scholarly journals Deterioration effects of heat stress on farm animals performance in tropical and subtropical regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 007-025
Author(s):  
Alsaied Alnaimy Mostafa Habeeb
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

The thermal comfort region for greatest animals is between 4 °C and 25 °C and when environmental temperature surpasses 25°C, animals suffer from heat stress conditions. Over 50% of the cattle population is located in the tropics and it has been appraised that heat causes severe economic loss in approximately 60% of the dairy farms around the world. In tropical and subtropical countries, the climatic characteristic is the major constraint on animal productivity. In severe heat stress, growth, milk yield, milk composition and reproductive traits are reduced as a result of the extreme changes in biological functions affected by heat stress. Heat stress disturbs the steady-state concentrations of free radicals, resulting in both cellular and mitochondrial oxidative damage. Although heat stress causes a decline in dry matter intake, the cow's energy and protein requirements in hot environments increase. This review provides an overview of the impact of heat stress on farm animals.

scholarly journals Impacts of Coronavirus on Farm and Pet Animals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachin Subedi ◽  
Sulove Koirala ◽  
Lilong Chai
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Bronchitis Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Lesions ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

Coronaviruses are positive sense RNA virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family, which are further subdivided into four genera: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta Coronaviruses. Infectious bronchitis virus and SARS-CoV belong to Beta Coronaviridae family. Infectious bronchitis virus causes respiratory and nephritic signs that includes tracheal rales, urate crystals, lethargy and nasal discharge. In livestock and pets, the Coronavirus infection causes mostly gastrointestinal lesions, which may be prevented through vaccination and biosecurity. Recent infections of SARS-CoV-2 (also known as COVID-19) on farm and pet animals were summarized in this study. Besides, zoo animals were reported with infections in some countries/regions. Although the damage of COVID-19 has not been reported as serious as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and African Swine Fever (ASF) on farm animals so far, the transmission mechanism of COVID-19 among group animals/farms and its long-term impacts are still not clear. The impact of Coronavirus on animals and potential prevention strategies, such as vaccine development and farm biosecurity measures, were discussed. Prior to the development of the effective vaccine, the biosecurity measures (e.g., conventional disinfection strategies and innovated technologies) may play roles in preventing potential spread of diseases/viruses.

scholarly journals Resilience of Small Ruminants to Climate Change and Increased Environmental Temperature: A Review

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleena Joy ◽  
Frank R. Dunshea ◽  
Brian J. Leury ◽  
Iain J. Clarke ◽  
Kristy DiGiacomo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
The Impact

Climate change is a major global threat to the sustainability of livestock systems. Climatic factors such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, direct and indirect solar radiation and wind speed influence feed and water availability, fodder quality and disease occurrence, with production being most efficient in optimal environmental conditions. Among these climatic variables, ambient temperature fluctuations have the most impact on livestock production and animal welfare. Continuous exposure of the animals to heat stress compromises growth, milk and meat production and reproduction. The capacity of an animal to mitigate effects of increased environmental temperature, without progressing into stress response, differs within and between species. Comparatively, small ruminants are better adapted to hot environments than large ruminants and have better ability to survive, produce and reproduce in harsh climatic regions. Nevertheless, the physiological and behavioral changes in response to hot environments affect small ruminant production. It has been found that tropical breeds are more adaptive to hot climates than high-producing temperate breeds. The growing body of knowledge on the negative impact of heat stress on small ruminant production and welfare will assist in the development of suitable strategies to mitigate heat stress. Selection of thermotolerant breeds, through identification of genetic traits for adaption to extreme environmental conditions (high temperature, feed scarcity, water scarcity), is a viable strategy to combat climate change and minimize the impact on small ruminant production and welfare. This review highlights such adaption within and among different breeds of small ruminants challenged by heat stress.

scholarly journals Symptoms of Heat Stress in Tropical and Subtropical Regions on Farm Animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alsaied Alnaimy Mostafa Habeeb
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Environmental Temperatures ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

The thermal relief regions for maximum animals are ranged 4 °C and 25 °C. In tropical and subtropical countries ambient temperature surpasses 25° C and animals undergo high environmental temperatures. Most physiological and biochemical variations in animals could take place to care for essential cell functions in contradiction of stressful conditions and to certification a fast retrieval from modest hypothermic destruction. Animal performance is reduced due to extreme variations in biological purposes affected by heat-stress conditions.

