◽

10.14421/biomedich.2014.32.65-67 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 65 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tiara A ◽

Arief R H ◽

Sudarsono Sudarsono

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

White Male ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Test Method ◽

Laboratory Animals ◽

Control Group ◽

Soluble Extract ◽

Antidepressant Effects ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Water Soluble Extract

<p class="Normal1">This study was conducted to examine / determine the antidepressant effects of (<em>Arcangelisiaflava</em> L.) on immobility time of the white male mice strain Balb-c by the forced swim test method. The method of research using laboratory animals such as 25 micewas divided into 5 groups. As a negative control group was only given distilled water ad libitum. Amitryptiline was used as the positive control group; the experiment group was a water-soluble extract of A.flava by multiple doses. The results showed that the best antidepressant effects were312 mg/kgBW ; it had a minimum of immobility time compared with the other groups.</p>

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Assessment of Chaenomeles Maulei Fruit Juice Effects in Tests for Depression and Anxiety

Acta Medica Bulgarica ◽

10.2478/amb-2019-0006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 34-38

Author(s):

V. Borisova ◽

M. Eftimov ◽

S. Valcheva-Kuzmanova

Keyword(s):

Social Interaction ◽

Adverse Reactions ◽

Fruit Juice ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Control Group ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

The Social ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Interaction Test

Abstract Depression and anxiety are prevalent chronic psychiatric disorders affecting many people worldwide. Over the past decades, much attention has been drawn to herbal psychopharmacology, offering fewer adverse reactions. The main bioactive compounds in Chaenomeles maulei fruits are polyphenols known for their behavioral effects. The objective of the present study was to assess Chaenomeles maulei fruit juice (CMFJ) effects in tests for anxiety and depression. The animals used were 32 male healthy Wistar rats treated orally with CMFJ for 16 days. They were divided in four groups of 8 animals. The control group received distilled water and the rest of the groups were treated with CMFJ at 2.5, 5 and 10 ml/kg doses. We assessed the social interaction time as a measure of anxiety and the immobility time in the forced swim test as a measure of behavioral despair. In the social interaction test, the 14 days administration of CMFJ did not produce any significant changes in the time spent in social interaction. After 16 days of administration all doses of CMFJ significantly decreased the immobility time of the rats (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. These results allow making the conclusion that CMFJ lacked anxiolytic activity, but showed an antidepressant-like effect.

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Pharmacological In vivo test to evaluate the antidepressant activity of polyherbal formulation

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v7i1.26952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 63-73

Author(s):

Rinki Kumar ◽

K. Ilango ◽

G.P.I. Singh ◽

G.P. Dubey

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Control Group ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Standard Drug ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Polyherbal Formulation ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Model Control

The antidepressant effects of the polyherbal formulation (PF) (contain four extracts of medicinal plants namely: Nyctanthes arbortristis, Hippophae salcifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Withania somnifera ) was examined by evaluating the extent of reduction of behavioural alterations and neurotransmitter in the rats stressed by forced swim test (FST). In the present study, compared with the model control group (FST), the altered behavioural parameters were attenuated significantly (P < 0.05) in the group treated with the PF (100, 200 and 400 mg•kg−1), comparable with the standard drug treated group, Sertraline (10mg•kg−1). The PF and Sertraline significantly (P < 0.05) increased the level of the neurotransmitter such as serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenalin whereas decreased the level of monoamine oxidase along with oxidant in the brain of the stressed rats. PF and Sertraline were also involved in the reduced oxidant and generated antioxidant in the stressed rats. The results indicated that polyherbal formulation exhibited significant antidepressant activity, as indicated by its ability to decrease force swim stress, induced immobility time in rats as well as restoring the biogenic amines to normal level that were altered by the swim induced stress in whole rat brain. Therefore, PF can be a potential candidate for treatment of depression as well as a potent antidepressant. However, further studies are required to substantiate the same.

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Antidepressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of the aqueous extract of the Prosopis cineraria

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502012000300025 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 577-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mathew George ◽

Lincy Joseph ◽

Abishika Sharma

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Muscle Relaxant ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Skeletal Muscle Relaxant ◽

Prosopis Cineraria ◽

Immobility Time ◽

And Control

The aqueous leaves extract of Prosopis cineraria (AEPC) is used traditionally for the treatment of various CNS disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extract for antidepressant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity. The antidepressant effect of the extract was evaluated using Forced swim test (FST). The immobility periods of control and treated mice were recorded. The antidepressant-like effect of tested compound was compared to that of imipramine (15 mg/kg. p.o). Muscle relaxant property was studied using rotarod apparatus and total fall off time for standard and control group was recorded. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and phenolic compounds. The leaf extract at doses of 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in FST. The efficacy of tested extract was found to be comparable to that of imipramine. Our results suggested that the aqueous extract of Prosopis cineraria leaves exerts antidepressant-like effect.

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