Uji Efektivitas Metabolit Sekunder Jamur Simplicillium sp. terhadap Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith di Laboratorium

This research aims to determine the effect of the secondary metabolites of the fungi Simplicillium sp. on mortality, larval feeding capacity, larval growth, percentage of pupae and imagos, fecundity and fertility, secondary metabolites of the fungi Simplicillium sp. which effectively kills Spodoptera frugiperda. This research was conducted in the Plant Protection Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto from October 2020 until January 2021. The method used in this research was a factorial randomized block (RBD) with two factors. The first factor is the concentration of secondary metabolite of the fungi Simplicillium sp. consisting of control (K0), 10% concentration (K1), 20% concentration (K2), 30% concentration (K3); and a synthetic insecticide with an active ingredient Emmamectin benzoate and Lufenuron 1 ml/l (K4). The second factor is the application method which consists of the spraying method on the larvae (A1) and the feed immersion method (A2). The observed parameters were mortality, feeding capacity, growth time, percentage of pupae and imagos formed, fecundity and fertility, and effective concentration. The result showed that: 1) secondary metabolite of the fungi Simplicillium sp. with a concentration of 20 percent larvae spraying method caused larvae mortality by 36.67 percent and the food immersion method caused larvae mortality by 45.00 percent, and decreased feeding activity by 26.12 percent; 2) secondary metabolite of the fungi Simplicillium with a concentration of 20 percent was able to inhibit the growth of larvae by 3.83 percent, pupae by 5,40 percent and imagos by 14.19 percent, reduced the number of pupae and imagos formed by 49.17 percent and 37.33 percent, and reduced fertility at a concentration of 10 percent by 11.30 percent; 3) secondary metabolite of the fungi Simplicillium sp. has not been effectively used as a control for S. frugiperda since it has an efficacy value of less than 80 percent.

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Potential of Trichoderma spp. Secondary Metabolite in Controlling Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) on Cacao Seedlings

Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar ◽

10.21082/jtidp.v4n2.2017.p57-66 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 57 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rita Harni ◽

Widi Amaria ◽

Syafaruddin Syafaruddin ◽

Anis Herliyati Mahsunah

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Plant Diseases ◽

Disease Suppression ◽

Bioactive Molecules ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Dieback Disease ◽

Number Of Leaves

Trichoderma spp. is a beneficial microbe that produces bioactive molecules (secondary metabolites) containing antibiotics, enzymes, hormones, as well as toxins, which play an important role in plant diseases biocontrol. The research aimed to determine the potential of secondary metabolite Trichoderma spp. to control vascular streak dieback disease in cacao seedlings. The research was conducted in Plant Protection Laboratory of Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI) and farmers' garden in Balubus village, Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatera, from April to August 2016. The research used a complete randomized design of 7 treatments using 5 replications, each treatment with 5 plants. The treatment was a secondary metabolite of T. virens LP1, T. hamatum LP2, T. amazonicum LP3, T. atroviride JB2, and T. viride PRD, control (no secondary metabolite), and chemical fungicide as comparison. The 3 months old cacao seedlings were treated with secondary metabolite of Trichoderma spp. by spraying the metabolite suspension throughout the leaf surface. The secondary metabolite applied once a week for 6 times. C. theobromae inoculation was conducted naturally by placing cacao seedlings under a cacao tree infected with VSD. Observations were incubation period, VSD intensity, and growth of cacao seedlings. The results showed that secondary metabolites potentially utilized for controlling VSD in cacao seedlings. The most potential secondary metabolites are T. amazonicum LP3 and T. virens LP1 with respective disease suppression up to 81.8% and 63.2% or higher than and equivalent chemical fungicide (63.6%), and can increase plants height, number of leaves, and girth diameter.