Identification of best temperature humidity index model for assessing impact of heat stress on milk constituent traits in Murrah buffaloes under subtropical climatic conditions of Northern India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajalaxmi Behera ◽  
A. K. Chakravarty ◽  
A. Sahu ◽  
N. Kashyap ◽  
S. Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Index Model ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Temperature Humidity Index ◽  
Murrah Buffaloes ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
The Impact

The present study was conducted to identify the most suitable temperature humidity index (THI) model among seven reported THI models for analyzing the impact of thermal stress on monthly test day fat % (MTDF%),monthly test day SNF% (MTSNF%), monthly test day fat yield (MTDFY) and monthly test day SNF yield (MTDSNFY) of Murrah buffaloes at subtropical climatic conditions of Karnal, India. A total of 8868 MTDF% and 8606 MTDSNF% records from 1107 lactational records of Murrah buffaloes under five parities were included in the present study and weather information on dry bulb temperature (Tdb), wet bulb temperature (Twb) and relative humidity (RH in %) for the corresponding period of 20 years (March 1994- December 2013) were collected from ICAR-NDRI and ICAR-CSSRI, Karnal, respectively. The overall least-squares means for MTDF% ranged from 7.71 ± 0.067 in TD1 to 8.10 ± 0.08 in TD 9 and MTDSNF% ranged from 9.61 ± 0.01 in TD5 and TD 6 to 9.65 ± 0.01 in TD 8. The overall least squares means of MTDFY (g) ranged from 411.23 ± 14.74 to 745.98 ± 13.57 while for MTDSNFY (g) the value ranged from 491.90 ± 17.21 to 922.16 ± 15.17. Monthly average THI was computed for each of the seven models. The lowest monthly average THI value was found in January, while either May, June or July showed the highest average THI value for all seven THI models. Regression analysis was performed for identifying the best THI to assess the impact of heat stress on milk constituent traits under study anda negative association was found between the milk constituent traits and monthly average THI values.The THI model[THI = (0.55 × Tdb + 0.2 × Tdp) × 1.8 + 32 + 17.5]developed by NRC(1971)was identified as the most suitable THI model to assess the impact of heat stress on milk composition traits of Murrah indicating maximum decline in MTDF% (-0.005), MTDFY (-0.68 g),MTDSNF% (b=-0.0008) and MTDSNFY (-2.25 g) per unit rise in THI.

Exercise and Heat Stress: Inflammation and the Iron Regulatory Response

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Alannah K.A. McKay ◽  
Rachel McCormick ◽  
Nicolin Tee ◽  
Peter Peeling
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cool Conditions

This study determined the impact of heat stress on postexercise inflammation and hepcidin levels. Twelve moderately trained males completed three, 60-min treadmill running sessions under different conditions: (a) COOL, 18 °C with speed maintained at 80% maximum heart rate; (b) HOTHR, 35 °C with speed maintained at 80% maximum heart rate; and (c) HOTPACE, 35 °C completed at the average running speed from the COOL trial. Venous blood samples were collected pre-, post-, and 3-hr postexercise and analyzed for serum ferritin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and hepcidin concentrations. Average HR was highest during HOTPACE compared with HOTHR and COOL (p < .001). Running speed was slowest in HOTHR compared with COOL and HOTPACE (p < .001). The postexercise increase in IL-6 was greatest during HOTPACE (295%; p = .003). No differences in the IL-6 response immediately postexercise between COOL (115%) and HOTHR (116%) were evident (p = .992). No differences in hepcidin concentrations between the three trials were evident at 3 hr postexercise (p = .407). Findings from this study suggest the IL-6 response to exercise is greatest in hot compared with cool conditions when the absolute running speed was matched. No differences in IL-6 between hot and cool conditions were evident when HR was matched, suggesting the increased physiological strain induced from training at higher intensities in hot environments, rather than the heat per se, is likely responsible for this elevated response. Environmental temperature had no impact on hepcidin levels, indicating that exercising in hot conditions is unlikely to further impact transient alterations in iron regulation, beyond that expected in temperate conditions.

scholarly journals Compromised nutrition in gerbils infected by Cystoisospora felis detected through an animal performance analysis tool

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-245
Author(s):  
Edwards Frazão-Teixeira ◽  
Francisco Carlos Rodrigues de Oliveira ◽  
Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza ◽  
Amanda Lucía Jiménez-Sanz ◽  
Edenio Detmann
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Modern Tool

The impact of Cystoisospora felis infection on the nutritional efficiency of gerbils was studied. The variables weight gain and feed intake were measured during four weeks in 28 laboratory gerbils, of which 14 were inoculated with 3.5 × 10(5) sporulated oocysts of C. felis and the remaining 14 were controls. The animals from both groups were weighted, killed, eviscerated and had their carcasses and tissues weighted and compared. A modern tool designed for measuring nutritional performance of farm animals was applied. The results showed compromised nutritional efficiency of the infected animals within the first week after infection. The consequences of these results are discussed here, including the potential impact of infection on farm animals performance.

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