scholarly journals Tingkat Serangan dan Musuh Alami Spodoptera frugiperda Je. Smith pada Tanaman Jagung di Lima Kecamatan di Kabupaten Banyumas

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Agus Suroto ◽  
Loekas Soesanto ◽  
Ni Wayan Anik L ◽  
Muhamad Bahrudin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Orius Insidiosus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Pest ◽  
Important Activity

The survey of the distribution and damage of the new pest Spodoptera frugiperda is an important activity to determine appropriate control measures. In addition, the search for natural enemies is also needed as an alternative to controlling these pests. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of damage and the types of natural enemies found in several locations in Banyumas Regency. The method used is perposive random sampling in Banyumas Regency in five sub-districts, namely Ajibarang, Baturaden, Gumelar, Kedungbanteng, and Sumpiuh. Observations were made at 08.00-11.00 WIB from March to June 2021. The results showed that the attack rate of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae varied at each observation location. The highest attack rate was in Sumpiuh and Gumelar Districts, followed by Ajibarang, Kedungbanteng and Baturaden Districts. One species of parasitoid was found, namely Apanteles sp. and 9 predators, namely Oxyopes salticus, Dermaptera, Holcocephala sp., Rainieria sp., Orius insidiosus, Dolichoderus sp., Paratrechina sp., Oecophylla sp. and Conocephalus longipennis. At the individual paraistoid level, Apanteles sp. became the most common, followed by the predatory fly Holcocephala sp. and ants Dolichoderus sp., fly Rainieria sp., ladybug Orius insidiosus, Dermaptera, ant Paratrechina sp., ant Oecophylla sp. and the grasshopper Conocephalus longipennis. 

scholarly journals Integrated pest management options for the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in West Africa: Challenges and opportunities. A review

2021 ◽  
pp. 192-207
Author(s):  
Besmer Régis Ahissou ◽  
Wendnéyidé Mathieu Sawadogo ◽  
Aimé H. Bokonon-Ganta ◽  
Irénée Somda ◽  
François Verheggen
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Indigenous Natural Enemies

Introduction. The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a voracious and generalist insect pest native to America. It was first detected in West Africa in 2016 and rapidly spread across the continent. The indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides poses risks to human health and threatens the few natural enemies present in these environments. Despite the existence of alternative control measures in America (e.g. genetically modified maize), efforts are needed to develop environmentally friendly approaches that are affordable for smallholder farmers and compatible with the African context. Literature. In this literature review, we describe the potential of the available alternative controls methods which include cultural, physical, biological and semiochemical strategies. The potential of their association is discussed considering their cost-benefice balance and local economic and agricultural context. Conclusions. Several affordable mitigation options could be implemented rapidly, pending proper communication efforts, including (i) the promotion of indigenous natural enemies by promoting refuges and training smallholder farmers on their identification; (ii) cultural methods, mainly by planting directly after the main rainfalls, as well as performing intercropping and crop rotation; and (iii) the use of microbial biopesticides, and avoiding some of the already identified ineffective chemical insecticides.

scholarly journals Impact of an Exotic Invasive Pest, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Resident Communities of Pest and Natural Enemies in Maize Fields in Kenya

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1074
Author(s):  
Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame ◽  
Boaz Musyoka ◽  
Julius Obonyo ◽  
François Rebaudo ◽  
Elfatih M. Abdel-Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Exotic Invasive Species ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exotic Invasive ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

The interactions among insect communities influence the composition of pest complexes that attack crops and, in parallel, their natural enemies, which regulate their abundance. The lepidopteran stemborers have been the major maize pests in Kenya. Their population has been regulated by natural enemies, mostly parasitoids, some of which have been used for biological control. It is not known how a new exotic invasive species, such as the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), may affect the abundance and parasitism of the resident stemborers. For this reason, pest and parasitism surveys have been conducted, before and after the FAW invaded Kenya, in maize fields in 40 localities across 6 agroecological zones (AEZs) during the maize-growing season, as well as at 3 different plant growth stages (pre-tasseling, reproductive, and senescence stages) in 2 elevations at mid-altitude, where all maize stemborer species used to occur together. Results indicated that the introduction of the FAW significantly correlated with the reduction of the abundance of the resident communities of maize stemborers and parasitoids in maize fields; moreover, the decrease of stemborer density after the arrival of FAW occurred mostly at both reproductive and senescent maize stages. It also suggests a possible displacement of stemborers by FAW elsewhere; for example, to other cereals. However, since this study was conducted only three years after the introduction of the FAW, further studies will need to be conducted to confirm such displacements.