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Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Fungi on Immature Stages and Feeding Performance of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12111044 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1044

Author(s):

Atif Idrees ◽

Ziyad Abdul Qadir ◽

Komivi Senyo Akutse ◽

Ayesha Afzal ◽

Mubasher Hussain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽

Feeding Activity ◽

Fall Armyworm ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Larval Feeding ◽

Feeding Performance ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Aspergillus Sp ◽

Staple Crop ◽

Neonate Larvae

Maize is a major staple crop in China, and the sustainable productivity of this primary crop has been recently threatened by fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, invasion. The five fungal isolates, Aspergillus sp. BM-3 and SE-2-1, Cladosporium tenuissimum SE-10, Penicillium citrinum CTD-24, and Beauveria bassiana ZK-5 were assessed for their efficacy in causing mortality against first to sixth instar eggs and neonate larvae seven days post-treatment, and their effects on the feeding performance of sixth instar S. frugiperda larvae at 48 h post-treatment at three concentrations (1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia mL−1) were also assessed. The six instar S. frugiperda larvae were not susceptible to the five tested fungal isolates. However, B. bassiana ZK-5 caused the highest egg mortality of 40, 70, and 85.6% at 1 × 106, 1 × 107, and 1 × 108 conidia mL−1, respectively, followed by P. citrinum CTD-24 (30.6, 50, and 75.6%) and C. tenuissimum SE-10 (25.6, 40, and 55.6%). In addition, B. bassiana ZK-5 caused the highest neonate mortality of 54.3% at 1 × 108 conidia mL−1. B. bassiana ZK-5 and P. citrinum CTD-24 caused cumulative mortality, including 93.3 and 83.3% mortality of eggs and neonates, respectively, at 1 × 108 conidia mL−1. Furthermore, B. bassiana ZK-5 reduced the feeding efficacy of first to third instar S. frugiperda larvae by 66.7 to 78.6%, while P. citrinum CTD-24 and C. tenuissimum SE-10 reduced larval feeding by 48.3 to 57.1% at 1 × 108 conidia mL−1. However, these fungal isolates were less potent in reducing the feeding activity of fourth to sixth instar S. frugiperda larvae (>46% with B. bassiana at 48 h post-treatment). The tested fungal isolates could play an essential role as microbial biopesticides in suppressing the S. frugiperda population in China after further investigations on their efficacy are obtained in the field.

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Daya Hambat Trichoderma sp. terhadap Patogen yang Berasosiasi dengan Daun Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum MILL.s

Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa dan Pertanian ◽

10.37149/jimdp.v6i4.21761 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 144

Author(s):

Asniah Asniah ◽

Wahyuni Wahyuni ◽

Muhammad Taufik

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Volatile Compounds ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Tomato Plant ◽

Fungal Pathogen ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Lycopersicum Esculentum ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Trichoderma Sp ◽

Completely Randomized Design

The study aimed to evaluate the inhibition of Trichoderma sp. associated with the leaves of the tomato plant (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.). The research was carried out at the Plant Protection Laboratory of the Phytopathology Unit, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari. The study was arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three types of pathogens, namely Collethotrichum sp., Schlerotium sp., and Paesilomyces sp., repeated five times. Observation parameters were the percentage of inhibition through multiple culture tests, secondary metabolites of volatile compounds, and nonvolatile compounds. The results showed that the ability to inhibit the fungus Trichoderma sp. against the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum sp. able be inhibited by 74.14% and 81.42% respectively in the volatile and nonvolatile secondary metabolite tests, while against the pathogen Sclerotium sp. able to be inhibited by 58.50% in the multiple culture test.

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Natural products for plant protection

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind0606113c ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 60 (5-6) ◽

pp. 113-119

Author(s):

Zivorad Cekovic

Keyword(s):

Natural Products ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Chemical Synthesis ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Industrial Production ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Natural Compounds ◽

Ecological Studies ◽

Ecological Criteria ◽

Biotechnological Processes

The advantage applying natural products, such as a secondary metabolites, in plant protection is shortly presented. Acceptable solutions for the enhanced ecological criteria, which are requested by the users of pesticides and consumers of agricultural goods, could be the replacement of classical pesticides by natural products in plant protection. Some natural products are already in use as insecticides, herbicides and fungicides because new biotechnological processes, fermentation and biotransformations provide procedures for their industrial production. In addition to biotechnical processes natural compounds possessing pesticide activities are also prepared by chemical synthesis. An active secondary metabolite must first be isolated from natural sauces and then, based on biological toxicological and ecological studies, acceptable compounds are selected for laboratory and industrial chemical synthesis. Several compounds possessing insecticidal, herbicidal and fungicidal activities, which have been successfully applied for plan protection are presented.