Biologycycle and Natural Enemies of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Maize Crops in Cote D'ivoire

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Assienin Hauverset ◽  
Hugues Annicet N& ◽  
Brice Sidoine Es ◽  
N'klo Hala ◽  
N'guessan Alphonse K
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

scholarly journals Overall efficacies of combined measures for controlling grape bunch rot can be estimated by multiplicative consideration of individual effects

OENO One ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Molitor ◽  
Lucien Hoffmann ◽  
Marco Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Average Absolute Deviation ◽  
Absolute Deviation ◽  
Additional Measure ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Bunch Rot ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Disease Severity Level

Aims: The present analyses aimed at evaluating the performance of two models for estimating the overall effect of combining two or more measures (leaf removal, cluster division, late shoot topping, botryticide application, bioregulator application) for controlling grape bunch rot based on the efficacy of the individual measures.Methods and results: Field trials with the white Vitis vinifera cultivars Pinot gris and Riesling on the efficacy of three bunch rot control measures applied either alone or in combination were analyzed. Bunch rot disease severities prior to harvest were assessed and efficacies were calculated for each treatment. Observed efficacies of single measures were used to estimate the overall efficacies of all possible measure combinations. Calculated efficacies matched observed efficacies more accurately when assuming multiplicative interaction among the individual measures (R2 = 0.8574, p < 0.0001; average absolute deviation: 7.9%) than in case of assuming additive effects (R2 = 0.8280; average absolute deviation: 14.7%).Conclusions: The multiplicative approach assumes that each additional measure is affecting (in case of efficient measures: reducing) the disease severity level as the result of the additional treatments rather than compared to the disease severity level in the untreated control.Significance and impact of the study: The high goodness of fit as well as the observed low deviations between the estimated and the observed efficacies suggest that the multiplicative approach is appropriate for estimating the efficacy of combined viticultural measures in a complex practical bunch rot control strategy assembled of different modules.

scholarly journals Effects of buprofezin and imidacloprid on the functional response of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sohrabi ◽  
P. Shishehbor ◽  
M. Saber ◽  
M.S. Mosaddegh
Keyword(s):  
Functional Response ◽  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Eretmocerus Mundus

Eretmocerus mundus Mercet is one of the key natural enemies of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). In this study, the sublethal effects of LC<sub>25</sub> of imidacloprid and field-recommended concentration of buprofezin on the functional response of E. mundus to different densities of second instar B. tabaci nymphs were evaluated. The results revealed a type III functional response in the control and imidacloprid treatment. The type III functional response was altered into a type II by buprofezin. Although imidacloprid did not alter the type of functional response of E. mundus compared to the control, it negatively affected the handling time and maximum attack rate of the parasitoid. Therefore, the use of this insecticide should be evaluated carefully in IPM programs.

scholarly journals Taenia multiceps coenurosis in Tanzania: a major and under-recognised livestock disease problem in pastoral communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (6) ◽  
pp. 191-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen C Hughes ◽  
Tito K Kibona ◽  
William A de Glanville ◽  
Felix Lankester ◽  
Alicia Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Pastoral Communities ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spinal Cord Cysts

AbstractA neurological syndrome of small ruminants, known locally as ‘ormilo’, has been reported among pastoralist livestock keepers in Tanzania. This study was carried out in four affected pastoral communities to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors, characterise the clinical signs and investigate the aetiology of the syndrome. Questionnaires were administered at all households (n=480) within four study villages. Overall, 94 per cent of households reported at least one case in the previous 12 months. By village, the individual-level 12-month period prevalence ranged from 11 per cent to 34 per cent, equivalent to about 10,000 small ruminants across the four villages. Thirty-eight households were randomly selected for further investigation. Proprioceptive deficits and weakness were the most commonly observed clinical signs in affected animals. Brain and spinal cord cysts consistent with Taenia multiceps infection were detected in 32 (82 per cent) of 39 affected animals selected for postmortem examination. Feeding small ruminant brains to dogs was identified as an important risk factor for the syndrome, even in households that did not own dogs. This study confirms cerebral coenurosis as a major cause of small ruminant neurological disease in northern Tanzania and highlights the urgent need for further investigation to quantify the disease burden and to identify and implement control measures.

scholarly journals Contaminated Pond Water Favors Cholera Outbreak at Haibatpur Village, Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Kumar Biswas ◽  
Rama Bhunia ◽  
Dipankar Maji ◽  
Palash Das
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Stool Specimen ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Epidemic Curve

Health workers reported an increased number of diarrhea cases at Haibatpur village on June 17, 2012. This outbreak was investigated with the followingobjectives: to confirm the existence of diarrhea outbreak, to find out the risk factors, and propose control measures. Cases were listed; spot map and epidemic curve were drawn. Attack rate was calculated by age and sex and risk factors were found out by calculating odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Rectal swabs were taken and water specimens were collected for laboratory test. Forty-one cases of patients were identified with overall attack rate (AR) was 5% (41/780). AR among men was higher 6% (25/404) than women. There was no death.V. cholerae01 Eltor Ogawa was isolated from one (1/4) stool specimen. Spot map showed cases clustered around two ponds which were contaminated with coliform organisms. The underground water was a bit saline in nature. Using pond water for preparation of fermented rice (Panta Bhat) (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.69–13.51), washing utensil in pond water (OR 7.31, 95% CI 1.77–42.29) were associated with cholera outbreak. Health education was done to villagers. Disinfection of two ponds with bleaching powder was done. We proposed supplying of safe drinking water and repairing defective deep tube well to village.

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