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Genome sequence of Novosphingobium malaysiense strain MUSC 273T, novel alpha-proteobacterium isolated from intertidal soil

Progress In Microbes & Molecular Biology ◽

10.36877/pmmb.a0000003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hooi-Leng Ser ◽

Wai-Fong Yin ◽

Kok-Gan Chan ◽

Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib ◽

Learn-Han Lee

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Catalase Activity ◽

Gene Clusters ◽

Rrna Genes ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Genomic Features

Novosphingobium malaysiense strain MUSC 273T is a recently identified Gram-negative, aerobic alpha-proteobacterium. The strain was isolated from intertidal soil with strong catalase activity. The genome sequence comprises 5,027,021 bp, with 50 tRNA and 3 rRNA genes. Further analysis identified presence of secondary metabolite gene clusters within genome of MUSC 273T. Knowledge of the genomic features of the strain may allow further biotechnological exploitation, particularly for production of secondary metabolites as well as production of industrially important enzymes

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Physiology of Larval Feeding

10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0009 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Marine Invertebrate ◽

Larval Growth ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Future Research ◽

Larval Feeding ◽

Digestive Physiology ◽

Larval Body ◽

The Individual ◽

Invertebrate Larvae

The functional properties of marine invertebrate larvae represent the sum of the physiological activities of the individual, the interdependence among cells making up the whole, and the correct positioning of cells within the larval body. This chapter examines physiological aspects of nutrient acquisition, digestion, assimilation, and distribution within invertebrate larvae from an organismic and comparative perspective. Growth and development of larvae obviously require the acquisition of “food.” Yet the mechanisms where particulate or dissolved organic materials are converted into biomass and promote development of larvae differ and are variably known among groups. Differences in the physiology of the digestive system (secreted enzymes, gut transit time, and assimilation) within and among feeding larvae suggest the possibility of an underappreciated plasticity of digestive physiology. How the ingestion of seawater by and the existence of a circulatory system within larvae contribute to larval growth and development represent important topics for future research.

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Are Microplastics Impairing Marine Fish Larviculture?—Preliminary Results with Argyrosomus regius

Water ◽

10.3390/w13010104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 104

Author(s):

Diana Campos ◽

Andreia C. M. Rodrigues ◽

Rui J. M. Rocha ◽

Roberto Martins ◽

Ana Candeias-Mendes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Damage ◽

Fish Larvae ◽

Feeding Activity ◽

Early Ontogeny ◽

Antioxidant Defenses ◽

Nutritional Requirements ◽

Larval Feeding ◽

Argyrosomus Regius ◽

And Performance ◽

Aquaculture Facilities

The presence of small-sized (<300 µm) microplastics (MPs) in aquaculture facilities may threaten finfish hatchery, as their (in)voluntary ingestion by fish larvae may compromise nutritional requirements during early ontogeny, and consequently larval health and performance. Thus, we addressed the short-term effects (7 h) of polyethylene microplastics (0.1, 1.0, 10 mg/L, PE-MPs) in meagre larvae Argyrosomus regius (15 dph) in the presence/absence of food. Larval feeding behavior, oxidative stress status, neurotoxicity, and metabolic requirements were evaluated. Results showed that meagre larvae ingested PE-MPs regardless of their concentration, decreasing in the presence of food (Artemia metanauplii). The presence of PE-MPs compromised larval feeding activity at the highest concentration. Under starvation, exposed larvae activated the antioxidant defenses by increasing the total glutathione levels and inhibiting catalase activity, which seemed efficient to prevent oxidative damage. Such larvae also presented increased energy consumption potentially related to oxidative damage prevention and decreased neurotransmission. Biochemical responses of fed larvae showed a similar trend, except for LPO, which remained unaffected, except at 0.1 mg/PE-MPs/L. Our results suggest that small-sized MPs in finfish hatcheries may compromise larvae nutritional requirements, but at considerably higher levels than those reported in marine environments. Nevertheless, cumulative adverse effects due to lower MPs concentrations may occur.

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Regio- and stereoselective intermolecular phenol coupling enzymes in secondary metabolite biosynthesis

Natural Product Reports ◽

10.1039/d0np00010h ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wolfgang Hüttel ◽

Michael Müller

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Cyp Enzymes ◽

Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis

Phenol coupling enzymes, especially laccases and CYP-enzymes create an enormous diversity of biarylic secondary metabolites in fungi, plants, and bacteria. The enzymes and the elucidation of the corresponding metabolic pathways are presented.

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